TOPIC 6: MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNITY AND FORENSICS

Chapter 6B: Immunity

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1 C 1 and 3 only (1) (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

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2(a) Phagocytosis (1) (1)
2(b) An explanation that includes two of the following points: (2)
● Fluid mosaic model (1)
● Phospholipid bilayer flexible (1)
● The loose packing of phospholipid molecules forming the bilayer (1)
● provides flexibility. (1)
● Double bonds/unsaturated hydrocarbon chains of fatty acid are
components (1)
● of the phospholipid bilayer. (1)
● This promotes looser packing. (1)
2(c) ● Antibodies attach to bacterial antigens. (1) (2)
● Each antibody has two binding sites. (1)
2(d) Agglutination/agglutinate (1) (1)

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2(e) An explanation that includes three of the following points: (3)
● Opsonins are chemicals in the blood that attach to bacteria. (1)
● Phagocytes have receptors that will bind to opsonins. (1)
● Antibodies can act as opsonins. (1)
● Cytokines are chemicals released by phagocytes when bacteria are
engulfed. (1)
● Cytokines attract other phagocytes to the area. (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

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3(a)(i) Capsule (1) Do not accept cell wall/surface membrane. (1)
3(a)(ii) Mutation(s)/change(s) in genetic material/receiving plasmids from resistant (1)
bacteria (1)
3(a)(iii) ● Bacteria reproduce quickly. (1) (2)
● Resistance to mutation/change in genetic material is inherited by
offspring. (1)
3(b)(i) A description that includes two of the following points: (2)
● Remove antibiotics from cell (1)
● Alter antibiotic (making it ineffective) (1)
● Break down antibiotic (1)

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3(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to four of the following: Answers should convey the idea that the (4)
● Individuals with resistance genes (in bacterial populations) (1) process is repeated when bacteria are
exposed to a succession of different
● survive antibiotic treatment. (1) antibiotics.
● These individuals reproduce (quickly). (1)
● The antibiotic first used is ineffective. (1)
● A second-choice antibiotic is used. (1)
● Some bacteria are resistant to the second choice. (1)
● They survive. (1)
● They reproduce. (1)
● The second-choice antibiotic is ineffective. (1)

(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)

TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original.