LM Grade 9 Horticulturepdf PDF Free

Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) – Grade 9
Learner’s Material
First Edition, 2013
ISBN: ___________
1
Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) – Grade 9
Learner’s Material
First Edition, 2013
ISBN: ___________
Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Bro. Armin A. Luistro, FSC
Undersecretary: Yolanda S. Quijano, PhD
Assistant Secretary: Elena R. Ruiz, PhD
Development Team of the Learner’s Material
Consultant: Andres Z. Taguiam, Phd.
Student Teacher Supervisor, Technological University of the
Authors: Ofelia F. Bernardo, Jones Rural School, Jones, Isabela
May Martinez-Leano, Bukig National Agricultural & Technical
School, Bukig, Aparri, Cagayan
Mario S. Donio, Educational Program Specialist I, Division of Saraggani
William V. Engay, Head Teacher III, Itwais National Agricultural High
School, Basco, Bataan
Levi P. Siazar Head Teacher VI, F.F. Halili National Agricultural School,
Sta.Maria, Bulacan
Validators/Reviewers: Pedrito S. Nituoral, PhD
Central Luzon State University
Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija
Rey G. Aleman
Language Editor: Naida U. Rivera, PhD
Department of English, UP Diliman Campus, Quezon City
Illustrator : Erich David Garcia
Principal I, National High School, Macabebe, PAmpanga
Subject Specialists and Management: Emmanuel S. Valdez, Vocational School Administrator
Albert B. Erni, Education Program Specialist II
Layout Artists/Encoders: Jocelyn M. Gamo,Teacher I, F.F. Halili NAtiona Agricultural School
Joel G. Castillo, Teacher I, F.F. Halili NAtiona Agricultural School
Printed in the Philippines by ____________

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2
MATRIX OF CONTENTS
Quarter 1 Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PEC’S)

Across Environment and Market
Lesson 1: Entrepreneurship and Personal Entrepreneurial

Competencies (PEC’S)
Introduction
Learning Competencies/Objectives
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment
Reading Resources And Instructional Activities
What to know?
What started businesses?
Need-Based Business Opportunities
Supply Of Raw Materials Is Abundant In The Locality
What Makes Up A Successful Entrepreneur?
Characteristics Of Successful Entrepreneurs
Lifestyle Of Successful Entrepreneurs
The Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PEC’S) ff
Successful Entrepreneurs
What to process?
What to reflect and understand?
What to transfer?
Summative Assessment
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
References
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (Pec’s)
Across Market And Environment
Lesson 2: Understanding The Market And Environment Of Businesses

Introduction
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
What to know?
Common Characteristics of a Business Market
3
The Legal Forms of Business
The Different Industries in the Country Today
Checking the Needs, Wants, and Demands of the
Market Through Environment Scanning Process
Determining the 4M’S of Production

The Importance of Acquiring a Start-up Capital
Factors in Selecting the Best Business Location
Hiring and Training Personnel
Registration of a New Business
Practicing Simple Record Keeping
What to process?
Supplementary Reading: The SWOT
What to transfer?
Supplementary Reading: The Business Plan
References
Quarter 2 Conducting Pre - agricultural Farm Operations

Lesson 3: Preparing Farm Tools, Implements, and
Simple Equipment for Agricultural Farm Operations
Introduction
What to know?
Hand Tools
Farm Implements
Farm Equipment
Other Materials, Tools, and Equipment
Conduct beginning inventory of tools, implements, and simple equipment
Pre-operative Check-up of Farm Tools, Implements, and Equipment
4
What to process?
What to transfer
References
Quarter 3 Conducting Pre-Agricultural Farm Operations

Lesson 4: Preparing and Maintaining Farm Tools, Implements, Simple
Equipment, and Facilities
Introduction
What to know?
Safety Precautions in Handling Farm Facilities
Types of Hazard
Risk Management
Principles of HACCP
Types of Maintenance
5M’s in Maintenance
Maintenance Schedules and Checklists
Safety Rules in Maintaining Tools
Practice 5S
What to process?
What to transfer?
References
5
Quarter 4 Conducting Pre-Agricultural Farm Operations
Lesson 5: Securing Farm Tools, Implements, Simple
Introduction
What to know?
Maintaining Farm Facility
How to Clean Your Tools
Simple Repair and Modification of Tools and Implements
Installation of Preventive Structure
Prepare Farm Facilities and Equipment for Storage
Storage of Hazardous Products
What to process?
What to transfer?
References
6
INTRODUCTION
This Learner’s Materials on Conducting Pre-Agricultural Farm Operations

contains various Learning Competencies designed to develop the knowledge, skills,
and attitude of Grade 9 Technology and Livelihood (TLE) students. It covers four (4)
modules namely: Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) across the
environment and market, 2. Preparing farm tools, implements, and simple
equipment, 3. Preparing and maintaining farm tools, implements, simple equipment,
and facilities, and 4. Securing farm tools, implements, simple equipment, and
facilities. Each module is subdivided into several lessons with the following parts: I –
Introduction, giving an overview of the lesson; II – The Learning
Competencies/Objectives contain specific topics about a certain Learning
Competency; III – The Pre-Diagnostic Assessment provides evaluation of the prior
learning of students; IV – the Reading Resources and Instructional activities include
the content and activities about what the students must know, what to process, what
to reflect and understand, and what to transfer. These activities could be done in
school, at home, and in the community. V – The Summative Assessment evaluates
how much the students have learned; and VI – The Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
give generalization and enhancement on a specific module. A glossary section is at
the back page of the Learner’s Materials as further reference, and a List of
References to acknowledge the sources of the ideas taken from them.
Conducting pre-agricultural farm operations is one of the Core Competencies

in Agricultural Crop Production NC II. Students must be able to take the five (5) core
competencies to finish the course. The teacher must conduct Institutional
Assessment towards the end of the school year to evaluate the underpinning
knowledge, skills, and attitudes of the students based from the set of criteria in the
Training Regulations/prepared by Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA)
7
AFA - HORTICULTURE GRADE 9
QUARTER 1
PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PEC’S)

ACROSS MARKET AND ENVIRONMENT
Courtesy to phl.military.austonesi Courtesy to Dreamstime.com Courtesy to ornament.blogspot.com
Content Standards Performance Standard
The learner demonstrates The learner recognizes his/her Personal

understanding of one’s Personal Competencies (PEC’s) across horticultural
horticultur
Competencies (PEC’s) across products and services and prepares an
horticultural products and activity plan that aligns with that of a
services practitioner/entrepreneur in Horticulture
Lesson 1: ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND PERSONAL

ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PECS)
Introduction
Everybody loves to earn money and
and accumulate wealth and in the present
times, we have many ways to achieve it. The most common way is to offer good
quality agricultural products and services to your friends and to other people in the
community and even in the online arena that can cover a global market. All the
business activities undertaken in selling products and services to people is known as
entrepreneurship and the one who manage these business activities is an
entrepreneur. Students are encouraged to develop skills required in entrepreneurial
entr
activities. Many wealthy people in the country had started in small and community-
community
based entrepreneurial activities.
8
1. Identify the different factors to be considered in setting up a business

2. Assess one’s PEC’s, in terms of, characteristics, lifestyle features , and skills
3. Assess practitioner’s entrepreneurial competencies, in terms of,
characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills, and traits
Pre-/Diagnostic Assessment:
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your answer
on this manual.
1. Which of the following is a common activity of an entrepreneur?
A. Advocate against global warming
B. Deliver goods and services to the market
C. Volunteer in a community clean-up activity
D. Preach in different churches or group of churchgoers
2. The saying “Necessity is the mother of all inventions” means
A. Necessity is invented by mothers
B. Our mother told us what we really need
C. Basic commodities are made for mothers
D. Basic commodities are made to satisfy our needs
3. What really makes up a successful entrepreneur?
A. Ability to study a market
B. Ability to act like a customer
C. Knowledge, skills, and money
D. Knowledge, skills, and attitude
4. People who always feel positive in every effort in order to achieve something
are known to have
A. Courage C. Self-confidence
B. Optimism D. Self-control
5. A set of skills that entrepreneurs must possess to take control of the
challenges in business is known as
A. Personal business capacities
9
B. Personally preferred competencies
C. Professional enterprise competencies
D. Personal entrepreneurial competencies
6. Information seeking and goal setting belongs to what PEC’s cluster?
A. Achievement cluster C. Planning cluster
B. Empower cluster D. Power cluster
7. Which of the following best describes a risk-taker?
A. Accomplish targets on time as agreed with customers
B. Paying keen attention to the needs and demands of people
C. Anticipating a loss and countering it with feasible alternatives
D. Acting as the prime mover of resources in the achievement of
objectives
8. Systematic planning and monitoring includes the following except one
A. Set calculated goals and objectives
B. Make a well organized plan with clearly defined methods
C. Be logically flexible for the emergent constraints, challenges, and
needs
D. Periodic gap-proof monitoring and response activities must be
scheduled to determine emergent constraints, challenges, and
needs
9. When entrepreneurs face a significant obstacle with a well planned action,
they have Personal Entrepreneurial Competency known as
A. Initiative C. Persuasion
B. Persistence D. Risk-taking
10. Luis is good in convincing his customers that his product is not only of best
quality but also safe to use. Many of his customers bought and even return to
buy more of the product because they want to share it to their friends. What
personal entrepreneurial competency does Luis has?
A. Persuasion
B. Goal setting
C. Self-confidence
D. Demand for efficiency and quality
10
READING RESOURCES AND INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIES
What to KNOW:
Activity #1:
Before immersing ourselves into the exciting

exciting discussion about setting up and
running a business in the most sustainable ways, we will first do inspiration-drawing
inspiration
activity through the conduct of casual interviews with entrepreneurs in the
community. Look for a partner in doing this. Identify 3 retailers, 3 service providers,
and 1 producer. Use the template below for the interview and in tracking the answers
of the selected entrepreneur-respondents.
entrepreneur respondents. Discuss the responses with your partner
and present to your class a brief analysis/report of the interview.
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Interview
Producer
Guides Service Comments
Retailers (commercial
Providers
scale)
Students’ guide For For example, Producer of Our reactions

questions to be example, Plant Rental Vegetables, to
used but not Fruit and Services, Fruits,Seedlin entrepreneurs
limited to the Vegetable Landscaping gs of Fruit responses
following: s Services, Trees,
Vendors, Landscape Ornamental
Ornament Maintenance and Flowering
al Plants
ants Services Plants,
Retailers
Why did you
choose this
business?
How did you
start it?
11
What are the
challenges you
met?
How did you
counter all those
challenges?
Did you
experience
losses? How did
you respond to
losses?
Can you share
some strategies
in keeping
customers?
What personal
qualities help this
business flourish
up to now?
Are you afraid of
your
competitors?
Why?
Can you give us
some pieces of
entrep-based
advice?
12
WHAT STARTED BUSINESSES?
based business opportunities

Need-based
A popular
ular adage that says, “Necessity is the mother of all inventions” simply
means that we develop technologies to produce something that will answer
mankind’s diverse needs. In 1980’s the most popular way of long distance
communication is through a snail
mail,, telegraph, or long distance
telephone calls which is not only
expensive but also consume much of
our time. Because there is a need for
faster communication flows as global
economy has grown into scale,
cellular phones came to the market to
answer our communication
munication-related
needs. Today, global communication
is already at the tip of our fingers.
Courtesy to amazingfilipino-roann.blogspot
amazi
SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS IS

ABUNDANT IN THE LOCALITY
Business investors are happy
if the raw materials and other
resources are readily available in the
community.
ty. Aside from secured
volume of quantity, this
opportunity is cheaper
as when the
entrepreneur outsource
production inputs from Courtesy to www.powerscandy.com
other places.
13
WHAT MAKES UP A SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR?
Knowledge alone does not guarantee success in a business. Skills developed

can greatly help in the production process but it is not an assurance to the
sustainability of the business as well. It takes right attitude combined with adequate
knowledge, competitive skills, and upheld passion to make significant revenues,
profit, and sustainability of the chosen business.
Accomplished entrepreneur have so much to share to business enthusiasts
like us. Many are not born with a silver spoon meaning most of them came from poor
families. They have passion to produce and sell to an identified market or even to
serve target clients which contributed to their success. Likewise, they accumulated
wealth because they possess entrepreneurial characteristics, lifestyles, and skills,
suited to their chosen businesses.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL
ENTREPRENEURS
The set of characteristics common to
entrepreneurs who excel in their businesses are
the following:
Courtesy to www. Businessihub.com
Be a someone who always feel positive in every effort in

1 Optimism
order to achieve something.
Once the plan to do entrepreneurial activities is ready to
2 Self-confidence be started, assure yourself to overcome risks and many
other forms of business constraints.
In any situations that needs to be handled, never react
3 Self-control immediately. Instead respond to the situation in the most
legal and beneficial ways.
Be a risk-taker with alternative courses of action on hand.
Business risks are always there however, one’s
4 Courage
readiness to face, reduce or eliminate it depends on how
brave you can be.
Sustain every effort you have started. Profit may dwindle
5 Commitment
in the most unacceptable way but never hesitate to
14
invoke your right to persist and regain a lost glory.
Do not stay inside a box which means go out and flaunt
your potential to be effectively different. Use your
6 Creativity imagination to create marketable ideas and push it. If you
thought of a potentially good ones, be the first to act upon
it. Chances are, others’ have thought about it, too.
Be precise in your principles or standards. Goals coated
Well-defined with well defined values provide guidance to what your
7
values business must achieve with reduced inconveniences.
Competitive entrepreneurs are fueled to succeed.

8 High energy level Passion in the endeavor is an energy enhancer. Success
in business comes from being passionately energetic.
Guide, direct and influence people according to what
benefits the business. People and the many ways you
9 Leadership ability
may lead them can spell success or failure of your
business.
As a business leader, you are accountable to everyone
Desire for
10 and everything in the business including your strategies.
responsibility
Value everything and everyone as you value oneself
One’s ability to choose good decision may be innate or
Decision-making experience-based. Learn the art and the systematic and
11
skills methodical process of decision-making. Good decisions
must be sensible and culture-sensitive
Pay close attention to what the market generally is saying
Desire for
to your products or services. The ultimate consumer of
12 immediate
the product and services must be heard and become the
feedback
bases of further product or services development
Develop a competitive attitude. Right pricing and quality-
Strong desire to based product development or service delivery will draw
13
achieve more business revenues. Work with the goals in mind
and take the best way to achieve them
Bad experiences in business should never be taken as
Ability to learn traumatic. Options that supposedly had prevented those
14
from past failures to happen must be noted and archived. Benchmarked on
past experiences to know which decision to take.
15
Elizabeth Bowen (1899 - 1973) an Irish novelist and short-story writer, wrote,
“The best that an individual can do is to concentrate on what he or she can do, in the
course of a burning effort to do it better”.
LIFESTYLE OF SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS
People who plan to live in the world

of entrepreneurship will live a life different “ENTREPRENEURSHIP
from that of an ordinary citizen. They adapt IS LIVING A FEW YEARS OF YOUR LIFE
LIKE MOST PEOPLE WON’T. SO THAT,
to the new lifestyles gradually and YOU CAN SPEND THE REST OF YOUR
professionalize every task embedded into LIFE LIKE MOST PEOPLE CAN’T.”
Annonymous
it. They follow established standards and
even customize some to fit to the tasks particular to a business type. As the business
is sustained and entrepreneurs developed expertise in all tasks including constraints
and problem solution, excellent decision making is easier to achieve.
Courtesy to
According to Valdez, et. al, the following are the common lifestyle features of
an entrepreneur:
It is one of the highest lifestyle considerations that
entrepreneurs must adapt. Although inspired by their freedom
A sense of freedom
to lead and control all elements of the business, they must
and control
exercise careful in choosing the right course of actions and
decisions to take.
Choosing their own time for work is a privilege of
Flexibility of time entrepreneurs. This feature will allow them to choose their
most productive time.
Entrepreneurs are the greatest asset of their businessses, a
check and balance between the actual accomplishment of
tasks and physical and mental work capacity must be
Energy and stamina
established. Rest and relaxation can help maintain good
physicality and overall health. Proper stress management is
also of primal importance.
A family does not only serve as inspiration but also as a
group of people to oversee the welfare of the entrepreneurs.
Family support
Suggestions and recommendations of a family member must
be carefully considered.
16
Remember that seeking advise from specialist is helpful in
Professional support decision making process.
process. There are people more informed
than us in a particular area of expertise.
THE PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PECS) OF

SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS
There are two major reasons why

many people failed in their attempt to do
entrepreneurial activities.
ties. First, people who
are starting entrepreneurial activities may
only have insufficient experiences to address
the problems posed by the numerous
external business constraints. Second, they
lack sufficient skills to lead the people and
make the products and services competitive
Courtesy to
in the market. Low profit of the business will
create consequent problem and many more
problems in the future. Thus, anyone who
wants to succeed in a business arena must
be equipped with the different Personal
Entrepreneurial Competencies
etencies or PEC’s, a
set of skills that entrepreneurs must possess to take control of the challenges in
business. PEC’s are the key abilities of entrepreneurs’ success in business.
PEC’s are clustered into three clusters according to its area of application:
applicatio
Achievement Cluster
• Pay attention to the needs and demands of people
• Never procrastinate. Act immediately on marketable ideas
Opportunity
• The common business are well competed in the market
Seeking and
while unique ones offer lower competition
competition resulting to higher
Initiative
revenues and profit
17
• Calculate risks by identifying the most beneficial alternative
courses of action to minimize effect of risks in the net profit
Risk Taking
• Be proactive. Anticipate a loss and counter it with feasible
alternatives
• In business realities, seasoned entrepreneurs sometimes
take riskier business to get higher profits
Demand for • Perform business tasks better, faster, cheaper, but do not
Efficiency put safety and quality aside
and Quality • Accomplish tasks by meeting or exceeding standards of
excellence
• Face a significant obstacle with a good plan of action
• Identifies a good alternative to every decision to meet
challenge or overcome an obstacle
Persistence • Act as the prime mover of resources in the achievement of
goals and objectives
• Offer personal sacrifices or give extraordinary efforts in
Commitment completing tasks
to the Work • Accomplish targets on time, as agreed, to keep customers
Contract satisfied
Planning Cluster
• Gather data and information or feedbacks from clients,
suppliers, and competitors and use those for the
Information
improvement of products or services
Seeking
• Study the market personally for innovation of new product
development
• Talk with experts for technical advice
• Sets goals and objectives which are specific and must
guarentee customer satisfaction
Goal setting
• Set calculated goals and objectives
• Make a well organized plan with clearly defined methods
Systematic • Be logically flexible for the emergent constraints, challenges,
Planning and and needs
18
Monitoring • Periodic gap-proof
gap proof monitoring and response activities must
be scheduled to determine emergent constraints, challenges,
and needs
Power Cluster
Persuasion • Always ready to give facts and benefits to convince
and customers
mers to patronize products and services offered.
Networking • To accomplish the business objectives, key people can be
used as agents or chanels to hasten product and services
delivery to customers
Independence • Develop self-trust
self in the attainment of goals and objectives
and self- • Do not need external approval before acting constraints
confidence and challenges. Being,
Being consultative does not purely mean
dependence on others advice. An entrepreneur must be
brave enough to use one’s ability to chose which
alternative course
course of action is the appropriate decision.
What to Process:
Activity #2:
This is a self examination activity. After knowing the different characteristics
that an entrepreneur must possess, examine yourself if you have these
characteristics too. Simply put check (/) if that particular characteristic is present in
you or an x (X) if you do not possess it. Comment on your own status by giving
possible options that can help you acquire it.
Do I have this? Realizations
Characteristics of an entrepreneur
YES(/) NO (X) (What
at are my options?)
1 Optimism
2 Self-confidence
3 Self-control
4 Courage
5 Commitment
6 Creativity
19
7 Well-defined values
8 High energy level
9 Leadership ability
10 Desire for responsibility
11 Decision-making
making skills
Desire for immediate
12
feedback
13 Strong desire to achieve
Ability to learn from past
14
failures
What to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND:

Activity #3:
Consider the PEC’s of successful entrepreneurs. Compare these

competencies
ncies with you. As a growing individual can you develop these in yourself?
Do I have Realizations
this? (If Yes how can I
Competencies of an entrepreneur improve this?)
YES NO
(If NO what will I do to
(/) (X)
acquire it)
Opportunity Seeking and Initiative
Initia
Risk Taking
Demand for Efficiency and Quality
Persistence
Commitment to the Work Contract
Information Seeking
Goal setting
Systematic Planning and Monitoring
Persuasion and Networking
Independence and self-confiden
confidence
20
What to TRANSFER:
Activity #4:
Let us match the result of our activity #1 with the standard characteristics,
lifestyle, and skills of our interviewees. Do you think that their businesses will be
sustained? Support your answer and present it to the class. Use the template in
Activity #2 and Activity #3 to help you analyze and forecast the sustainability of their
businesses.
Producer
Service
Providers
scale)
Personal Entrepreneurial
REFER TO THE RESPONSES IN
Competencies (PEC’s)
ACTIVITY #1. Check if the Respondents
above possess the PEC’s enumerated in
the first column. Put check (/) if observed
and x(X) in not observed
Opportunity Seeking and Initiative
Risk Taking
Demand for Efficiency and Quality
Persistence
Commitment to the Work Contract
Information Seeking
Goal setting
Systematic Planning and
Monitoring
Persuasion and Networking
Independence and self-confidence
GENERAL ANALYSIS
Sustainability of business (Do you

think the entrepreneur-respondent
can sustain their businesses?
21
Enumerate your justifications)
Producer
Service
Providers
scale)
Lifestyles of Entrepreneurs REFER TO THE RESPONSES IN ACTIVITY
#1. Check if the Respondents above possess
the lifestyle features enumerated in the first
column. Put check (/) if observed and x(X) if
not observed
A sense of freedom and control
Flexibility of time
Energy and stamina
Family support
Professional support
GENERAL ANALYSIS
Sustainability of business
(Do you think the entrepreneur-
respondent can sustain their
businesses? Enumerate your
justifications)
Finally, make a matrix of recommendations in order to sustain the

respondents’ respective business:
Recommendations
(Give recommendations, as options 1 and 2,for
Entrepreneur-Respondent the sustainability of the respondents
entrepreneurial activities)
Option 1 Option 2
Retailer
Service Providers
Producer (Commercial Scale)
22
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your answer on
this manual.
1. Which of the following is a common activity of an entrepreneur?
A. Advocate against global warming
B. Deliver goods and services to the market
C. Volunteer in a community clean-up activity
D. Preach in different churches or group of churchgoers
2. The saying “Necessity is the mother of all inventions” means
A. Necessity is invented by mothers
B. Our mother told us what we really need
C. Basic commodities are made for mothers
D. Basic commodities are made to satisfy our needs
3. What really makes up a successful entrepreneur?
A. Ability to study a market
B. Ability to act like a customer
C. Knowledge, skills, and money
D. Knowledge, skills, and attitude
4. People who always feel positive in every effort in order to achieve something
are known to have
A. Courage C. Self-confidence
B. Optimism D. Self-control
5. A set of skills that entrepreneurs must possess to take control of the
challenges in business is known as
A. Personal business capacities
B. Personally preferred competencies
C. Professional enterprise competencies
D. Personal entrepreneurial competencies
6. Information seeking and goal setting belongs to what PEC’s cluster?
A. Achievement cluster C. Planning cluster
B. Empower cluster D. Power cluster
7. Which of the following best describes a risk-taker?
A. Accomplish targets on time as agreed with customers
23
B. Paying keen attention to the needs and demands of people
C. Anticipating a loss and countering it with feasible alternatives
D. Acting as the prime mover of resources in the achievement of
objectives
8. Systematic planning and monitoring includes the following except one
A. Set calculated goals and objectives
B. Make a well organized plan with clearly defined methods
C. Be logically flexible for the emergent constraints, challenges, and
needs
D. Periodic gap-proof monitoring and response activities must be
scheduled to determine emergent constraints, challenges, and
needs
9. When entrepreneurs face a significant obstacle with a well planned action,
they have Personal Entrepreneurial Competency known as
A. Initiative C. Persuasion
B. Persistence D. Risk-taking
10. Luis is good in convincing his customers that his product is not only of best
quality but also safe to use. Many of his customers bought and even return to
buy more of the product because they want to share it to their friends. What
personal entrepreneurial competency does Luis has?
A. Persuasion
B. Goal setting
C. Self-confidence
D. Demand for efficiency and quality
24
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/FEEDBAC
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/FEEDBACK
ve studied the different elements necessary in setting up a business as

We have
well as acknowledged the different factorsinfluencing the different entrepreneurial
activities.. Of course, most of us perceive business as a complex activity. The market
is so diverse and if we fail to consider one factor which directly affects our business,
we will have to face lots of challenges as consequences. Albeit challenging, we must
remember that wealth accumulation as a return of our legal investments will also
give others opportunities through employment or avail from our products and
services.
The different characteristics, lifestyle, and Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies or PEC’s of successful entrepreneurs we learned will surely inspire us
to do our best to start our own business. Be optimistic and take the risks.
risk Use the
PEC’s we learned and progress into a life full of challenges that will hone us to
become one of the most successful entrepreneurs, one of these days. Good luck ys!
References:
http://www.businessdictionary.com
dictionary.com
Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008
1993 Microsoft Corporation
Albarico J.M., Celarta C.B, Fernando E., and Valdez E.S. 2011.
Agriculture and Fishery Arts I. United Eferza Academic Publications, Co.,
BagongPook, Lipa City, Batangas 4217.
25
QUARTER
UARTER 1
PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PEC’S)

ACROSS MARKET AND ENVIRONMENT

The learner demonstrates understanding The learner independently
endently generates a
of Market and Environment across business idea related to Horticulture
Horticultural products and services based on the analysis of environment
and market in Horticulture
Lesson 2. UNDERSTANDING THE MARKET AND

ENVRINOMENT OF BUSINESS
Introduction
Entrepreneurs with enough knowledge and
background
nd in the market and environment where
their businesses operate will have better strategies
and decisions and will find it easier to sustain
business activities. The intended market of a
particular product and service must be carefully
studied before and during
uring the actual operations of
26
Co
Courtesy to
the business. Many entrepreneurs failed because of a very simple reason; there is
no enough information gathered about the target market, consequently, they incurred
so much losses leading to bankruptcy.
ies/Objectives
1. Determine the common characteristics of a business market
2. Identify the legal forms of business
3. Describe the different industries in the country today
4. Map and analyze the opportunities offered by the industries in the community
5. Check the needs,
s, wants. and demands of the market through environmental
scanning process
6. Determine the 4M’s of production
7. Discuss the importance of acquiring a start-up
start capital
8. Make a business plan
9. Apply the standards in selecting the best business location
10. Assess the internal
nternal and external environment of the business through
Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats method of business
assessment
11. Practice simple record keeping
Pre-/Diagnostic
/Diagnostic Assessment:
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not

not write your answer on
this manual.
1. It is a group of people with economically important needs and demands which
opens entrepreneurial opportunities to everyone.
A. Environment C. Geography
B. Ethnicity D. Market
2. This type of business is owned by only one person.
A. Cooperative C. Partnership
B. Corporation D.. Sole Proprietorship
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3. Which of the following is not considered an emerging industry in the
Philippines?
A. Agribusiness C. Creative Industries
B. Power and utilities D. Renewable Energy
4. In the 4M’s of production, which M refers to the persons in the business
known as the labor force?
A. Machines C. Materials
B. Manpower D. Money
5. The process of recording the money received and spent by the operations of
the business is known as
A. Bookkeeping C. Administering
B. Booking D. Posting
6. Which combination is focused to the assessment internal of the business?
A. Opportunities and threats C. Strengths and Threats
B. Strengths and weaknesses D. Weaknesses and Threats
7. Which combination is focused to the assessment external of the business?
8. Place the indicators found inside the box at the right into the third column of
the matrix at the left. Group the indicators correctly.
Group Part Of Business Plan A. Competitors analysis

B. Product description
A Production C. Maintenance and repair
Plan _______ D. Promotional strategies
E. Sources of equipment
B Marketing F. Terms and conditions of purchase
Plan _______
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Which of the following is the correct grouping of the six indicators in the box?
A. C.
Group Part Of Business Plan Group Part Of Business Plan
A Production Plan A, B, D A Production Plan C, D, A
B Marketing Plan C, E, F B Marketing Plan B, E, F
B . D.
Group Part Of Business Plann Group Part Of Business Plan
A Production Plan A, C, E A Production Plan C, E, F
B Marketing Plan D, B, F B Marketing Plan A, B, D
9. Which business principle is applicable in products and development and

marketing?
A. Pay attention to the needs and demands of the market.
B. Your own needs and demands are the same with others.
C. Follow the result of a national survey of needs and demands.
D. Ask researchers in other communities about their needs and demands.
10. What is the reason why an aspiring entrepreneur must make a sound and
impressive business plan?
A. A sound and impressive business plan commands tax rebates.
B. A sound and impressive business plan attracts more customers.
C. A sound and impressive business plan is likely to be approved for a loan
package.
D. A sound and impressive business plan can improve a particular segment
of a market.
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What to KNOW:
Activity #1:
Let us do simple community mapping activity to develop a barangay-based

barangay market
profile. Use the template below in posting accurate and relevant data of our
barangay.
Dimension Data to be gathered Data

Market demographics Number of households
Number of Retailers of various products
Number of wholesalers of various products
Number of businesses
Number of producers (specify products)
Number of service-based
service businesses
1. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF A BUSINESS MARKET
Market refers to a group

of people
le with economically
important needs and demands
which opens entrepreneurial or
business opportunities to
everyone.
Market is a socially,
politically, and economically
organized people whose needs
and demands are based on Courtesy to
tradition, culture, and
hnology. Enumerable business opportunities are open in a market. Their needs
technology.
and demands are enormous depending on the class of people being referred to.
These classes of people are known as market segments. These may be high-end,
high
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middle-end, and low-end market segments. Each segment will have varying needs
of various products and services.
Entrepreneurs must be skillful enough to address needs and demands of the

market. Many successful entrepreneurs’ secret of success is just paying attention to
the markets’ needs and demands and later they accumulated so much wealth. A
need or demand-based business will always have a share of market.
2. THE LEGAL FORMS OF BUSINESS
There following are 3 legal forms of business and their characteristics,

advantages and disadvantages:
Forms Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages
Sole • Owned by only 1 • Very easy to establish • Owner-manager is

Proprietorship person who is • Decision comes from required to render
responsible for the 1 person only full operation time
whole business • No one else can
• The owner can share in the
assume the role of financial burden of
manager, finance the owner
officer, and worker • In case of financial
instability, the firm
can dissolve easily.
• 2 persons have • Comparatively easy • Decision making is
combined resources to establish shared between the
and skills • There is check and two owners
• Any of the 2 partner balance among • In times of partner
Partnership can act as financier or partners only conflict, the
manager business is at risk
• They can also share • Limited funding may
responsibilities and constraint business
roles in the business operations
operations
Corporation • 2 or more persons • Business risks are • The complex
own the business shared by many organizational set-
• Aside from the people up impose a long
owners, many people • If business is good, line of more
known as growth is maximized expensive ways of
shareholders, are due to bigger capital control
engaged in a • Burdens in the • Complex decision
corporation through operations are shared making process will
their investment by various specialized delay operation
known as shares or individuals
stocks
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3. THE DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES IN THE COUNTRY TODAY
There are many established and emerging industries in the country. Having
mapped all of those in the community
com will give a would-be
be entrepreneur a chance to
examine what entrepreneurial opportunities it would bring to the community. Once
these opportunities are identified, entrepreneurs will lay down their plan of actions
and then start the business activities.
activiti
The following are the key industries distributed all over the country. Some or
may be all of them are located in
your locality:
1. Agribusiness
2. Cyber services Courtesy to
3. Health and Wellness

4. Hotel, Restaurant and
Tourism
5. Mining
6. Construction
Courtesy to www.niccep.dti.gov.ph
7. Banking and Finance
8. Manufacturing
9. Ownership Dwellings and
Real Estate
10. Transport and Logistics
11. Wholesale and Retail Trade
12. Overseas Employment
13. Creative Industries
14. Diversified/Strategic
Courtesy to www.21food.com
Farming and Fishing
We also have emerging industries:
15. Creative Industries

16. Diversified/Strate
Diversified/Strategic Farming and Fishing
17. Power and Utilities
18. Renewable Energy
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4. CHECKING THE NEEDS, WANTS, AND DEMANDS OF THE MARKET
THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING PROCESS
The needs and demands of the community can be determined through

environmental scanning. In this process, an aspiring entrepreneur must make a
thorough examination of the target
market before a particular
business is set. Many elements of
the target market can change from
month to month or year to year,
thus, updated data and information
of the following must be gathered
shall become the bases of setting
Courtesy to www.flickr.com
up the planned business.
a. Demographic data such population size, growth rate.

b. List of competitors which is
available in the Department of
Trade and Industry.
c. List of Suppliers which can also
be sourced from Department of
Trade and Industry.
d. Result of a Reliable Mini-Survey
using considerable samples of
target market. Courtesy to www.expatads.com
DETERMINING THE 4M’S OF PRODUCTION

Courtesy to
Raw materials, whether local or outsourced, are processed into goods to be

sold to an identified market or segments of the market. This economic activity is
referred to as production.
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Success in production is strictly determined with four (4) factors popularly
known as the 4M’s:
Refers to all persons in the business who are also popularly

Manpower called labor force. That means the word manpower includes
the entrepreneur himself.
It known to be the life juice of the business and has to do with
the economic status of the business. These can be in paper
Money bills or coins, generally used to pay for goods and services,
repayment of debts, and saving or restoring purchasing
power of the business.
These can raw materials or finished products which shall
Materials undergo certain process or combined which shall end as the
expected output of production.
Any semi or fully-automated devices that are used in
Machines
converting raw materials into marketable products or outputs.
5. THE IMPORTANCE OF ACQUIRING A START-UP CAPITAL
Business capital, usually in the

form of money, is an indispensable
factor to start a new business. It is
considered a working capital because it
Courtesy to
will keep the operations going.
Entrepreneurs must secure enough
capital to start and to sustain business
operations.
Raising the needed capital is not a problem for the wealthy families. However,
if you do not have the cash on hand yet, you need to consider favorable sources.
Would-be entrepreneurs must carefully choose which capital source to take. Money
lenders which offer high interest are always not a good choice. The following are the
possible sources of the start-up capital for any types of businesses to be established:
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SOURCES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Personal No interest payment to be paid Usually it takes some

Savings in case of bankruptcy, no one time to save enough
will run after the entrepreneur money to start a
for legal actions business
Entrepreneur has full control

over future net profit
generated.
Family Savings Low or no interest at all will be In rare cases, if

charged to the would-be problem exist between
entrepreneurs parties, capital may be
taken in partial or at
Monthly amortization may not once by parents.
be charged depending on the
agreements.
External There are many well-reputed Monthly amortization

Sources, such lending institutions, not must be paid even
as, banks and loansharks, in the community. amidst financial
credit difficulties of an
cooperatives Lending institutions can enterprise.
confidently lend adequate
capital in exchange of a sound
feasibility study.
Well-reputed lending institutions in the community can offer the following

types of loans according to term of repayment:
In this type of loan, monthly ammortizations which will

include a low interest will be paid in a year or less.
Short-term loans Advanced or on-time payment of monthly
ammortization increases trust and confidence of a
bank on the enrepreneur. This good relationship will
offer more opportunities to the entrepreneur.
Intermediate loans
Term of payment can range from one to tree years.
Depending on the soundness of the feasibility or the

Long-term loans established trust and confidence of the bank on the
entrepreneur, terms of payment can stretch from four
to ten years where lending policies of banks or credit
cooperatives apply.
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6. FACTORS IN SELECTING THE BEST BUSINESS LOCATION
The following must

be considered in choosing
the right business location:
a. Nearness to target
markets.
b. Availability and
quality of raw
materials and
supplies.
c. Accessibility to consumers and transportation.
d. Consider zoning and local ordinances.
Courtesy to
e. Availability of power and fuel sources.

f. Taxation, such as municipal tax policies, other local fees and rates.
7. HIRING AND TRAINING PERSONNEL
Before the actual operations

of the business begin, hiring the
right person for the right task must
be considered. Your business plan
will tell you how many workers you
need for the start and how many
Courtesy to
will be hired again as the operationsCourtesy to
progress. Excess personnel will be
an extra cost of the business and
this condition must be avoided.
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8. REGISTRATION OF A NEW BUSINESS
New business must be

registered in the name of
legalities. Before you let your well-
planned business rocks the
market, the following official
processes must be undertaken:
a. Register your official business name in the Department of Trade and Industry
Courtesy to
(DTI).
b. Apply for a Mayor’s Permit to operate the business and the Municipal Business
License of the business.
c. Register your business at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The
Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws are required for all corporations and for
partnership.
d. Register your business in the Bureau of Internal Revenue whereupon your

business will be assigned a Tax Identification Number (TIN).
e. Register your employees with the PhilHealth, PAG-IBIG, and Social Security
System (SSS). Registration in other agencies which provide welfare and other
benefits must also be consulted and legally followed.
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9. PRACTICING SIMPLE RECORD KEEPING
Entrepreneurs must be
knowledgeable on the operations of
the business. Although you are
already the manager of the business,
still you need to develop expertise in
what all your workers are actually
doing. This practice helps you
monitor the progress of your business
and to carefully track the profit andCourtesy to
losses.
Record keeping coexists with bookkeeping. The latter is the process of
recording the money received and spent by the operations of the business. The
following are the most important activities in bookkeeping:
a. Keep and maintain records on a daily basis.
b. Identify source of receipts.
c. Record all incurred expenses.
d. Keep complete records in all assets.
In order to maintain proper recording of business transactions keep
supporting documents namely; sales slips, paid bills, invoices, receipts, deposit slips,
checks issued and cancelled. Payrolls must be kept too.
Generally, the benefits of recording system and the good records kept are the
following:
a. Easy monitoring of the success or failure of your business.
b. Information needed to make decisions is provided and accessible.
c. Information needed to take bank financing package is available.
d. References for budgeting are at hand.
e. Easy preparation of income tax return.
f. Easy computation of sales taxes.
g. Profit distribution is facilitated by organized record keeping.
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What to PROCESS:
PROCE
Activity #2:
Use the data in Activity #1 in this activity. Analyze and identify business
opportunities as well as challenges these data can offer to aspiring entrepreneurs.
Business Challenges to
t
Data to be
Dimension Data Opportunities Aspiring
gathered
Offered Entrepreneurs
Market Number of
demographics households
Number of
Retailers of
various
products
Number of
wholesalers of
various
Number of
products
businesses
Number of
producers
(specify
products)
Number of
service-based
based
businesses
nesses
What to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND
Activity #3:
Choose one business opportunity identified in column 4. Carefully study the

potential of that business idea. Use the SWOT guide below to accomplish this task.
Present your SWOT Sheet to the class
class for critiquing and feedbacking. Be sure to
record feedbacks given by the teacher and classmates.
39
Supplementary Reading:
The SWOT
HELPFUL HARMFUL
INTERNAL STRENGTH WEAKNESSES
EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Business ideas must be carefully analyzed prior to its actual operations. A

popular way of doing this is to do business idea assessment through the use of the
SWOT analysis. SWOT stands for Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. This technique will signal us either to
continue the business idea because it is viable and profit is expected or to consider
other options because the factors dominates the positive ones and this condition
signals imminent losses for the proposed business. A SWOT sheet can look like this:
Courtesy to
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Enumerate all strengths of the Enumerate all weaknesses of the
business here business here
(These are internal positive qualities (These are negative indications that
of the business idea that offers deters the good future of the business
advantages and benefits to the idea probably contributory to
aspiring entrepreneurs) business losses)
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Enumerate all opportunities of the Enumerate all threats of the business
business here here
(These are externat indications that (These are external indications of

offer chance for progress or unfavorable situatons leading
advancement of the business) business to problems and other
difficulties that will put profits into
risks)
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Bear in mind these simple
imple rules for successful SWOT analysis.
analysis.
a. Be realistic about the strengths and weaknesses of your business

when conducting SWOT analysis.
b. SWOT analysis should distinguish between where your business is
today, and where it could be in the future.
c. SWOT should always be specific. Avoid any grey areas.
d. Always apply SWOT in relation to your competition i.e. better than or
worse than your competition.
e. Keep your SWOT short and simple. Avoid complexity and over analysis
f. SWOT is subjective.
Activity # 4:
Refer to your SWOT

WOT Sheet and make further analysis and this time the
ultimate task is make decision whether to pursue the proposed business idea or
consider other alternative businesses. There are two possible facets after the final
decision will be made. First, pursue the
the business because the SWOT reveals more
positive indications than negative ones or, second, disregard the business idea
because there are more negative indications. Consequently, try another business
idea and subject it into the same process of analysis.
Make a presentation of your task and be proud to inspire others that you now
have chosen a viable business idea chosen from the opportunities obtained from the
data generated by the simply community mapping we did.
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What to TRANSFER:
Activity #5:
Since you have chosen 1 viable

business idea already, it is just-in-time to
develop an impressive Business Plan.
Refer to the guide given below and read
the sample business plan provided. Your
own plan must not be limited to few pages
only, as the example is presented. All data
and information must be given in order to
come up with a completely sound and
impressive business plan.
Supplementary Reading
THE BUSINESS PLAN
A business plan refers to

the intention of aspiring or Courtesy to
Courtesy to
experienced entrepreneurs which
precisely defines their business,
identifies their goals and
objectives, a current and pro
forma balance sheet, an income
Courtesy to
statement, and a cash flow
analysis. A business plan can help so much in the proper allocation of resources,
initially handle and counter forecasted complications, and make the right decision for
the business operations. A good business plan contributes to the approval or
rejection of any loan package because it provides specific and organized information
about your proposed business and how you will repay borrowed money. A business
plan is equivalent to a business resume.
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A business plan has five major parts, namely, the executive summary,
marketing plan, production plan, organization and management plan, and financial
plan.
Below is a detailed guide in the development of a comprehensive business
plan.
BUSINESS PLAN DEVELOPMENT GUIDES
PART OF A
BUSINESS PLAN Focus Guide Questions
BUSINESS NAME Business address

Telephone/Contact Number
Contact Person
CONTENTS The usual table of contents
Brief History
BACKGROUND Information of the business
OF THE Form of ownership
BUSINESS Organizational set-up
Industry where it plays
Brief statement of business social

BENEFITS TO responsibility
THE COMMUNITY Economic, community, and
human resources development
EXECUTIVE • Brief Description of the Project • What is the nature of

SUMMARY • Brief Profile of the Entrepreneur the project?
• Project’s Contributions to the • What are the
Economy entrepreneur’s
competencies and
qualifications?
• What are the project’s
contributions to the
local and national
economy?
MARKETING • Description of the Product • What is the product?

PLAN • Comparison of the Product with • How does it compare
Its Competitors in quality and price
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• Location with its competitors?
• Market Area • Where will be the
• Main Customers business be located?
• Total Demand • What geographical
• Market Share areas will be covered
• Selling Price by the project?
• Sales Forecast • Within the market
• Promotional Measures area, to whom will the
• Marketing Strategy business sell its
• Marketing Budget products?
• Is it possible to
estimate how much of
the product is currently
being sold?
• What share or percent
of this market can be
captured by the
business?
• What is the selling
price of the product?
• How much of the
product will be sold?
• What promotional
measures will be used
to sell the product?
• What marketing
strategy is needed to
ensure that sales
forecasts are
achieved?
• How much do you
need to promote and
distribute your
product?
PRODUCTION • Production Process • What is the production

PLAN • Fixed Capital process?
• Life of Fixed Capital • What buildings and
• Maintenance and Repairs machinery (fixed
• Sources of Equipment assets) are needed
• Planned Capacity and what will be their
• Future Capacity cost?
• Terms and Conditions of • What is the useful life
Purchase of Equipment of the building and
• Factory Location and Layout machinery?
• Raw Materials • How will maintenance
• Cost of Raw Materials be done and are spare
Raw Materials Availability parts available locally?
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• Labour • When and where can
• Cost of Labour the machinery be
• Labour Availability obtained?
• Labour Productivity • How much capacity
• Factory Overhead Expenses will be used?
• Production Cost • What are the plans for
using spare capacity?
• When and how will the
machinery be paid for?
• Where will the factory
be located and how
will the factory be
arranged?
• How much raw
materials are
required?
• How much will the raw
materials cost?
• What are the sources
of raw materials? Are
they available
throughout the year?
• How many direct and
indirect labour are
needed and what skills
should they have?
• What will be the cost
of labour?
• Are workers available
throughout the year? If
not, what effect will
this have on
production?
• How will the workers
be motivated?
• What factory overhead
expenses are
involved?
• What is the production
cost per unit?
ORGANIZATION • Form of Business • How will the business

AND • Organizational Structure be managed and
MANAGEMENT • Business Experience and operated?
PLAN Qualifications of the Entrepreneur • What is the business
• Pre-Operating Activities experience and
• Pre-Operating Expenses qualifications of the
• Office Equipment entrepreneur?
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• Administrative Expenses • What pre-operating
activities must be
undertaken before the
business can operate?
• What pre-operating
expenses will be
incurred?
• What fixed assets will
be required for the
office?
• What administrative
cost will be incurred?
FINANCIAL PLAN • Project Cost • What is the total

• Financing Plan and Loan capital requirement?
Requirement • Is a loan needed?
• Security for Loan What will be the equity
• Profit and Loss Statement contribution of the
• Cash Flow Statement entrepreneur? And
• Balance Sheet how much?
• Loan Repayment Schedule • What security
• Break-even Point (BEP) (collateral) can be
• Return on Investment (ROI) given to the bank?
• Financial Analysis • What does the Profit
and Loss Statement
indicate?
• What does the Cash
Flow Statement
indicate?
• What does the
Balance Sheet
indicate?
• What is the loan
repayment schedule?
• What is the break-
even point (BEP)?
• What is the return of
investment (ROI)?
• Is the project
feasible?
The template is applicable to both production and marketing businesses.

There are entrepreneurs who want to venture in marketing alone, thus, the resulting
business plan is done sans the production part. However, in the marketing part, the
source of products to be marketed must be clearly stated including the details of the
product outsourcing process.
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Below is a sample business plan with its major parts presented briefly:
BUSINESS PLAN
Jean’s Garden
Contents: (Note to the readers: The table of content is not presented here.)
Background of the Business:

Jean’s Garden started as a backyard/home-based hobby which gradually grew
into commercial propagation of landscaping plants both ornamental and flowering.
Today it includes trading plants propagated by other gardeners.
It is a sole proprietorship business whereupon the owner assumes multiple

tasks which include ordering, receiving, and arranging plants, cashiering, attending
to walk-in customers, identifying and contacting possible repeat customers, and
maintain plants in the store.
This business aptly belongs to the agribusiness industry in the southern part of
the country.
Benefits to the community:

A landscape area will add beauty to the surroundings. It will please
everybody’s eyes and encourages them to appreciate, love, and care for the beauty
of the plants growing in nature.
Quality of plants is always assured to the customers. Landscapers’ use of

quality landscaping plants will increase the aesthetic effect of landscapers’ output.
This will lead to the increase of people’s appreciation of the importance of
landscaping and thereby creates more landscaping opportunities for both the
landscapers and the traders of landscaping plants.
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Executive Summary
Brief Description of the Project:
Jean’s Garden is a landscaping plants trading business that offers variety of
quality landscaping plants both ornamental and flowering types. It is located in a
rented space at the heart of General Santos City. This business sells competitively-
priced plants to cater the demand of small and large scale landscaping services of
the city and the adjacent municipalities.
The owner-entrepreneur is a plant hobbyist who wishes to see all types of

plants in her backyard. Her collection ranges from partial shade, outdoor and even
plants in very dry semi-arid parts of the world. Her family is into the challenging yet
successful breeding program of desert rose or Adenium sp. of single, double, and
triple/multiple petals.
This trading business aims to provide commercial landscapers with quality,

affordable, and well-hardened landscaping plants. The business also aims to create
a trading network between commercial landscapers and other landscaping-related
service providers in the General Santos City and other nearby cities and
municipalities.
Marketing Plan
The target market will include the small and large-scale commercial
landscapers of General Santos City and other nearby cities and municipalities.Walk-
in customers like tourists, homeowners, and plant collectors who will buy few pieces
only are likewise valued as important customers who can possibly create word of
mouth about the business to other enthusiasts.
Production Plan
Production or propagation of plants happens in other gardens which are the
potential suppliers of Jean’s Garden. Outsourcing of landscaping plants will be done
regularly by contacting the owner about availability list.
Plants will be delivered by the producers/propagators to the store as soon as

the ordering processes is completed and finalized.
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Organization and Management Plan
This business is a sole proprietorship. The owner-proprietor is a plant
hobbyist-collector for 20 years already. This trading business of landscaping plants
requires suppliers where some of the plants will be outsourced. It also considers and
values a network of customers which can be landscapers or walk-in tourists and
local collectors.
Financial Plan
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS
Jean’s Landscaping Plants Trading
Total Project Costs
Particulars Amount(PhP)
Fixed Asset:
Dipper 20
Pale 60
Watering hose 120
Subtotal: 200.00
Working Capital(1month)
Direct Materials 23,000.00
Direct Labor 3,000.00
Overhead Expenses 1,800.00
Operating Expenses 200.00
Subtotal: 28,000.00
Total Project Costs 28,200.00
Underlying Assumption:
1.) 360 pcs of assorted ornamental and flowering plants are assumed to
be sold per month.
Katsura (100 pcs), Pandakaki (100 pcs),
Bougainvillea (100 pcs), Adenium( 60pcs)
2.) Purchased price for:
Katsura (P20.00), Pandakaki (P25),
Bougainvillea (P25), Adenium ( single P200),
Adenium (double P250), Adenium ( triple P300)
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3.) Operating hours per day is 8-9 hours from Mondays to Sundays and
30 days a month(P100/day paid for sales personnel).
4.) Fixed asset are subject to depreciate in 3years.
PROJECTED SALES AND INCOME

Jean’s Landscaping Plants Trading
(1 Month Operation)
Particulars Amount(PhP)
Sales:
Bougainvillea (P50 @100pcs) 5,000.00
Katsura (P50 @100pcs) 5,000.00
Pandakaki (P50@ 100pcs) 5,000.00
Adenium (single P250@20pcs) 5,000.00
(double P300@20pcs) 6,000.00
(triple P350@20pcs) 7,000.00
Total 33,000.00
Less Cost of Sales:
Direct Materials(Garden Inputs) 0
Bougainvillea (P25 @100pcs) 2,500.00
Katsura (P20@100pcs) 2,000.00
Pandakaki (P25@100pcs) 2,500.00
Adenium (single P200@20pcs) 4,000.00
(double P250@20pcs) 5,000.00
(triple P300@20pcs) 7,000.00
23,000.00
Direct Labor
(P100/day x 30 days) 3,000.00
Overhead Expenses 1,800.00
Depreciation(FA/EUL) 66.67
Total 27,866.67
Gross Profit 5,133.33
Less Operating Expense 200.00
Net Income Before Tax 4,933.33
Return on Investment(Ave. Net
18%
Income/TPC)
Payback Period(TPC/Ave. Net Income+
Depreciation) 72 days or 2months and 12 days
Gross Profit Ratio(Gross Profit/Total
Sales) 15%
Net Margin(Net Income/Total Sales) 18%
50
G. Critical analysis
During rainy days rate of visit of walk-in

walk in customers is low consequently
sales for this period is equivalently low. However the booming real estate business in
General Santos
antos City will commend higher demand in landscaping, thus, there will be
more orders of landscaping plants.
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your answer
on this manual.
1. It is a group of people
people with economically important needs and demands which
opens entrepreneurial opportunities to everyone.
A. Environment C. Geography
B. Ethnicity D. Market
2. This type of business is owned by only 1 person.
A. Cooperative C. Partnership
B. Corporation D. Sole
le Proprietorship
3. Which of the following is not considered an emerging industry in the
Philippines?
A. Agribusiness C. Creative Industries
B. Power and utilities D. Renewable Energy
4. In the 4M’s of production, which M refers to the persons in the business
known
own as the labor force?
A. Machines C. Materials
B. Manpower D. Money
5. The process of recording the money received and spent by the operations of
the business is known as
A. Bookkeeping C. Administering
B. Booking D. Posting
51
6. Which combination is focused to the assessment internal of the business?
7. Which combination is focused to the assessment external of the business?
8. Place the indicators found inside the box at the right into the third column of
the matrix at the left. Group the indicators correctly.
Group Part Of Business Plan G. Competitors analysis

H. Product description
A Production I. Maintenance and repair
Plan _______ J. Promotional strategies
K. Sources of equipment
B Marketing L. Terms and conditions of purchase
Plan _______
Which of the following is the correct grouping of the six indicators in the box?
A. C.
Group Part Of Business Plan Group Part Of Business Plan
A Production Plan A, B, D A Production Plan C, D, A
B Marketing Plan C, E, F B Marketing Plan B, E, F
B. D.
Group Part Of Business Plann Group Part Of Business Plan
A Production Plan A, C, E A Production Plan C, E, F
B Marketing Plan D, B, F B Marketing Plan A, B, D
52
9. Which business principle is applicable in products and development and
marketing?
A. Pay attention
n to the needs and demands of the market.
B. Your own needs and demands are the same with others.
C. Follow the result of a national survey of needs and demands.
D. Ask researchers in other communities about their needs and demands.
10. What is the reason why an aspiring
aspiring entrepreneur must make a sound and
impressive business plan?
A. A sound and impressive business plan commands tax rebates.
B. A sound and impressive business plan attracts more customers.
C. A sound and impressive business plan is likely to be approved for a loan
loa
package.
D. A sound and impressive business plan can improve a particular segment
of a market.
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/FEEDBACK
Now we know that the market and environment are the two major factors that
dictate any business activities.
activ It is so diverse however, this diversity offers
numerous opportunities for businesses.
An aspiring entrepreneur must consider a lot of factors prior to setting up a

business. Careful examination on the needs and demands must be made.
Competition must be clearly addressed because it may either lead to
t accumulation
of profit or, worse, incurring losses depending on how entrepreneurs manage their
businesses.
Other important task of entrepreneurs is to determine how much capital is

needed to start a business. Selection of the best business location is crucial too.
Record keeping or bookkeeping is also a skill that entrepreneurs must possess so he
can personally ascertain the financial status of the business.
53
Entrepreneurs play a very important role in the national growth and
development. Aside from tax payment to the government, an entrepreneur is
responsible of the human resources development. Employment, whether casual,
probationary, and permanent, offers workplace trainings which help employees’
personal and professional growth.
Entrepreneurs must not only possess passion of the business but personally
learn the works of their employee as well. The benefit of this best practice is that
entrepreneurs will find it easier to track the operations of the business including its
profitability.
Finally, getting all these business prerequisites into the heart and mind of
entrepreneurs and together with adequate knowledge, skills and work values, their
businesses will be sustained.
References
http://www.businessdictionary.com Retrieved November 23, 2013
Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation
Albarico J.M., C.B, Celarta, E., Fernando , and E.S.Valdez 2011.

Agriculture and Fishery Arts I. United Eferza Academic Publications, Co.,
BagongPook, Lipa City, Batangas 4217.
54
QUARTER 2
Conducting
ing Pre-agricultural
Pre cultural Farm Operations
TOPIC: Preparing Farm Tools, Implements,

Implements, and Simple Equipment for
Agricultural
cultural Farm Operations
Content
tent Standard Performance Standard
The learner demonstrates The learner independently prepares

understanding in preparing farmtools, farm tools, implements,, and simple
implements,, and simple equipment for equipment for agricultural
cultural farm
agricultural
cultural farm operations.
operations operations in accordance
dance with the
Manufacturer’s Manual.
Lesson 3. PREPARING FARM TOOLS, IMPLEMENTS,

AND SIMPLE EQUIPMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL FARM
OPERATIONS
Introduction
The lesson deals with the identification and classification of tools, implements,
implements
and simple equipment
ipment according to use. It also includes the pre-operative
operative check-up
check
of farm tools, implements,
s, and simple equipment for agricultural
agricultural farm operations.
At the end of the quarter, the students are expected to:
1. Identify and classify tools, implements and simple equipment according to
use;
2. Perform basic operative check-up
check p of farm tools, implements, and simple
equipment in accordance with the manufacturer’s manual.
55
3. Conduct beginning inventory of tools, implements, and simple equipment;
and,
4. Segregate and treat tools with wear and corrosion
corro according to a
maintenance schedule.
schedule
Pre-Diagnostic
Diagnostic Assessment:
A. Choose the best answer by writing only the letter in your quiz notebook.
1. Farm tools, implements and equipment are very important
important in agricultural
agricultu
crop production because:
A. They make
ake work faster
B. They make
ake work easier
C. They save
ave time and effort
D. All reasons above are correct
2. Use the appropriate tool for
f a specific task will result to quality
performance. Which
W of the following tools is least used for digging garden
plots?
A. Bolo
B. Grub-hoe
C. Pickmattock
mattock
D. Light hoe
3. Which of the following harvesting tools is seldom used in harvesting
cucurbits and solanaceous crops?
A. Harvesting knife
B. Harvesting scissors
scissor
C. Pruning shears
shear
D. Scythe
4. It is a tool with one end flattened and the other pointed at a right angle
toward its handle.
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Pick mattock
D. Spade
56
5. Small seeded vegetable crops are usually pre-germinated to attain quality
seedlings. Which among the following methods of seedling production is
not applicable for planting in a wide production area?
A. Seed box
B. Seedling tray
C. Seedbed
D. Individual plastic bags
6. Which among the following are not classified as digging tools?
A. Shovel, spade
B. Bolo, knife
C. Pickmattock, grub-hoe
D. Crowbar, post hole digger
7. Farm equipment are used to facilitate initial tillage operation in a wide
tract of land. Which among the following equipment is used to perform the
task stated above?
A. Tractor with disc plow
B. Tractor with disc harrow
C. Tractor with rotavator
D. Tractor with seed driller
8. It is a tool with tines used to loosen the soil, dig out root crops, and turn
over materials in a compost heap.
A. Hand fork
B. Spading fork
C. Pickmattock
D. Toothharrow
9. The inventory of tools, implements and simple equipment is conducted for
the following reasons except:
A. To find out lost items
B. To segregate and repair damaged tools
C. To check the items that are present
D. To determine available tools, implements, and equipment for use
57
10. Which among the following is not a cultivating tool?
A. Hand fork
B. Spading fork
C. Hand trowel
D. Hand
and cultivator
What to KNOW:
Activity 1
Let’s find out how much you know about farm tools, implements, and simple
equipment. Some of you may be sons and daughters of farmers
farmers who have some
experience in farming. In this activity you will do simple recall
recal or will give ideas on the
topics you will discuss with your Learning Barkada.
Divide the class into four groups with equal members to form four Learning
Barkadas.. Select your leader and the rapporteur who will take down notes on
discussions/decisions yourr group will make.
The following topics will be picked by your leader for you to discuss.
1. How to differentiate
ifferentiate farm tools, implements, and simple equipment from each
other?
2. How are tools classified? Give at least 3 examples under each classification
that you know.
3. What is an inventory? Prepare an inventory form for tools, implements, and
simple equipment for your school.
4. Why is a pre-operative
operative check up of tools, implements, and simple equipment
necessary?
The availability of farm tools, implements, and

and simple equipment is one of the
important factors needed to make farm work easier, better, and faster. These make
tools, implements, and equipment play a very important role in successful
agricultural crop production operations. However, their availabilityy alone does not
guarantee success in production if the farmer/owner
farmer/owner does not know how to use
58
them. For the farmer/owner to perform agricultural
cultural operations successfully, he/she
must have a good working knowledge of tools, implements, and equipment prior to
use.

Classifications of tools
According to Asuncion,
Asuncion (1983), the following are the farm
arm tools classified
cla
according to use:
Digging tools
1. Crowbar (bareta)is
is used for digging
big holes and for digging out big
stones tree and stumps.
2. Pick-mattock (mattock)is
(mattock) used
for digging canals, breaking hard
topsoil (flattened blade), and
digging up stones and tree
stumps (pointed portion).
3. Grub-hoe(asarol)is
is used for breaking
hard topsoil and pulverizing soil
59
4. Spade is used for removing trash
or soil, digging canals or ditches,
ditches
and mixing soil media.
5. Shovel (pala)is
is used in removing
trash, digging loose soil, moving
soil from one place to another, and
for mixing soil media.
6. Spading fork(tinidor)
(tinidor)is used for
loosening
oosening the soil, digging out root
crops, and turning over the materials
in a compost heap.
Cutting Tools
1. Bolo (itak)is used for cutting

weeds, bamboo poles and pegs
use for construction and trellis.
2. Pruning
ing shears are used for
cutting branches of planting
materials and unnecessary or
unproductive branches of plants.
plants
3. Axe is used for cutting trunks or

branches of trees and bigger posts.
60
4. Knives are used for cutting
planting materials,
terials, harvesting, and used
in performing other operations
in crop production.
Cultivating tools
1. Light hoeis
is used for loosening,
loosening
leveling, and digging out furrows for
planting.
2. Hand trowel is used for loosening or

cultivating the soil around the growing
plants and putting small a amount of
manure and compost in the soil.
3.Hand fork are used for cultivating

the soil in between rows of plants.
4. Hand cultivator(pangbakulkul)
(pangbakulkul) is used
for cultivating the garden plot
plo by
loosening the soil and removing weeds
growing around the plant.
5. Rake(kalaykay) is used for cleaning

the ground and leveling the topsoil.
61
Harvesting tools
1. Harvesting knives/scissors/pruning
shears are used for harvesting
vegetables crops.
2. Scythe is used for harvesting rice and for

cutting grasses for animal feeds.
3. Bolo (itak) is used for harvesting

bananas,
s, sugarcane, and other crops.
Carpentry tools
1. Hammer is used to draw and

remove nails and to drive nails into
wood .
3. Cross cut saw is used to cut

wood when doing some repair of
tools,constructing compost piles
and fixing vicinity fence.
4. Pliers are used in repairs of

tools and other carpentry works.
62
5. Screw drivers are used tighten
and loosen knots and bolts.
6. Chiselis
is used smoothen wooden
handle of garden tools and implements.
Measuring tools
1. Weighing balanceis
is used for weighing
Harvests and fertilizers.
2. Meter stickis
is used for measuring
mea
garden plots and heights of plants.
3. Steel tape is used for measuring

distance of planting in lay outing
an area.
4. Foot rule is used for measuring

5. the height of seedlings.
63
Other materials
1. Knapsack sprayer is used for applying

insecticides,
des, herbicides, and foliar fertilizers.
fertilizer
2. Trigger sprayer is used in

applying insecticides/fungicides in
seedboxes/seedtrays/seedbeds
seedboxes/seedtrays/seedbeds.
3. Sprinklers are used for watering

Seedlings and other plants, such as
vegetables and ornamentals.
ornamentals
4. Wheel barrow is used for hauling and

transporting
ing growing media, fertilizers,
and farm supplies.
5. Crates are used for carrying harvests

(fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers)
from the point of production to the
market.
6. Seed trays are containers

tainers used for
raising
sing or growing seedlings.
64
7. Seed boxes are containers used in
growing vegetable seedlings.
Farm Implements
Farm implements are accessories pulled by draft animals or mounted to

machineries that are usually used in land preparation.
ion. They are usually
usua made
of an iron or other metals.
Examples:
1. Plows. They refer to farm implements used in land preparation for
agricultural crop production.
production. They are either pulled by a draft animal or
a tractor. The plow is specifically used for tilling wide areas, making
mak
furrows, and for inter-
inter row cultivation.
Plows pulled by draft animals are made of either pure metal or wood
and their combination of metal and wood.
wood
Native plow Disc plow
65
1. Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made up of wood with metal teeth and
pulled by draft animals while disc harrow is made up of metal mounted to a
tractor. Harrows are used for pulverizing the soil.
Native Wooden Harrow Disc harrow
2. Rotavator. The rotavator is an implement mounted to a tractor also used for

pulverizing the soil.
Rotavator
Farm Equipment
Farm equipment are machineries used in land preparation and in transporting
farm inputs and products. To use these machineries, a highly skilled operator is
needed to perform the task.
1. Hand tractor is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing the field for planting.
2. Four-wheel tractor is used to pull a disc plow and a disc harrow in preparing a
much wider area of land.
3. Water pump is used to draw water from a source for use in irrigating the field.
66
Hand Tractor Four Wheel Tractor Water Pump
PRE-OPERATIVE CHECK UP OF FARM TOOLS, IMPLEMENTS, AND SIMPLE

EQUIPMENT
Inventory of Farm Tools, Implements and Simple Equipment
An inventory is initially prepared to check the items that are present, available
for use, operational, and adequate for the training activities.
An inventory should be done at the beginning of the school year to provide a

list of the existing tools, implements, and equipment. It is important because you will
find out how many are serviceable and need repair. As a result, accidents can be
prevented because damaged tools will be brought to the farm shop for repair.
Students must be aware of their responsibilities as borrowers. They should replace
lost and repair damaged tools.
Likewise, a yearend inventory is essential to ensure that the tools,
implements, and equipment are still complete and in good condition, ready for use in
the next school year.
Below is a sample of an inventory record form.
Table 1. Sample Inventory Record

Date Unit Qty Item Remarks
In Good Needs
condition Repair
6/2/2014 Pcs 25 Bolo 20 5
67
Unit 2 Hand tractor with 2
complete
accessories
Set 3 Soil-testing kit 3
(STK)
Imagine that the long, hot summer vacation has finally come to an end. It is
the beginning of the school year and you are ready to start working in your vegetable
gardens. But before you start,
start, check the tools, implements, and equipment you plan
to use.
Dressed in your working clothes and armed with your personal protective
equipment (PPE), proceed to the shop to retrieve your tools so that you can start
clearing away
way the last remnants of the summer and begin breaking the soil for a new
year. Imagine your frustration when you see that the tools covered with rust and dirt
from the last vacation. It seems that on this nice day, you will be spending
spend more time
cleaning and repairing tools than actually using them.
What to PROCESS:
Activity 2
In Activity 1, a group was assigned to give the classification of tools. After
discussing this topic,, the group was requested to post their output in front of the
room for the class
ass to assess. Find out how many correct ideas they have.
Now, after learning the different classifications of tools, all Learning
earning Barkadas
will classify the tools in your tool room. List down all the tools under each
classification. Present your output to the class in 3 minutes. The Learning
L Barkada
68
that will get the most number of correct answers will be rated 5, 4, for the second
highest, etc.
Activity 3
You have just learned the importance of having an inventory of tools.
t You
have also seen an example of an inventory record form. You already know the
classifications
ions of tools. This time, each Learning
Learning Barkada will prepare an inventory of
tools according to their classification. Prepare your output on a short bond paper
after encoding it.
What to TRANSFER:
Activity 4
Farmer – Student Encounter
Interview a farmer about the farm tools, implements and simple
equipment he has.. Construct interview questions and show them to your teacher for
correction and approval. To facilitate your task, prepare a table where you will
indicate the tools, implements,
implements and equipment the farmer possess. Tools should be
listed under each classification. Compare your output with that of your Learning
Barkada.
Present your output to the class.
Tools, implements, and simple

s equipment facilitate work. As the user, bear in
mind that safety precautions
precaution on knowing the proper use of these tools can lead to a
safe and successful endeavor. Before using any of the tools,
tools, implements and
69
equipment, always check whether or not they are still usable or serviceable. It is also
good practice to always check with or refer to the manual of operations as prescribed
by the manufacturer. When necessary, seek assistance of a skilled operator.
Keep a record of tools, implements, and simple equipment so you know what
tools are stored in the tool room.
Tools that are defective should be segregated and fixed immediately to
prevent accidents.
Multiple Choice:
Directions: Choose the best answer by writing only the LETTER in your quiz
notebook.
1. Which of the following harvesting tools is seldom used in harvesting
cucurbits and solanaceous crops?
A. Harvesting knife
B. Harvesting scissors
C. Pruning shears
D. Scythe
2. Which among the following are not classified as digging tools?
A. Shovel, spade
B. Bolo, knife
C. Pickmattoc, grub-hoe
D. Crowbar, post hole digger
3. It is a tool with one end flattened and the other pointed at a right angle
toward its handle.
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Pick mattock
D. Spade
70
4. Using the appropriate tool for a specific task will result to quality
performance. Which of the following tools is least used for digging garden
plots?
A. Bolo
B. Grub-hoe
C. Pick-mattock
D. Light hoe
5. Farm equipment are used to facilitate initial tillage operation in a wide
tract of land. Which among the following equipment is used to perform the
task stated above?
A. Tractor with disc plow
B. Tractor with disc harrow
C. Tractor with rotavator
D. Tractor with seed driller
6. Which among the following is not a cultivating tool?
A. Hand fork
B. Spading fork
C. Hand trowel
D. Hand cultivator
7. Farm tools, implements and equipment are very important in agricultural
crop production because:
A. They make work faster
B. They make work easier
C. They save time and effort
D. All reason above are correct
8. It is a tool with tines used to loosen the soil, dig out root crops, and turn
over materials in a compost heap.
A. Hand fork
B. Spading fork
C. Pickmattock
D. Tooth harrow
71
9. Small seeded vegetable crops are usually pre-germinated to attain quality
seedlings. Which among the following methods of seedling production is
not applicable for planting in a wide production area?
A. Seed box
B. Seedling tray
C. Seedbed
D. Individual plastic bags
10. The inventory of tools, implements and simple equipment is conducted for
the following reasons except:
A. To find out lost items
B. To segregate and repair damaged tools
C. To check the items that are present
D. To determine available tools, implements, and equipment for use
The lessons in this module on horticulture were an eye opener to what you
can do in the workplace. The course is designed to prepare you to be farmers or
farm technologists in the future; that is, if you decide to become either a farmer or
farm technologist. But even if you don’t, you will surely learn a lot from the activities
in this model and thus develop an appreciation for the valuable contributions of
farmers to food production.
The different knowledge and skills acquired in horticulture are essential for
you to become good crop producers. Such factor in the preparation of farm tools,
implements and simple equipment for horticultural farm operations will help you a lot.
Likewise, it is expected that this module will help you develop some of the skills
required on pre-horticultural farm operations that may someday enable you to
prosper in your venture into agricultural crop production.
72
References
Asuncion, Jr. R. G. 1983. Elementary Agriculture. Saint Mary’s Publishing., Inc..,

Quezon City, Philippines
http://www.antiquefarmtools.info. Retrieved November 23, 2013
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/01-111b. Retrieved November 23, 2013
http://www.ebc.com.au. Retrieved November 23, 2013
73
TLE GRADE 9
AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION NC II
QUARTER 3
Conducting Pre-agricultural
cultural Farm Operations
TOPIC: Preparing and Maintaining

Maintain Farm Tools, Implements, Simple Equipment
and Facilities Courtesy to

The learner
rner demonstrates understanding The learner independently
independentl prepares and
in preparing and maintaining farm tools, maintains farm tools, implements, simple
implements, simple equipment and equipment and facilities following
facilities. standard procedures.
Lesson 4. PREPARING AND MAINTAINING FARM

TOOLS, IMPLEMENTS, SIMPLE EDQUIPMENT
AND FACILITIES
Introduction
This lesson deals
als with the maintenance of farm tools,
tools, implements, simple
equipment, and facilities.. It also includes workplace hazards and environmental
implications associated with maintenance procedures.
procedures
1. Enumerate the types of hazards in the workplace;
workplace
2. Explain the principles of HACCP;
HACCP
3. Perform
rform maintenance activities on tools,
tools, implements, simple equipment,
and facilities;; and
4. Identify the factors to consider when maintaining farm facilities, tools, and
equipment.
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment:
sessment:
A. Multiple Choice
74
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your quiz
notebook.
1. Maintenance is work done regularly to keep our tools in good condition. Which
of the following is the first and foremost task in maintenance?
A. Inspect tools before using them
B. Clean tools every after use
C. Keep workplace clean and orderly
D. Use tools, implements, and equipment properly
2. The following are important reasons why we maintain our tools, implements,
and equipment except:
A. To properly dispose hazardous waste
B. To extend the life of tools, implements, and equipment
C. To attain aesthetic beauty of the workplace
D. To assure the operational readiness of the tools, implements, and
equipment and maximum return on investments
3. Which of the following is not a benefit from maintaining the facilities?

A. Ensure safe environment
B. Prolonged life of facilities
C. Reduced operational cost and production
D. Prompt delivery of services/products
4. The 5S with several philosophies are pre-requisites for any improvement

program. Which of the following is not a philosophy of 5S?
A. Simplifies work environment
B. Effective workplace organization
C. Waste of time and effort
D. Reduces waste while improving quality and safety
75
5. A maintenance performed to prevent or find defects before they develop into a
breakdown refers to:
A. Corrective maintenance
B. Preventive maintenance
C. Emergency maintenance
D. Time-based maintenance
B. Sequencing
Directions: Arrange in order the four-step processes of risk management by
assigning number in every step.
Assess the risk

Review the process
Identify the hazard
Control the risk
C. Identification
Directions: Identify the different examples of hazards by placing a check
mark () under the types of hazard in the table below.
Examples Safety Biologic Physica Ergonomi Chemica Work

of Hazards Hazar al Hazard l c Hazard l Hazard Organizatio
d Hazard n Hazard
1. Lack of
respect
2.
Pesticides
3.Sexual
Harassment
4.Insect
bites
5.Spills on
floors
76
6.Poor
posture
7.Improperl
y aligned
chairs
8.Flammabl
e materials
9.Radiation
10.Confined
spaces
What to KNOW:
Activity 1
In
n the past lesson, you were able to identify defective tools,
implements, and simple equipment. We agreed not to use defective
defe tools to
avoid accidents.
ccidents. We need to restore these
the tools
ols in order that we will have
enough tools to use in the laboratory.
Have you ever met an accident before? Or have you seen someone
involved in an accident?
In our next lesson, we will
w be discussing
ussing hazards, risks or accidents
accident in
our workplaces in relation to the maintenance of tools, implements, and
simple equipment.
Again, go to your Learning Barkada and pick one topic for you to
discuss.
1. What are hazards, risks, and accidents? What are the types of
hazards that you know?
2. What is Republic Act 9003? As students, what are your roles to
attain the objectives of the RA 9003?
3. What maintenance activities should you undertake to prolong
the life and effectiveness of your tools?
77
4. Enumerate materials needed in maintaining your tools,
implements, and simple equipment.
Safety Precautions in Handling Farm Facilities
Horticultural farm operations involve a lot of activities in the different

workplaces. While performing these activities, workers expose themselves to a lot of
risks. Workplace hazard is a major cause of accident, injury, or harm to a worker
who performs such task. These hazards should be the major concern of all who are
involved in a certain task or activity.
When undertaking risk management, it is important to distinguish hazard from

risk and exposure.
o Hazard is the potential for harm, or adverse effect on an employee’s health.
Anything which may cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace
is a hazard.
o Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or ill health to anyone at or
near a workplace. The level of risk increases with the severity of the hazard
and the duration and frequency of exposure.
o Exposure occurs when a person comes in contact with a hazard.
What is a hazard?
Hazard is anything in the workplace that has the potential to harm people.
Hazards in the workplace should be identified and the risk of the hazard causing an
injury should be assessed.
78
Types of Hazards
1. Safety hazards
These are the most common hazards in a workplace occuring at one
time or another. They include unsafe conditions that can result in injury,
illness or death.
Examples:
• Spills on floors
• Working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or any
raised area
• Unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts
• Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins and
improper wiring
• Confined spaces
2. Biological hazards
These are associated with working with animals, people, or infectious
plant materials.
Examples:
• Insect bites
• Fungi/mold
• Bacteria and virus
• Plants
• Animal and bird droppings
• Blood and other body fluids
3. Physical hazards
These are factors within the environment that can harm the body
without necessarily touching it.
Examples:
• Extreme temperature – hot and cold
• Constant loud noise
• High exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays
• Radiation including ionizing and non-ionizing (microwaves and
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radiowaves)
4. Ergonomic hazards. These occur when the type of work, body positions and
working conditions put a strain on your body. These are the hardest to
spot since you don’t always immediately notice the strain on your body
or the harm that these hazards pose. Short term exposure may result
in “sore muscles” and long-term exposure can result in serious illness.
Examples:
• Improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
• Frequent lifting
• Poor posture
• Awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
• Repeating the same movements over and over
• Vibration
• Having to use too much force, especially if done frequently
5. Chemical hazards. These are present when a worker is exposed to any

chemical preparation in the workplace in any form (solid, liquid, gas).
Chemicals can cause illness, skin irritation or breathing problems.
Beware of:
• Pesticides
• Cleaning products, paints, acids, and solvents
• Flammable materials, like gasoline and explosive chemicals
• Vapors, like fumes that come from welding
• Gases, like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and helium
6. Work organization hazards

Hazards or stressors that cause stress (short-term effects) and strain
(long-term effects). These are hazards associated with clean workplace
issues such as, workload, lack of control and/or respect.
Examples:
• Workplace violence
• Workload demands
• Lack of respect
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• Flexibility
• Social support/relations
• Control or say about things
• Sexual harassment
Risk management
Risk management is a four-step process.
1. Identify the hazard

Hazard identification is the first step in reducing the possibility of an
accident. It means identifying all situations or events that could cause injury
or illness. Eliminating or minimizing workplace hazards needs a systematic
approach. It is essential to try and anticipate all possible hazards at the
workplace known as the ‘what if?’ approach.
Methods that are useful in identifying hazards. These include:
o Reviewing your workers’ compensation data and checking the
incidence, mechanism and agency of injury, and the cost to the
organization.
o Staying informed on trends and developments in workplace health and
safety, via the internet or OHS publications.
o Reviewing the potential impact of new work practices or equipment
introduced into the workplace in line with legislative requirements.
o Doing walk-through surveys, inspections or safety audits in the
workplace to evaluate the organization’s health and safety system.
o Considering OHS implications when analyzing work processes.
o Investigating workplace incidents since in some cases there may be
more than one hazard contributing to an incident.
o Getting feedback from employees/workers who can often provide
valuable information about hazards, based on their experience in their
work area.
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2. Assess the risk associated with the hazard
This step involves gathering information and making decisions. It is
important to consider the causes and impact of hazards in a workplace. To
avoid endangering the workers’ health, introduce some precautionary
measures.
3. Control the risk

The third step in effective risk management involves establishing and
maintaining systems which give an opportunity for regular evaluation and
review procedures. Evaluation entails examining control measures to ensure
that risks are eliminated or reduced.
There are three categories of control measures you might take. You
can eliminate the hazard, minimize the risk, and introduce ‘back-up’ controls
when all other options in the previous categories have been exhausted.
4. Review the process.

The review system applies to the overall risk management process. It
checks if the process is working effectively
Basic Principles of Hazard Analytical and Critical Control Point

(HACCP)
1. Conduct a hazard analysis.
Identify hazards and assess the risks associated with them at

each step in the commodity system. Describe possible control
measures.
2. Determine the Critical Control Points (CCPs).
A critical control point is a step at which control can be applied

and is essential to prevent or eliminate safety hazard, or reduce it to
an acceptable level.
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3. Establish critical limits.
Each control measure associated with a CCP must have an

associated critical limit which separates the acceptable from the
unacceptable control parameter.
4. Establish a monitoring system.
Monitoring is the scheduled measurement or observation at

a CCP to assess whether the step is under control.
5. Establish a procedure for corrective action, when monitoring

at a CCP indicates a deviation from an established critical limit.
6. Establish procedures for verification to confirm the
effectiveness of the HACCP plan.
Such procedures include auditing of the HACCP plan to

review deviations and product dispositions, and random sampling
and checking to validate the whole plan.
7. Establish documentation concerning all procedures and

records appropriate to these principles and their application
(www.fao.org/docrep/005/y1390e/y1390e09.htm retrieves
Maintaining Farm Tools, Equipment, and Facilities
According to Ladia, et. al (2012), maintenance is work that is done regularly

to keep tools, equipment, and facilities in good condition and working order. We
need to learn the different kinds of maintenance in order to identify the activities and
proper procedures in the management of facilities as well as of the time, money and
materials involved.
The proper use of training tools, equipment, and facilities is the first and
foremost task in maintenance. It used in accordance with the manufacturer’s manual,
as this would evidently extend the life of the tools, equipment, and facilities. The
manual would indicate the part and the way to maintain it. We must always refer to it
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for reference.
Types of Maintenance
1. Preventive maintenance – maintenance performed to prevent or find defects
before they develop into a breakdown.
2. Corrective maintenance – maintenance tasks initiated as a result of the observed
condition of an asset or system, before or after functional failure to correct a
problem. It is performed to repair, restore, replace or correct a failure.
3. Emergency maintenance – maintenance performed to put the item on hand
immediately to avoid serious consequences, such as loss of production, disrupted
schedule, extensive damage to assets, idle worker or for safety reasons. This
should be requested as soon as you become aware of a problem.
Why Maintain?
• To extend the useful life of tools, equipment and facilities
• To assure the operational readiness of equipment and maximum possible
return on investments
• To properly discard hazardous waste
• To ensure the safety of the user
What Can We Gain From Maintaining Our Facilities?

• Ensure a safe environment
• Improved morale of human resources
• Reduced operational cost
• Increased production
• Prolonged life of facilities
• Prompt delivery of services/products
Factors To Consider When Maintaining Farm Tools, Equipment, And Facilities
1. Manpower
2. Money (financial resources)
3. Methods and system
4. Machines (facilities)
5. Materials and supplies
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Maintenance Program – includes all maintenance activities to be undertaken,
manpower needed, maintenance methods to be used, all the materials and supplies
needed and cost involved in the maintenance.
Maintenance Schedule – is a list allocating specific maintenance of an area,

including tools and equipment for a specified period. It is also just a part of the
maintenance program.
Maintenance Checklist – is a list of maintenance tasks typically derived through

some analysis, generated automatically as work orders at a predetermined
frequency.
Tools Maintenance and Safety Rules

According to Asuncion (1991), tools will last longer when properly kept and
maintained. A good worker keeps and takes good care of his tools. The following are
some pointers to follow in keeping tools in good condition:
1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them to check if they are in good
working condition. This can be detected when they are used smoothly
with ease and speed. The sharpness of bladed tools and tips of pointed ones
should always be maintained, while non-bladed or non-pointed tools should
always be kept clean to prevent them from rusting.
2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth before keeping it in
the tool cabinet. To keep the tool from rusting, make sure that the tool is dry
before storing it.
3. Oil the metal parts of a tool to prevent any form of damage that may be
caused by air, water, or rust.
Safety Rules to Strictly Follow to Avoid Accidents

1. Avoid wearing loose clothing when working. Sleeves should be fitting and
shirts tucked in as much as possible. Remove ties and jewelry.
2. Injuries or accidents that occur should be reported immediately to the teacher.
3. Never use your lips to fold small materials like fasteners or any small metal
articles when working.
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4. Never throw tools of any type around. Make sure the sharp edge of cutting
tools is away from the edge of the work table or work bench.
5. Keep working areas clean and free from shavings of any kind.
6. Ensure the safety of your classmates when carrying long and heavy tools to
avoid accidents.
7. Never use dull or damaged tools.
8. Keep fingers away from the edge of sharp cutting tools.
9. Know and observe safety measures specific of each tool or operation.
10. Convenience outlets and power tools used should be checked before and
after each use. Switch off the power before leaving the shop.
11. Keep tools in their proper places.
Practice 5 S
According to Ladia, et al. (2012), 5S is the name of a workplace organization
methodology that uses a list of five (5) Japanese words which are seiri, seiton, seiso,
seiketsu, and shitsuke. Translated into English, they all begin with the letter “S”. The
list describes how items are stored and how the new order is maintained.
Seiri (Sort) - taking out and disposing of unnecessary items

Seiton (Systematize) - arranging tools, equipment, and materials
in order for the easiest and most efficient access
Seiso (Sweep) - cleaning even if things are not dirty
Seiketsu (Standardize) - maintaining the workplace in high standard
housekeeping
Shitsuke (Self-discipline) - doing things spontaneously without being
told
86
Below are samples of maintenance schedules and checklists:
Table 2. Operational Procedure

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE
Equipment Type Hand Tractor
Equipment Code HT100
Location Shop Building
Operation Procedure:
Conduct pre-operative check-up on the following:

1. Check engine oil.
2. Check loose bolts and missing parts.
3. Check fuel and water.
4. Check the accessories if they are properly mounted.
Table 3. Housekeeping schedule

HOUSEKEEPING SCHEDULE
Qualification Agricultural Crop Station/Bldg. GREENHOUSE
Production NC II
Area/Section PRACTICAL WORK AREA
In-charge
ACTIVITIES Responsible Schedule for the Month of ________
Person
Daily Every Weekly Every Monthly Remarks
th
other 15
day Day
1. Clean and Trainee X
maintain
greenhouse
surroundings by
sweeping/remov
ing fallen
leaves,
branches, debris
and clearing
pathways of
obstructions.
2. Empty trash Trainee X
and compost
cans.
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3. Sanitize and Trainee X Every
disinfect houses Friday
between uses
4. Clean and Trainee X
check wash
area:
• Walls/flo
ors-free
from
molds
and
stains
• Drainage
system is
functional
• Water
system is
functional
; no
dripping
faucets
or
leaking
pipes
• Free
from rags
or other
unnecess
ary
objects
Table 4. Equipment Maintenance Schedule

EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
Equipment Type Hand Tractor
Equipment Code HTI00
Location Shop Building
Schedule for the Month of
ACTIVITIES Manpower Daily Every Weekly Every Monthly Remarks
other 15th
day Day
1.Check Trainee/ Every
engine oil Trainer Monday
2.Check Every
loose bolts Trainee/Trainer Monday
88
and
missing
parts
3.Check Trainee/ Every
fuel and Trainer Monday
water
4.Replace Trainee As the

engine oil need arise
5.Clean air Trainee/ End of the

cleaner Trainer Month
6.Engine Engine End of the
tune-up Technician Month
Special Instructions:
Trainer:
Table 5. Workshop Inspection Checklist

WORKSHOP INSPECTION CHECKLIST
Qualification Agricultural Crop Production NC II
Area/Section Greenhouse In-Charge

Yes No INSPECTION ITEMS
Did you...
X 1. clean the surroundings and remove obstructions?
X 2. properly segregate and dispose of waste materials, such as
empty bottles of chemical?
Remarks:
Inspected by: Date:
89
Table 6. Equipment Maintenance Inspection Checklist
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE INSPECTION CHECKLIST
Equipment Type : HAND TRACTOR

Property Code/Number : HTI00
Location : PRACTICAL WORK AREA
Yes No INSPECTION ITEMS
Did you...
X 1. check the engine oil?
X 2. check if there are loose bolts and missing parts?
X 3. check the fuel and water?
X 4. clean the air cleaner?
Remarks:
Inspected by: Date:
Table 7. Waste Segregation Checklist
WASTE SEGREGATION CHECKLIST
Qualification AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION NC II

Area/Section GREENHOUSE
In-Charge
WASTE SEGREGATED METHOD
GENERATED/ACCUMULATED
WASTE RECYCLE COMPOSED DISPOSE
Cut weeds
Plant residues
Seedling trays
Plastic bags
Empty bottles of chemicals
Empty seed cans or sachets
90
What
hat to PROCESS:
Activity 2
There is a saying which runs thus, “Work and work without play, makes Juan
a dull boy,” so this time, let us play. The title
ti le of our game is “Act and Tell.”
Tell Actors will
come from each Learning
earning Barkada,
Barkada round robin.
Example:
LB 1 will do an action about maintenance of tools and members from
other LBs will guess the action. If the action not correctly identified, the score goes to
the “Act” group. But if it was identified correctly; the merit goes to the “Tell” group.
The Tell group which gave the correct answer will have the chance to act to be
answered by the other LBs. The number of correct items they got will be their score.
Activity 3
This time, you are not going to work by groups.
group This iss an individual pursuit to
assess how much you have learned from the lessons.
Select one of the topics listed below and develop it into a composition with
100 words only.
1. 5S and Me
2. Hazards and Me
3. Why do I maintain my tools
Activity 4
Every Learning Barkada
rkada will prepare a poster of safety precautions to be
displayed in the classroom.
91
What to TRANSFER:
Activity 5
Let’s get physical. Each one of you go to the tool room and get a tool that
needs cleaning and/or simple repair.
repair. You may also bring your own tool for this
activity. Apply what you have
h learned about maintaining tools, implements, and
simple equipment. Before you start doing your task, assess your workplace. Identify
the possible hazards and do something about them to ensure your safety. While
Whi
doing your task, observe safety precautions to prevent untoward incidents from
happening.
A. Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your quiz
notebook.
1. The 5S with several philosophies

philosophi are pre-requisites
requisites for any improvement
program. Which of the following is not a philosophy of 5S?
A. Simplifies work environment
B. Effective workplace organization
C. Waste of time and effort
D. Reduces waste while improving quality and safety
ng is not a benefit from maintaining the facilities?
2. Which of the following
A. Ensure safe environment
B. Prolonged life of facilities
C. Reduced operational cost and production
D. Prompt delivery of services and products
3. A maintenance performed to prevent or find defects before they develop
develo into a
breakdown refers to:
A. Corrective maintenance
B. Preventive maintenance
92
C. Emergency maintenance
D. Time-based maintenance
4. The following are important reasons why we maintain our tools, implements,
and equipment except:
A. To properly dispose hazardous waste
B. To extend the life of tools, implements, and equipment
C. To attain aesthetic beauty of the workplace
D. To assure the operational readiness of the tools, implements, equipment
and maximum return on investments
5. Maintenance is work done regularly to keep our tools in good condition. Which
of the following is the first and foremost task in maintenance?
A. Inspect tools before using them
B. Clean tools after use
C. Keep workplace clean and orderly
D. Use tools, implement, and equipment properly
B. Sequencing
Directions: Arrange in order the four-step processes of risk management by
assigning a number to every step.
Assess the risk

Review the process
Identify the hazard
Control the risk
93
C. Identification
Directions: Identify the different examples of hazards by placing a check
mark () under the types of hazards in the table below.
Examples Safety Biologic Physica Ergonomi Chemica Work

of Hazards Hazar al Hazard l c Hazard l Hazard Organizatio
d Hazard n Hazard
1. Lack of
respect
2.
Pesticides
3.Sexual
Harassment
4.Insect
bites
5.Spills on
floors
6.Poor
posture
7.Improperl
y aligned
chairs
8.Flammabl
e materials
9.Radiation
10.Confined
spaces
“An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure”: An adage which
always reminds us of our safety in everything we do.
Any place we go, any work we undertake, we are exposed to risks or hazards.
To avoid such, we must be extra careful of our actions and decisions. See to it that
the workplace meets the OHS standards.
Tools, implements, and equipment must be maintained and secured in their
proper places to be safely used next time.
94
References
Garcia, L.B., P.C. de Castro, R.G. Asuncion, Jr., A.J. Ganiron, E.B. Javier,
E.D. Serrano, A. B. Resureccion, and S.A. Yano. 1991. Safety Precautions When
Working. In: Technology and Home Economics II. First Edition. Instructional
Materials Corporation (IMC), University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City,
Philippines, 390 pp.
Ladia, L.A., P.V. Lucas and R.M. Mirasol. 2012. Maintaining Training
Facilities. In: CBLM on Trainers Methodology Level I. National TVET Trainers
Academy, TESDA, Marikina City, Philippines.
(www.fao.org/docrep/005/y1390e/y1390e09.htm Retrieved April 10, 2014)
http://www.sofweb.vic.edu.au/safe@work/workplace_hazards.asp\\ Retrieved April

11, 2014
https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/safety-and-prevention/health-and-safety-
topics/controlling-ohs-hazards-and-risks/about-hazards-and-risks/what-are-
hazards-and-risk Retrieved April 12, 2014
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5S_(methodology) Retrieved April 11, 2014
95
QUARTER 4
Conducting
ing Pre-agricultural
Pre icultural Farm Operations
Topic: Securing Farm Tools, Implements, Simple
Courtesy: Jones Rural School, Jones, Isabela

The learner demonstrates The learner independently
ently secures
understanding in securing farm tools, farm tools, implements,
ents, simple
implements,
ents, simple equipment, and equipment, and facilities according to
facilities. approved practices .
Lesson 5. SECURING
SECURING FARM TOOLS, IMPLEMENTS,
Courtesy to
EQUIPMENT, AND FACILITIES
Introduction
This lesson
esson deals with the safety of farm tools, implements, simple equipment,
and farm facilities.
lities. It includes simple repair, installation of preventive structures, and
storage.
96
1. Perform simple repair and modification of farm tools, implements and
equipment
2. Install preventive structures in the farm
3. Maintain and store farm tools, implements, and simple equipment
according to approved practices
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment:
Directions: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write the answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following less describe a work shop?

A. Provides an area for repairs
B. Provides an area for storage
C. Provides an area for lectures
D. Provides an area where work can be carried out during
inclement weather
2. Which of the following is not true about a work shop?
A Presence of water supply for convenience and safety
B. Presence of wide entrance only for large equipment
C. Presence of storage cabinet for tools, supplies, and spare parts
D. Presence of fire extinguishers
3. What is the advantage of living windbreaks?
A. Protect people and livestock
B. Benefit soil and water conservation
C. Wildlife habitat for birds and little furry creatures
D. Take several years to develop, therefore, the economic
benefit is not immediate
97
4. Hazardous materials should be stored in a safe place to prevent
accidents. Which
h of the following is not a good practice in storing
hazardous materials?
A. Flammable and poisonous materials should be stored in a separate
room or cupboard
B. Hazardous products must be well-ventilated
well
C. Hazardous materials are kept in places which
wh children cannot
can reach
D. Unconsumed or extra chemicals are stored in empty beverage
bottles.
oring garden tools is not
5. Which among the following practices of storing
effective?
A. Remove any dirt or rust
B. Sharpen tools
C. Store tools on the ground
D. Spray metal parts with a good coat
coa of lubricating oil
What to KNOW:
Activity 1
Below are some

e of the farm facilities in agri-crop
agr production.
n. Draw a square
if the facilities are familiar to you and a triangle if it is not, opposite each column.
Put a (/) if you know how to describe and (x) if you don’t in the next column.
Remarks
Farm Facility Can Can’t
Familiar Not familiar
describe describe
1. Storage barn
2. Shop buiding
3. Nursery
4. Vicinity fence
5. Greenhouse
98
Simple Repair and Modification of Tools and Implements

“Repair means to restore by replacing a part or putting together what is torn
or broken” http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/repair
A workshop provides a focal point at the farmstead for the repair and
maintenance of machines, implements and structures. It also provides a place
where tools can be stored in an orderly manner, a store for supplies and
spare parts, and a shelter where work can be carried out during inclement
weather. A facility of this type should be available on every farm. The size and
design of a workshop, however, should be commensurate with the size of the
farm and the work to be done in the shop.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm Retrieved
Important Features of a Safe and Efficient Workshop
1. Sufficient room for the largest machine that may need repair, including
workspace around it. If the machine is large, truss roof construction may be
needed to provide the required space without intermediate supports.
2. An entrance that is both wide enough and high enough for the largest
equipment that the shop has been designed to accommodate. If the building is
enclosed with either solid walls or wire netting, a second door is essential for
safety in case of fire.
3. Some means of lifting and supporting heavy loads. When the roof span is 3m
or less, a timber beam is often adequate. For larger spans or very heavy loads a
truss will be required. Alternatively, a portable hoist can be used.
4. Electric lighting and electrical service for power tools.
5. A water supply for both convenience and safety.
6. One or more fire extinguishers of a type suitable for fuel fires. Two or three
buckets of dry sand are a possible substitute or supplement for a fire
extinguisher.
99
7. Storage cabinets for tools, supplies and spare parts. Sturdy doors can be
locked for security and also provide space to hang tools and display small
supplies for easy access.
8. .A heavy workbench attached to the wall or otherwise firmly supported. It

should be 1 m high, up to 800mm deep and at least 3m long and equipped with a
large vice. There must be sufficient clear space around it to maneuver work
pieces and, if attached to a solid wall, ample window openings above it to
provide light. http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm
Simple garden tools are easy to repair. Spend a little time checking your
garden tools for things to fix and recycle.
To replace a tool handle:
1. Clamp the tool blade in a bench vise.
2. Remove the handle from the hasp using a drill, hammer, or other tools
as needed.
3. Insert the new handle into the hasp.
4. Tighten the handle in the hasp using fasteners.Use a screw and
screwdriver to firmly attach the handle to the tool head.
To fix a leaky hose:
1. Cut through the hose on either side of the bad section using a sharp knife.
2. Attach male and female hose couplings to the cut ends, following the
directions that come with the couplings. If the new hose fittings don't slide in
easily, try softening the ends of the hose in hot water or lubricating them with
soap or cooking oil.
To fix a broken tooth of a rake or fork:
Bring this to the shop and weld the broken portion of the tools. Do the same
with the other tools and implements that need welding. For farm machineries that
need repair, contact expert mechanics to do the job.
Installation of Preventive Structure

It has been observed that as we go on with our agricultural crop production
work we often experience the occurrence of inclement weather. Before it is too late,
we think of preventive measures we can take to safeguard our crops, tools, and
100
other facilities. We should not only focus our attention on the occurrence of
inclement weather, but we also have to consider other elements that may cause loss
or damage to our property, such as stray animals, fire, and thieves.
The Philippines is particularly prone to natural disasters due to its
geographical location and physical environment. The country experiences an
average of 20 typhoons yearly, which trigger landslides, flashfloods, mudslides,
widespread flooding, and cause destruction and damages to homes, community
buildings, communications, infrastructure, and agriculture. To address these hazards
and [to] slow [down] setting climate change impacts, the integration of lemon trees in
vegetable farms can be a suitable option for slope protection. Planting of trees such
as Calliandra reduces weed growth, conserves soil moisture, and improves soil
structure and fertility. It is planted in contour hedge-rows to decrease erosion on
steep slopes, acts as windbreaks and as an understory component.
http://teca.fao.org/read/7703#sthash.WmLjxFJP.dpuf
To safeguard our agricultural crops and farm facilities from damage cause by
strong winds and typhoons, preventive structures should be installed beforehand.
Examples of preventive structures are windbreaks.
“ Windbreaks could be linear plantings of trees and shrubs designed to

enhance crop production, protect people and livestock, and benefit soil and water
conservation or buildings situated along vegetable areas or plantations”.
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr253 Retrieved
There are two types of windbreaks, living (natural) and non-living

(artificial). Each type serves to reduce wind, but there are economic tradeoffs
associated with each. This paper will focus on the advantages and
disadvantages.
Living windbreaks are mostly composed of trees and shrubs, and in

some cases tall grasses. Artificial windbreaks are vertical structures made
from a variety of materials including metal and plastic cloth. One of the
primary economic advantages of a living windbreak is that it is a cheap and
cost-effective technology due to low establishment and maintenance costs.
The primary economic disadvantage is that a living windbreak may take
101
several years to develop; therefore, the economic benefit is not immediate.
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr253 ,
Basic reasons why we plant windbreaks
• Reduce wind speed

• Windbreaks reduce heating and cooling cost to homes, and add value
• Provide a barrier from sound and site, smell
• Protect livestock
• Aesthetics -they look good
• Wildlife habitat -birds and little furry critters
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/txpmcot5584.pdf ,
Let’s take a look at our facilities, such as the nursery shed, storage house,
and farm shops. Examine their physical conditions (roofing, sidings, or floorings).
Can they survive any disaster that may occur? Are the things inside safe? If not,
what preventive structures should you undertake?
Below is a table indicating the facilities, physical conditions, possible
calamities or disasters that may occur and the suggested preventive structures or
contingency measures to be undertaken.
Physical Facilities Calamities/ Suggested preventive/
conditions Disaster contingency measure
Weak posts Nursery shed Typhoon Put braces
Leaking roofing Storage barn Heavy rains Put water sealant (vulcaseal)
Unsafe windows Farm shop Thieves/burglars Put grills and heavy duty
and doors padlocks
Fires Provide fire hydrants
call fire department
Run off Construct drainage canal
Dilapidated Vicinity fence Astray animal Reconstruct fence
102
Prepare Farm Facilities and Equipment for Storage
After quite a long time, farming operations finally come to an end. At this time,
we have to check the tools, implements, and equipment we used and prepare them
for storage.
Machinery and implement storage
On many small-scale farms or schools machineries and implements are

stored in a simple shed just to keep them. The few small-sized hand tools and
implements used in farming can normally be stored in any multipurpose structure at
the farmstead or backyard. The tools, implements, and equipment need only to be
secured for their protection from theft and vandalism, and kept dry avoid
deterioration of the metal and wooden parts. The tools will last longer if they are
cleaned and working surfaces are greased prior to storage. The tools may be hung
on rails or hooks on the wall or from the ceiling for order and convenience and to
protect them from dampness penetrating an earth floor in the store.
Implements, such as plows, harrows and cultivators, are little damaged by

rust when left outdoors. If they are properly cleaned prior to storage and metal
surfaces, particularly all threaded parts used for adjustments, are greased, then a
little rust is not likely to harm performance enough to justify the cost of a storage
structure. A fenced compound can offer adequate protection against theft during
storage. Although implements containing wooden parts are more susceptible to
decay, those parts can usually be replaced at low cost.
Machinery and Equipment Storage Buildings
There are numerous precautions that should be observed when storing

machinery on the farm. Precautions include:
• Buildings where machinery and power tools are stored should be located far
enough away from structures that house livestock and hay in case of fire.
103
• Fuel storage tanks should preferably be located below the ground, and a
minimum of 40 feet from the nearest structure. Fuel cannot be stored in the
same structure as machinery or power tools.
• Electrical lines coming into the building should be high enough to allow
equipment to pass underneath.
• Electrical systems in machine sheds should be sufficient for the power tools
and equipment that will require the use of electric current.
• Electric outlets should be of the three-prong grounded type.
• Machinery storage buildings should not be used to store debris.
• Doors on machine sheds should be wide enough so machinery can safely
pass through without getting caught. It should be easy to pull or slide open
doors and close them freely in case of an emergency.
• Exits should be clearly marked.
• Doors should be lockable to keep out children and unwanted visitors.
• Floor surfaces should be level and smooth, free of bumps and protruding
rocks.
• Equipment should be parked so there is enough space for a person to walk
freely around it.
• Buildings should have adequate ventilation for the starting or running of an
engine within the structure. (Note: engines should not be left running inside a
building for a prolonged period of time unless the exhaust is being properly
vented externally).
• All tools and accessory equipment should be kept picked up and stored in
their proper place, e.g., air hoses, oil cans, spare tires, jacks.
• Keys should always be removed from all equipment or machinery to prevent
children or unauthorized people from starting them.
• Do not allow nonemployees inside the machine shed. Children should never
be allowed to play around or inside the machine shed or on farm machinery
itself. http://nasdonline.org/document/1049/d000844/farm-machinery-and-equipment-safety-part-i-
recognizing.html
104
Fuel and chemical storage
Many materials that are used on farms fall into the category of
"hazardous materials," since they are either highly flammable or
poisonous. Other materials frequently used on farms, such as fertilizers
and cement, also have special storage requirements, mainly because
they are hydroscopic, i.e., they tend to pick up moisture from the
atmosphere. http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm
Storage of Hazardous Products
Generally speaking, accidents that happen among children are due to the
carelessness of adults. Hazardous products are not kept in places where children
could not reach them. Unconsumed chemicals are kept in bottles of beverages and
not properly labeled.
Hazardous materials stored on farms normally include the following:
• Highly flammable materials, such as engine fuel and oil, such as petrol,
diesel, kerosene and lubricating oils.
• Gases, such as butane, propane and acetylene. (Oxygen promotes the
combustion of other materials and must be handled carefully.)
• Paints containing flammable solvents, cellulose thinner or alcohol.
• Poisonous materials such as herbicides, insecticides, rat poison and sheep
and cattle dips.
• Acids and alkali such as detergents, cleaning liquids, lye and quicklime (CaO).
• Medicines, such as veterinary drugs and supplies. Some drugs may require
refrigeration.
• Wood preservatives and corrosion inhibiting paints.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm
To prevent accidents, precautions should be taken, especially in

storing hazardous materials. Hazardous materials should always be
stored in a separate location containing only those materials. If the
quantities are larger, flammable and poisonous materials should be
stored in separate rooms. Ideally each type of material should have its
105
own storage space, that is, its own shelf in a cupboard or a storage
room, or its own room in a cooperative or merchant store. Any storage
for hazardous products must be well ventilated so that explosive or
toxic fumes cannot accumulate.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm retrieved
We should take note that some chemicals are harmful to the skin; Therefore,
washing facilities should be available nearby for immediate use.
Storage of Fertilizers and Other Nonhazardous Materials
Some fertilizers are hydroscopic and easily pick up moisture from

humid air or from the ground. This causes them to become lumpy and to
deteriorate. Fertilizers and cement are normally sold in plastic - lined bags
offering some degree of protection. They should be handled and stored so
that the bags are not punctured or otherwise damaged. In addition, the
storage conditions should be as dry as possible. Bags should be placed on a
raised platform in the storage. This will allow ventilation and prevent ground
moisture from penetrating from below. The pile should be protected from rain
by a roof or some other type of watertight cover. Fertilizer can be very
corrosive to metals and should not be stored close to machinery or tools.
Greenhouses
A greenhouse is a structure using natural light within which optimum

conditions may be achieved for the propagation and growing of agricultural crops, for
plant research or for isolating plants from disease or insects.
Greenhouses should be located in an open areas with no shade from

trees or buildings and with access to roads. The land should be nearly level
and well drained. If possible, the site should be sheltered from excessive
wind. However, normal air movement is essential for natural ventilation
systems and to prevent locally stagnant conditions.
106
A good, clean water supply is of paramount importance.
importance.
Electricity will be required if ventilation is to be mechanized and if

stationary machinery is to be used in the greenhouse.
retrieve
Regarding the preparation of garden tools for long storage, you

y can adopt
some of these practical practices:
• Begin by gathering all hand tools and removing any dirt or rust with a wire
brush, steel wool, or light sandpaper.
• Sharpen the tools using a file that is made specifically for this task.
Remember to move the file in one direction only, and at a 45--degree angle
Sand wooden handles with sandpaper and follow up with a coat of paste wax
or linseed oil if necessary.
• Spray all metal parts with a good coat of lubricating oil. This will prevent rust
when your tools are stored in your tool shed or garage.
• Store your tools in a high place above the ground and in a dry spot.
• Drain water hoses and hang them in the garage or in the workshop.
workshop
• Don’t forget about the lawn mower. If you don’t have the chance to use up
the gas before storing it, add a gas stabilizer to the fuel tank to prevent
corrosion.
By following these few basic preparatory steps, you can ensure that on
the following year, you’ll be working in your garden instead of working on your
garden tools. With proper care of the farm tools, implements, and equipment, you
can also save
e yourself from buying new ones to replace them.
What to PROCESS:
Activity 2
Conduct an interview on experienced crop producers in the
the locality on how
hey secure and store their farm facilities. Make sure you answer the following
questions:
107
1. What tools, implements, and equipment do farmers have to store?
2. How do they secure and store their tools, implements, and simple
equipment.?
3. What preventive structures do these farmers have?
h
Activity 3
Visit the school nursery and greenhouse. Are these facilities secured?
Make a report of your findings and submit it to your teacher.
What to TRANSFER:
Activity 4
Visit the shop of the school and take note of whether the tools, implements,
and equipment are properly arranged and stored. Check if the tools, implements,
and equipment are prepared for long storage since the school year is about to end.
Report your findings to your teacher.
Directions:: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write the answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following is not true of a work shop?
A. Presence of water supply for convenience and safety
B. Presence of wide entrance
entrance only for large equipment
C. Presence of storage cabinet for tools, supplies, and spare parts
D. Presence of fire extinguishers
2. What is the advantage of living windbreaks?
A. Protects people and livestock
B. Benefits soil and water conservation
C. Wildlife habitat for birds and little furry creatures
108
D. Takes several years to develop; therefore, the economic benefit is
not immediate
3. Which of the following less describe a work shop?
A. Provides an area for repairs
B. Provides an area for storage
C. Provides an area for lectures
D. Provides an area where work can be carried out during inclement
weather
4. Which among the following practices of storing garden tools is not

effective?
A. Remove any dirt or rust
B. Sharpen tools
C. Store tools on the ground
D. Spray metal parts with a good coat of lubricating oil
5. Hazardous materials should be stored in a safe place to prevent
accidents. Which among the following is not a good practice in storing
hazardous materials?
A. Flammable and poisonous materials should be stored in a separate
room or cupboard
B. Hazardous products must be well ventilated
C. Hazardous materials are kept in places which children cannot reach
D. Unconsumed or extra chemicals are stored in empty beverage
bottle
The availability of tools, implements, simple equipment, and

facilities is one of the important factors to attain success in agricultural
crop production. These materials are not easy to obtain because they are
expensive. Relative to this, these materials should be handled with extra
care to preserve their serviceability, effectiveness, and availability. These
should be stored in safe places but before they are stored they must be
109
cleaned, sharpened, or oiled ready for long storage.
References
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm Retrieved April 13, 2014
http://nasdonline.org/document/1049/d000844/farm-machinery-and-
equipment-safety-part-i-recognizing.html Retrieved April 13, 2014
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm. Retrieved April 13, 2014
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/txpm
cot5584.pdf Retrieved April 13, 2014
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr253 Retrieved April 13, 2014
http://teca.fao.org/read/7703#sthash.WmLjxFJP.dpuf Retrieved April 13,

2013
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Business refers to any activity which entails the buying and selling of goods. The
manufacturing of products or providing services to a market.
Capital refers to money invested in a business to generate income.
Competency is an ability to do something, especially measured against a standard.

110
Contingency means the state of preparedness for possible emergencies.
Disaster refers to a calamity, such as a flood, tornado, fire, plane crash, etc., that
happens suddenly and causes damage to several properties
Entrepreneurs are those who initiate or finance business ideas. They are
popularly known as businessmen.
Entrepreneurship refers to the business activity of an entrepreneur.
Equipment are powered-tool machineries used in farming
Environmental scanning refers to careful monitoring of the internal and external

environment of an organization purposely done to detect early signs of
opportunities and threats that may influence present and future plans of the
business.
Facilities refer to something built designed or created to provide a service or fulfill a

need
Farm implements are accessories pulled by animals or mounted to machineries to

make the work easier
Goal is anything an entrepreneur wants to achieve.
Greenhouse is a structure in which seedlings are propagated before they are

brought to the nursery shed. In most greenhouses, the environmental
condition is controlled.
Hand tools are objects that are usually light and are used without the help of
animals and machines
Industry is a commercialized, standardized, and organized economic activity

111
connected with the production, manufacture, or construction of a particular
product or range of products in which many people are involved.
Inclement weather means severe environmental conditions such, as typhoons and

heavy rain.
Leadership is the capacity or ability to lead a group of people or an organization.
Lifestyle is way of living of individuals, families (households), and societies, which

they manifest in coping with their physical,
psychological, social, and economic environments on a day-to-day basis.
Maintenance is work performed regularly to keep a machine, building, or piece of

equipment in good condition and in good working order.
Manual handling refers to any activity that requires a person to use force to push,
hold, restrain, or carry an object.
Market refers to a group of people with economically important needs and demands.
The market opens entrepreneurial or business opportunities to everyone.
Nursery is a light structure where seedlings are cared for before being planted. It
also serves as a shed which provides shade for growers raising seedlings.
Need is anything required by someone in order to satisfy particular goals

and objectives.
Objective is a specific result that a person or system aims to achieve within a

time frame and with available resources.
Opportunities in SWOT analysis it is the exploitable set of circumstances with

uncertain outcome, requiring commitment of resources and involving
exposure to risk.
112
Personnel refer to people employed in an organization.
Prepare means to take the necessary action to put something into a state where it is
fit for use for a particular event or purpose.
Production is the process of transforming inputs, such as raw materials, semi-

finished goods, subassemblies and intangible inputs, namely, ideas,
information, knowledge into goods or services.
Repair means to restore the good condition of something broken or damaged.
Shop building refers to a building where hand tools are stored and repaired.
Storage barn is a building where agricultural chemicals and other materials are
stored.
Strengths in SWOT analysis, are the capital, knowledge, skill, or other advantages
that a firm has or can acquire over its competitors in meeting the needs of its
customers.
Sustainability of business is the ability to maintain or support business over the

long term.
Threats in SWOT analysis are negative indications that can cause a risk or become
a loss, expressed as an aggregate of risk, consequences of risk, and the
likelihood of the occurrence of the event.
Weaknesses in SWOT analysis refer to any negative indications that increase the
risk of a loss and failure.
113

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Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) – Grade 9

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

Published by the Department of Education

Printed in the Philippines by ____________

Quarter 1 Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PEC’S)

Lesson 1: Entrepreneurship and Personal Entrepreneurial

Lesson 2: Understanding The Market And Environment Of Businesses

Determining the 4M’S of Production

Quarter 2 Conducting Pre - agricultural Farm Operations

Quarter 3 Conducting Pre-Agricultural Farm Operations

This Learner’s Materials on Conducting Pre-Agricultural Farm Operations

Conducting pre-agricultural farm operations is one of the Core Competencies

PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PEC’S)

Courtesy to phl.military.austonesi Courtesy to Dreamstime.com Courtesy to ornament.blogspot.com

Content Standards Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates The learner recognizes his/her Personal

Lesson 1: ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND PERSONAL

1. Identify the different factors to be considered in setting up a business

Before immersing ourselves into the exciting

Students’ guide For For example, Producer of Our reactions

based business opportunities

SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS IS

Knowledge alone does not guarantee success in a business. Skills developed

Be a someone who always feel positive in every effort in

Competitive entrepreneurs are fueled to succeed.

LIFESTYLE OF SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS

People who plan to live in the world

THE PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PECS) OF

There are two major reasons why

What to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND:

Consider the PEC’s of successful entrepreneurs. Compare these

Sustainability of business (Do you

Finally, make a matrix of recommendations in order to sustain the

ve studied the different elements necessary in setting up a business as

PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PEC’S)

Content Standards Performance Standard

Lesson 2. UNDERSTANDING THE MARKET AND

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not

Group Part Of Business Plan A. Competitors analysis

Group Part Of Business Plan Group Part Of Business Plan

A Production Plan A, B, D A Production Plan C, D, A

B Marketing Plan C, E, F B Marketing Plan B, E, F

Group Part Of Business Plann Group Part Of Business Plan

A Production Plan A, C, E A Production Plan C, E, F

B Marketing Plan D, B, F B Marketing Plan A, B, D

9. Which business principle is applicable in products and development and

Let us do simple community mapping activity to develop a barangay-based

Dimension Data to be gathered Data

1. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF A BUSINESS MARKET

Market refers to a group

Entrepreneurs must be skillful enough to address needs and demands of the

2. THE LEGAL FORMS OF BUSINESS

There following are 3 legal forms of business and their characteristics,

Forms Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages

Sole • Owned by only 1 • Very easy to establish • Owner-manager is

3. Health and Wellness

We also have emerging industries:

15. Creative Industries

The needs and demands of the community can be determined through

a. Demographic data such population size, growth rate.

DETERMINING THE 4M’S OF PRODUCTION

Raw materials, whether local or outsourced, are processed into goods to be

Refers to all persons in the business who are also popularly