Int J Theor Phys (2012) 51:731–737

DOI 10.1007/s10773-011-0952-2

Holographic Ricci Dark Energy Model

Hassan Saadat

Received: 5 July 2011 / Accepted: 2 September 2011 / Published online: 22 September 2011
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

Abstract In this paper, we consider holographic Ricci dark energy model, and by using
general relativity equations obtain time-dependent density of the Universe. We show that
the resulting density in independent of space curvature.

Keywords Dark energy · Dark matter · Holographic Ricci scalar energy

1 Introduction

Dark energy is a mysterious fuel which is cause of accelerated expansion of the Universe.
There are many observations which verify this statement such as the observation of type
Ia supernovae [1–4], detection of the cosmic microwave background anisotropy [5–7], ob-
servations from SDSS [8–10]. Dark energy is a special form of energy that permeates all of
space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of the universe. There are usually two ways
for modeling the dark energy, first a particular parametrization and second modifications of
gravity at very large scale. In order to find the dark energy equation of state from obser-
vational data there are three important ways which are solving the scalar field equations,
building a functional form for equation of state parameter, and performing a parameter-free
approach. Comparing the recent observational data with various models of dark energy tells
us that the vacuum energy density and a dynamical scalar field are two important candidate
for dark energy. So, the equation of state associated with the vacuum energy density is con-
stant and is a function of time in generic quintessence scenarios [11–14]. Another important
candidate for the dark energy is a positive cosmological constant [15–17]. One of the impor-
tant ways to specify the nature of the dark energy is to study the time-dependent dark energy
density. For the similar reason the relation between dark matter density and temperature of

H. Saadat ()
Department of Physics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
e-mail: hsaadat2002@yahoo.com

H. Saadat
P.O. Box 71555-477, Shiraz, Iran
732 Int J Theor Phys (2012) 51:731–737

the dark universe have already been studied [18]. Also the effect of dark matter on the solar
system have already considered [19, 20] which are extended to the case of the dark energy
[21–28].
In the Ref. [21], we investigated the relation between the time-dependent dark energy
density and temperature of the dark universe. We found the temperature proportional to the
inverse of the dark energy density. Therefore, dark energy with high density corresponds to
low temperature universe. Recently, the weak gravity conjecture has been applied to explain
the dark energy which is called the holographic dark energy model [22–27]. In the Ref. [28],
we considered the holographic dark energy model with interaction and space curvature. We
calculated the cosmic scale factor by using the time-dependent dark energy density, and ob-
tained the phenomenological interaction between the holographic dark energy and matter. In
the Ref. [29], we considered the cosmological model based on the holographic dark energy.
We studied the dark energy density in the Universe with arbitrary spatially curvature which is
described by the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric. We used Chevallier-Polarski-
Linder (CPL) parametrization to specify dark energy density and used another parametriza-
tion called Jassal-Bagla-Padmanabhan (JBP) parametrization [30] in the Ref. [31]. In the
Ref. [32] we investigate a possible time-dependence of the dark energy equation of state
from current observational data in the context of new model of dark energy [33].
As we told the cosmological constant is the most simplest candidate for dark energy
component. This model have two important problem which should be resolved to have an
acceptable model. The first problem is known as the fine-tuning which tell us that there is
an enormous discrepancy between the theoretical prediction of the cosmological constant
based on the expectation value of some quantum fields and the observed value of the cos-
mological constant. The second problem is the cosmic coincidence where the cosmological
constant and matter have almost the same energy density today. The holographic Ricci dark
energy model is an extension version of holographic dark energy scenario which solves these
problem [34–39].
In the recent paper, holographic Ricci dark energy model considered and time-dependent
density of Universe investigated. In Sect. 2 we review holographic dark energy model. In
Sect. 3 we present FRW background. In Sect. 4 we give extension version of holographic
dark energy scenario which is called Ricci dark energy model. In this model we study gen-
eral relativity equations and obtain time-dependent density of the Universe. finally in Sect. 5
we give conclusion and suggestions.

2 Holographic Dark Energy

According to the holographic principle, the total energy in a region of size L should not
exceed the mass of black hole with the size L. So, one can write L3 ρde ≤ LMp2 . Therefore,
the vacuum energy corresponding to this holographic principle is viewed as dark energy and
this scenario usually called holographic dark energy. In that case, holographic dark energy
density is given by,
3c2 Mp2
ρde = , (1)
L2
where Mp−2 = 8πG and G is Newtonian constant. The parameter c2 usually is a numerical
constant. However, there is interesting idea where c2 term considered as a variable [29, 40].
In this paper we consider c2 term as a dimensionless constant. Also, the density of dark
Int J Theor Phys (2012) 51:731–737 733

energy is given by,

 
3γ k
ρde = Ḣ + 2H 2
+ , (2)
Mp2 a2
where γ is a positive numerical constant to be determined by observational data, and H =
ȧ/a is the Hubble expansion parameter with scale factor a (dot denotes the derivative with
respect to the cosmic time). If ρm denotes the density of matter and the radiation density
ignored at the late-time evolution of the Universe, then one can find,

ρde c2
= . (3)
ρm 1 − c2

It tell us that the densities of dark energy and matter have a constant ratio. In order to obtain
the relation (3) we used the following relation,

ρm = 3(1 − c2 )Mp2 H 2 . (4)

It follows that the dark energy is pressureless which means ω = 0.

3 FRW Cosmology

As we know the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe in the presence of dark en-

ergy and matter is described by the following metric,
 
dr 2
ds 2 = −dt 2 + a(t)2 + r 2
d2
, (5)
1 − kr 2

where d2 = dθ 2 + sin2 θ dφ 2 . The θ and φ parameters are the usual azimuthal and polar
angles of spherical coordinates, with 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and 0 ≤ φ < 2π . The coordinates (t, r, θ, φ)
are called co-moving coordinates. Also, constant k denotes the curvature of the space. The
curvature k may be not only positive, corresponding to real finite radius, but also zero or
negative, corresponding to infinite or imaginary radius. The possibilities are called closed
(k = 1), flat (k = 0), and open (k = −1). The Friedmann equation is given by,

8πG k
H2 = (ρde + ρm ) − 2 , (6)
3 a

4 Ricci Dark Energy Model

In the holographic Ricci dark energy model one can obtain γ = c2 in (2). In that case one
can write
c2
ρde = −
R, (7)
16πG
where R is Ricci scalar. The Ricci dark energy model was originally considered as lack-
ing physical motivation [35]. But, in the Ref. [39] a good physical reasoning is given by
UV/IR relation. In another word, the dark energy problem is IR problem and the cosmolog-
ical constant is UV problem. So, connection between them is obtained by holography. We
734 Int J Theor Phys (2012) 51:731–737

consider general FRW model which is given by (6), so one can obtain non-zero Christophel
coefficients as the following,

a ȧ
t
rr = ,
kr 2 − 1
t
θθ = a ȧr 2 ,
t
φφ = a ȧ sin2 θ,
r
θθ = r(kr 2 − 1),
kr
r
rr = , (8)
kr 2 − 1
r
φφ = (kr 2 − 1)r sin2 θ,

φ 1
rφ = ,
r
φ
θφ = cot θ,

φ ȧ
trr = tθ
θ
= tφ = .
a
Therefore, non-zero component of Riemann tensor is given by,
t
Rθtθ = −a är 2 ,
a ä
t
Rrtr = ,
kr 2 − 1
t
Rφtφ = −a är 2 sin2 θ,
(9)
θ
Rφθφ = −a 2 r 4 (ȧ 2 + k) sin2 θ,
r 2 a 2 (ȧ 2 + k)
r
Rθrθ =− ,
kr 2 − 1
r 2 a 2 (ȧ 2 + k) sin2 θ
r
Rφrφ =− .
kr 2 − 1
Hence, we can extract the following components of the Ricci tensor,
φ
Rφ = −r 2 (a ä + 2ȧ 2 + 2k) sin2 θ,

Rθθ = −r 2 (a ä + 2ȧ 2 + 2k),

(10)
3ä
Rtt = ,
a
a ä + 2ȧ 2 + 2k
Rrr = ,
kr 2 − 1
and one can find the Ricci scalar as the following,

6(a ä + ȧ 2 + k)
R=− . (11)
a2
Int J Theor Phys (2012) 51:731–737 735

Hence, we can write,

 
3c2 ä ȧ k
ρde = + ( )2 + 2 . (12)
8πG a a a
In the Ref. [38] it is found that ρm = ρde r, therefore we have,
 
3c2 (1 + r) ä ȧ k
ρ= + ( )2 + 2 , (13)
8πG a a a

where we defined ρ = ρde + ρm . One can easily rewrite (13) as the following form,
 
3c2 (1 + r) k
ρ= Ḣ + 2H 2 + 2 . (14)
8πG a

Therefore the present density of the Universe obtaining as the following expression,
 
3c2 (1 + r) k
ρ(0) = 2H 2 + . (15)
8πG a(0)2

Also, by using the equation of state p = ωρ one can obtain pressure. So, we obtain,

ρ̇ = (1 + ω)ρH, (16)

where we used,
 
3c2 (1 + r) 2k
p= Ḣ − 2H 2 − 2 . (17)
8πG a
By using (16) one can obtain,

ρ = e(1+ω) H dt
, (18)
which is interestingly independent of k. From the Ref. [41] we know that,

β −1
H= t , (19)
α−1

where α and β are constants which satisfy β > α − 1 for α > 1 and β < α − 1 for α < 1
with −1 ≤ ω ≤ −1/3. So, one can obtain the following result,
(1+ω)β
ρ=t α−1 , (20)

Now, we can discuss about various situations with different constant. First of all we consider
ω = −1 which yields to constant density. Then, we assume that ω = −1/3, which means
2β
that ρ = t 3(α−1) . In the case of α = 2 we have β = 0 or β = 1. Clearly, β = 0 yields to
constant density, and β = 1 yields to ρ = t 2/3 . This case tell us that ρ = a = t 2/3 describes
a matter-dominated Universe where ω = 0 and the pressure is negligible with respect to the
mass density. Similar situation obtained by choosing α = 3 and β = 2.
In the case of ω < −1 with α < 1 and β > 0, or α > 1 and β < 0 the holographic density
describes a phantom like phase of the evolution. The case of ω = 1/3 with α = 9 and β = 3
yields to radiation-dominated Universe.
736 Int J Theor Phys (2012) 51:731–737

5 Conclusion

In this paper, we considered holographic Ricci dark energy model. This model avoid the
causality problem and solves the coincident problem of dark energy. First of all we review
usual holographic model of dark energy with FRW cosmology in arbitrary space curvature.
Then, we presented Ricci dark energy model and obtained general relativity equations. It
yields us to obtain density of the Universe in terms of cosmic time only. We have shown that
the density of the Universe is independent of space curvature. Finally we discussed various
values of the constants of this theory.
In this paper we assumed that c2 term which appeared in the holographic dark energy den-
sity is constant. In is interesting to consider non-constant c2 term and obtain consequences
of this case. It will be subject of our future study.

Acknowledgements It is pleasure to thank Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch for supporting this
manuscript.

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