Lecture 8 - Construction Materials

ENSC 20063
Fundamentals of
Material Science and
Engineering
Lecture 8
Kaycee B. Victorio
Institute of Technology
Construction
Polytechnic University
of the Philippines Materials
1
Discussion Outline
 The Structure of Wood
 Moisture Content and Density of
Wood
 Mechanical Properties of Wood
 Expansion and Contraction of Wood
 Plywood
 Concrete Materials
 Properties of Concrete
 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
 Asphalt
2
The
Structure
of Wood
• Wood consists of four main
constituents – Cellulose,
hemicellulose, lignin,
extractives
• Three important levels in
the structure of wood:
• The fiber structure
• The cell structure
• The macrostructure
3
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Figure 1. The structure of the cellulose filaments in wood.
4
Figure 2. The structure of wood: (a) the macrostructure, including a layer

structure outlined by the annual growth rings, (b) detail of the cell
structure within one annul growth ring, p (c) the structure of a cell,
including several layers composed of microfibrils of cellulose fibers,
hemicellulose fibers, and lignin, and (d) the microfibril’s aligned, partly
crystalline cellulose chains.
5
Figure 3. The cellular structure in (a) softwood and (b)
hardwood. Softwoods contain larger, longer cells than
hardwoods. The hardwoods, however, contain large-
diameter vessels. Water is transported through softwoods
by the cells and through hardwoods by the vessels. (From
J.M. Dinwoodie, Wood: Nature’s Cellular Polymeric Fiber-
Composite, The Institute of Metals, 1989.)
6
Moisture Content and Density of
Wood
The percentage water in wood is given by:
7
Mechanical Properties of Wood
Figure 4. The
effect of the
percentage of
water in a
typical wood
on the
compressive
strength
parallel to the
grain.
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under
license.
8
Figure 5. The different directions in a log. Because of

differences in cell orientation and the grain, wood displays
anisotropic behavior.
9
10
11
Expansion and Contraction of Wood
The change in dimensions Δx in wood in the radial and

tangential directions is approximated by
where x0 is the initial dimension, Mi is the initial water

content, Mf is the final water content, and c is a
coefficient that describes the dimensional change and
can be measured in either the radial or the tangential
direction.
12
13
Plywood
 The anisotropic behavior of wood can be reduced, and

wood products can be made in larger sizes, by producing
plywood.
 Plies - The individual sheet of wood veneer from which
plywood is constructed.
14
Plywood
• The anisotropic behavior of
wood can be reduced, and
wood products can be
made in larger sizes, by
producing plywood.
• Plies - The individual sheet
of wood veneer from which
plywood is constructed.
15
Concrete Materials
 Aggregate - An aggregate is a combination of gravel,

sand, crushed stones, or slag.
 Mortar - A mortar is made by mixing cement, water, air,
and fine aggregates. Concrete contains all of the
ingredients of the mortar and coarse aggregates.
 Cements - Cements are inorganic materials that set and
harden after being mixed into a paste using water.
 Sand - Chemically sand is predominantly silica (SiO2).
16
Figure 6. The rate of hydration of the minerals in

Portland cement.
17
license.
Figure 7. The compressive strength of concrete increases

with time. After 28 days, the concrete approaches its
maximum strength.
18
19
20
Properties of Concrete
 Many factors influence the properties of concrete. Some of

the most important are:
- Water-Cement Ratio:
- Slump - The decrease in height of a standard
concrete form when the concrete settles under its
own weight.
- Workability - The ease with which a concrete slurry
fills all the space in a form.
- Air-Entrained Concrete
- Type and Amount of Aggregate
21
Figure 8. The slump test, in which deformation of a

concrete shape under its own weight is measured, is used to
describe the workability of concrete mix.
22
license.
Figure 9. The effect of the water-cement ratio and entrained

air on the 28-day compressive strength of concrete.
23
Figure 10. The amount of water per cubic yard of

concrete required to give the desired workability (or
slump) depends on the size of the coarse aggregate.
24
Figure 11. The

volume ratio of
aggregate to
concrete depends on
the sand and
aggregate sizes.
Note that the volume
ratio uses the bulk
density of the
aggregate – about
60% of the true
density.
25
Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
 Several methods are used to improve the load-bearing

ability of concrete in tension.
 Reinforced Concrete - Steel rods (known as rebars),
wires, or mesh are frequently introduced into concrete to
provide improvement in resisting tensile and bending
forces.
 Prestressed Concrete - Instead of simply being laid as
reinforcing rods in a form, the steel can initially be pulled
in tension between an anchor and a jack, thus remaining
under tension during the pouring and curing of the
concrete.
 Poststressed Concrete - An alternate method of placing
concrete under compression is to place hollow tubes in
the concrete before pouring.
26
Asphalt
 Asphalt is a composite of aggregate and bitumen.
 Bitumen - The organic binder, composed of low melting
point polymers and oils, for asphalt.
 Glasphalt - Asphalt in which the aggregate includes
recycled glass.
27
• Asphalt is a composite of aggregate and
bitumen.
• Bitumen - The organic binder, composed of low
Asphalt melting point polymers and oils, for asphalt.
• Glasphalt - Asphalt in which the aggregate
includes recycled glass.
28
Figure 12. The ideal structure of asphalt (a) compared

with the undesirable structure (b) in which round grains, a
narrow distribution of grains, and excess binder all reduce
the strength of the final material.
29
Guide Questions
1. What are the most widely used manufactured
construction materials? Explain your answer.
2. Discuss the difference between cement and
concrete.
3. What construction material is a composite
made by nature? Explain its composition and
cite applications.
4. What is reinforced concrete? Why is it
reinforced?
30
Guide Questions
5. Table 18-1 lists the densities for typical
woods. Calculate the densities of the woods
after they are completely dried and at 100%
water content.
6. What is the difference in lignin content
between hardwood and softwood species?
What is the chemical structure of lignin?
7. What measures are used to control cracking
in reinforced concrete?
31
For Further Reading
 Amato, I., Stuff—The Materials The World Is Made Of, Basic Books,
New York, 1997.
 Barrett, Craig R., W. D. Nix, and A. S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1973.
 Carter, C. B.; Norton, M. G. (2007). Ceramic materials: Science
and engineering. Springer. pp. 20 & 21. ISBN 978-0-387-46271-4.
 Geiger, Greg. Introduction To Ceramics, American Ceramic Society
 Heimann, Robert B. (16 April 2010). Classic and Advanced
Ceramics: From Fundamentals to Applications, Preface. ISBN
9783527630189.
 Jastrzebski, Z., The Nature and Properties of Engineering
Materials, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976.
 Ralls, Kenneth M., T. H. Courtney, and J. Wulff, Introduction to
Materials Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
1976.
32
Next Discussion
 Lecture 9. Electronic Materials
◼ Ohm’s law and electrical conductivity
◼ Band structure of solids
◼ Semiconductors
◼ Integrated circuit processing
◼ Deposition of thin film
◼ Insulators and dielectric properties
◼ Electrostriction, piezoelectricity,
ferroelectricity
33
ENSC 20063
Fundamentals of
Material Science and
Engineering
Lecture 8
Kaycee B. Victorio
Institute of Technology
Construction
Polytechnic University
of the Philippines Materials
34

Lecture 8 - Construction Materials

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ENSC 20063

Figure 1. The structure of the cellulose filaments in wood.

Figure 2. The structure of wood: (a) the macrostructure, including a layer

Figure 5. The different directions in a log. Because of

The change in dimensions Δx in wood in the radial and

where x0 is the initial dimension, Mi is the initial water

 The anisotropic behavior of wood can be reduced, and

 Aggregate - An aggregate is a combination of gravel,

Figure 6. The rate of hydration of the minerals in

Figure 7. The compressive strength of concrete increases

 Many factors influence the properties of concrete. Some of

Figure 8. The slump test, in which deformation of a

Figure 9. The effect of the water-cement ratio and entrained

Figure 10. The amount of water per cubic yard of

Figure 11. The

 Several methods are used to improve the load-bearing

Figure 12. The ideal structure of asphalt (a) compared

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