Department of Electrical Engineering

National University of Computer and

Emerging Sciences,
Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus

EL3003: ANALOG & DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION
SPRING 2021
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Section: A

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ZAIGHUM JAWAD 19F-0484

AMEER MURTAZA 19F-0470

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, CHINIOT-

FAISALABAD
 AREEJ SAJJAD 18F-0552

INTRODUCTION:
While changing the amplitude of a radio signal is the most obvious method to modulate it, it is
by no means the only way. It is also possible to change the frequency of a signal to give
frequency modulation or FM. Frequency modulation is widely used on frequencies above 30
MHz, and it is particularly well known for its use for VHF FM broadcasting. Frequency
modulation is a form of modulation, which represents information as variations in the
instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. In analog applications, the carrier frequency is varied
in direct proportion to changes in the amplitude of an input signal. This is shown as:

Figure 1

Frequency modulation. The FM-modulated signal has its instantaneous frequency that varies
linearly with the amplitude of the message signal. Now we can get the FM-modulation by the
following: where Kƒ is the sensitivity factor, and represents the frequency deviation rate as a
result of message amplitude change

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, CHINIOT-

FAISALABAD