A

Micro-Project report on

“Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Using IC555 ”

Submitted to the
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION, MUMBAI

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of diploma in

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

KAUSTUBH KULURKAR

Under the guidance of

(Mr. Y.B. Gawali)
Lecturer, EJ-Dept
G.H.R.I.E.T. NAGPUR
(Formerly Known as G H Raisoni Polytechnic)

Academic year 2020-21

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.
G H RAISONI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Formerly Known as G H Raisoni Polytechnic)
B-37-39/1, Shraddha Park, Hingna- Wadi Link Road, Nagpur- 28
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 G H RAISONI INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Formerly Known as G H Raisoni Polytechnic)
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Academic Session 2020-21

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Micro project report on “Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) Using IC555” is the bonafide work of KAUSTUBH KULURKAR who
carried out the project work under my supervision for the partial fulfillment of
curriculum as prescribed by MSBTE Mumbai.

Mr. Y.B. Gawali Dr. G. N. Akhade Mr. S. VBanabakode

Lecturer, EJ- Dept. Dean, Polytechnic HOD (Poly), EJ-Dept.
GHRIET, Nagpur GHRIET, Nagpur GHRIET, Nagpur

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 SUBMISSION

We are the students of G. H. Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Formerly Known as G H Raisoni Polytechnic), Nagpur, Second year fourth
semester of course ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING humbly submit that we completed time to time as a part of
project work as prescribed Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education,
Mumbai for the subject Linear Integrated Circuits and the project is prescribed in
the report by our own skill and study for the academic session 2020-21, as per
the guidance of Mr. Y.B. Gawali, Lecturer of Linear Integrated Circuits.

Projectees: Signature of the Projectees

KAUSTUBH KULURKAR
Contents

What is Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) ............................................................................ 5

Duty Cycle: ........................................................................................................................ 5
Types of Pulse Width Modulation: ...................................................................................... 6
1. Lead Edge Modulation ............................................................................................. 6
2. Trail Edge Modulation.............................................................................................. 6
3. Pulse Center Two Edge Modulation/Phase Correct PWM .......................................... 6
Generation of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): .................................................................. 7
Advantages of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) .................................................................. 7
Disadvantages of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): ............................................................. 7
Applications of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):................................................................ 8
IC 555: ............................................................................................................................... 8
Block Diagram of IC555:.................................................................................................... 8
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Using IC555………………............................................... 10
Required Components……………………………………………………………………..... 10
Circuit Diagram……………………………………………………………………………... 10
Reference:.........................................................................................................................11

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What is Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Pulse width modulation, or pulse-duration modulation, is a method of reducing the average

power delivered by an electrical signal, by effectively chopping it up into discrete parts.

The average value of voltage fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply
and load on and off at a fast rate.

The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to
the load. Along with maximum power point tracking (MPPT), it is one of the primary methods
of reducing the output of solar panels to that which can be utilized by a battery. PWM is
particularly suited for running inertial loads such as motors, which are not as easily affected by
this discrete switching, because their inertia causes them to react slowly.

The PWM switching frequency has to be high enough not to affect the load, which is to say
that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible.

In electronics, many modern microcontrollers (MCUs) integrate PWM controllers exposed to

external pins as peripheral devices under firmware control by means of internal programming
interfaces. These are commonly used for direct current (DC) motor control in robotics and other
applications.

Duty Cycle:

The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of
time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time.

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 Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on. When a digital signal is on half of the
time and off the other half of the time, the digital signal has a duty cycle of 50% and resembles
a "square" wave.

When a digital signal spends more time in the on state than the off state, it has a duty cycle of
>50%. When a digital signal spends more time in the off state than the on state, it has a duty
cycle of <50%. Here is a pictorial that illustrates these three scenarios.

Types of Pulse Width Modulation:

o Lead Edge Modulation

o Trail Edge Modulation
o Pulse Center Two Edge Modulation/Phase Correct PWM

1. Lead Edge Modulation:

In this technique, the lead edge of the signal is fixed and the trail edge is modulated.

2. Trail Edge Modulation:

In this technique, the lead edge of the signal is modulated keeping the trail edge fixed.

3. Pulse Center Two Edge Modulation/Phase Correct PWM :

In this method, the pulse center is fixed and both edges of the pulse is modulated.

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 Generation of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

Pulse Width Modulating signal can be generated using a Comparator as shown in the figure
below. Modulating signal forms one of the input to the Comparator and the other input is fed
with a non-sinusoidal wave or sawtooth wave. It operates at carrier frequency. The Comparator
compares the two signals and generates a PWM signal as its output waveform.

If the value of the Sawtooth triangle signal is more than the modulation signal then the PWM
output signal is at “High” else it’s in “Low” state. Thus, the value of the input signal magnitude
determines the comparator output which defines the width of the pulse generated at the output.

Advantages of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

o PWM Techniques are used in Telecommunications for encoding purposes.

o Pulse Width Modulation helps in voltage regulation and thus finds its use in controlling
Brightness in Smart Lighting Systems and also controls the speed of motors.

o Computer Motherboard requires PWM Signals that controls the heat generated in the board. 4
Pin PWM header is embedded in the fan that helps to dissipate the heat from the motherboard.

o It is also used in Audio/Video Amplifiers.

Disadvantages of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

o As the PWM frequency is high, switching losses is considerably high.

o It induces Radio Frequency Interference (RFI).

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 Applications of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

o PWM Techniques are used in Telecommunications for encoding purposes.

o Pulse Width Modulation helps in voltage regulation and thus finds its use in controlling
Brightness in Smart Lighting Systems and also controls the speed of motors.
o Computer Motherboard requires PWM Signals that controls the heat generated in the board. 4
Pin PWM header is embedded in the fan that helps to dissipate the heat from the
motherboard.
o It is also used in Audio/Video Amplifiers.

IC 555:

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit used in a variety of timer, delay, pulse generation, and
oscillator applications. Derivatives provide two or four timing circuits in one package. It was
commercialized in 1972 by Signetics.

One such device that has been around since the early days of IC’s and has itself become
something of an industry “standard” is the 555 Timer Oscillator which is more commonly
called the “555 Timer”.

The basic 555 timer gets its name from the fact that there are three internally connected 5kΩ
resistors which it uses to generate the two comparators reference voltages. The 555 timer IC is
a very cheap, popular and useful precision timing device which can act as either a simple timer
to generate single pulses or long time delays, or as a relaxation oscillator producing a string of
stabilised waveforms of varying duty cycles from 50 to 100%.

Block Diagram of IC555:

A simplified “block diagram” representing the internal circuitry of the 555 timer is given below
with a brief explanation of each of its connecting pins to help provide a clearer understanding
of how it works.

The 555 Timers name comes from the fact that there are three 5kΩ resistors connected together
internally producing a voltage divider network between the supply voltage at pin 8 and ground
at pin 1.

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 Pin 1. – Ground, The ground pin connects the 555 timer to the negative (0v) supply
rail.

 Pin 2. – Trigger, The negative input to comparator No 1. A negative pulse on this pin
“sets” the internal Flip-flop when the voltage drops below 1/3Vcc causing the output to
switch from a “LOW” to a “HIGH” state.

 Pin 3. – Output, The output pin can drive any TTL circuit and is capable of sourcing
or sinking up to 200mA of current at an output voltage equal to approximately Vcc –
1.5V so small speakers, LEDs or motors can be connected directly to the output.

 Pin 4. – Reset, This pin is used to “reset” the internal Flip-flop controlling the state of
the output, pin 3. This is an active-low input and is generally connected to a logic “1”
level when not used to prevent any unwanted resetting of the output.

 Pin 5. – Control Voltage , This pin controls the timing of the 555 by overriding the
2/3Vcc level of the voltage divider network. By applying a voltage to this pin the width
of the output signal can be varied independently of the RC timing network. When not
used it is connected to ground via a 10nF capacitor to eliminate any noise.

 Pin 6. – Threshold, The positive input to comparator No 2. This pin is used to reset the
Flip-flop when the voltage applied to it exceeds 2/3Vcc causing the output to switch
from “HIGH” to “LOW” state. This pin connects directly to the RC timing circuit.

 Pin 7. – Discharge, The discharge pin is connected directly to the Collector of an

internal NPN transistor which is used to “discharge” the timing capacitor to ground
when the output at pin 3 switches “LOW”.

 Pin 8. – Supply +Vcc, This is the power supply pin and for general purpose TTL 555
timers is between 4.5V and 15V.

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Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Using IC555:

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is a important feature of today’s every microcontroller due to
its requirement for controlling many devices in every field of Electronics almost. PWM is
widely used for motor controlling, lighting controlling etc.
Sometime we do not use microcontroller in our applications and if we need to generate PWM
without microcontroller then we prefer some general purpose ICs like op-amp, timers, pulse
generators etc. Here we are using a 555 timer IC for generating PWM. 555 Timer IC is a very
useful and general purpose IC which can be used in many applications.

Required Components:

Components Quantity
IC 555 1
Resistor 470Ω 1
Resistor 1KΩ 1
Diode 1N4148 2
Potentiometer 10KΩ 1
LED 1
Capacitor 0.01µF 2

Circuit Diagram:

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Reference:

 www.google.com
 www.youtube.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.circuitstoday.com
 www.brainly.com
 www.quora.com
 www.electronicstutorials.com
 www.chng.com

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