HALOGENS ▪ Halogens have the smallest atomic radii due to high effective

nuclear charge.

ELEMENTS OF THE GROUP:- ▪ The atomic radii increases down the group due to increasing
number orbits down the group.
The following elements are found in group 17:-
▪ IONISATION ENERGY:-
9F19 (Fluorine)
Ionisation energy of the elements is high and decreases down the
17Cl35.5 (Chlorine)
group.
35Br80 (Bromine)
➢ OXIDATION NUMBER:
53I127 (Iodine)
They may show oxidation number of either -1, +1, +3, +5
85At210 (Astatine) or+7 in their compounds or ions.

❖ OCCURANCE:- ➢ REACTION WITH HYDROGEN:

Due to very high electronegativity, they are always found in combined They form hydrogen halide of HX type.
state.
H2 + X2 2HX
ELEMENTS OCCURS AS
(Where X = F/Cl/Br/I)
Fluorine (a) Fluorspar(CaF2)
(b) Cryolite (Na3AlF6) ▪ Unlike other HX, HF is found in liquid state due to presence of
(c) Fluoraptite [3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2]
intermolecular H – bonds in HF.
Chlorine (a) Sodium chloride (NaCl)
H-F ……. H-F
Bromine (a) Bromide of alkali metals and ➢ Order of thermal stability:
alkaline earth metals in sea water.
Iodine (a) Iodide of alkali earth metals in HF > HCl > HBr > HI
sea water.
(b) Sodium iodate (NaIO3) in Chile ➢ Order of reducing nature:
salt peter.
HF < HCl < HBr < HI

➢ GENERAL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION:- ns2 np5. (Where n = ➢ Order of acidic strength:

Period number of the element)
HF < HCl < HBr < HI
➢ ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII:-
❑ CHLORINE:
❖ Discovered by: Scheele Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2

❖ Named by: Davy (Ferric chloride is not formed due to formation of hydrogen.)

❖ PREPARATION: ➢ Reaction with non metals:

➢ Laboratory method: It reacts with various non – metals to form their

corresponding halide.
It is prepared by treatment of potassium permanganate
with HCl. H2 + Cl2 2HCl

➢ Industrial method (Deacon’s Process): P4 + Cl2 PCl3

On areal oxidation of HCl at 400°C in presence of CaCl 2, we get S8 + 2Cl2 4S2Cl2

Chlorine.
➢ Affinity for hydrogen:
4HCl + O2 400°c, 2H2O + 2Cl2
Chlorine has great affinity for hydrogen. It reacts with
➢ By electrolytic method: hydrogen containing compound to combine with hydrogen.

On electrolysis of brine we get chlorine gas at anode. 2H2O + Cl2 4HCl + O2

❖ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: C10H16 + 8Cl2 16HCl + 10C

➢ It has pungent suffocating odour. ➢ Reaction with NaOH: (Dispropotionation reaction)

➢ It is slightly soluble in water and the solution is called as 3Cl2 + 6 NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O
chlorine water.
➢ Reaction with ammonia:
❖ CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
(A) When chlorine reacts with excess of ammonia, it forms nitrogen
➢ Reaction with metals: and ammonium chloride.

It reacts with various metals to form their chloride. 8NH3 (Excess) + 3Cl2 NH4Cl + N2

M + Cl2 MCln (B) When excess of chlorine reacts with ammonia, it forms
nitrogen trichloride.
(Where n = Valency of the metal)
NH3 + 3Cl2 (Excess) NCl3 + 3HCl
Mg + Cl2 MgCl2
➢ Oxidising and bleaching properties:
2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3
 In presence of moisture, chlorine releases nescent ❖ CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
oxygen which is responsible for its oxidising properties and
makes colour matter colourless. ➢ Reaction with ammonia:

Cl2 + H2O HClO + HCl On treatment of hydrogen chloride with ammonia, we get
ammonium chloride.
HClO HCl + O
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
Cl2 + H2O 2HCl + O
➢ Acidic property:
O + Colored matter Colorless matter
It reacts with salts of weak acids like carbonates,
❖ USES OF CHLORINE: bicarbonates sulphite etc.

1. It is used in sterlisation of water. Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

(Sodium carbonate)
2. It is used for bleaching of cotton, paper pulp etc.

3. It is used in manufacture of poisonous gases like tear gas NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
(CCl3.NO2), mustard gas (Cl – C2H2- S – C2H4 – Cl), phosgene (Sodium bicarbonate)
(COCl2) etc.
Na2SO3 + 2 HCl 2NaCl + H2O + SO2
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE: (Sodium sulphite)
❖ Molecular formula: HCl ➢ Precipitation:
❖ PREPARATION: It reacts with compounds of Ag, Hg etc. and forms
On treatment of NaCl with conc sulphuric acid, we get precipitates.
hydrogen chloride. AgNO3 + HCl AgCl ↓ + HNO3
2NaCl + Conc. H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl ❖ USES:
❖ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: ▪ It is used to clear metal surface.
➢ It is a colourless gas having pungent odour. ▪ It is used to manufacture toilet cleaner.
➢ It can be liquefied easily. ▪ It is used in manufacture of medicine.
➢ It is soluble in water and the solution is called as hydrochloric ▪ It is used in manufacture of chlorine, ammonium chloride.
acid.
❖ OXOACIDS: X2 + X’2 XX’n

Halogens forms oxoacids of following types: Where X = larger halogen & X’ = Samller halogens, n = 1 / 3 / 5 /
7.

❖ PROPERTIES OF INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS:

▪ They are more reactive than the pure halogen because the pure
halogens are more stable than interhalogen compounds.

▪ They are polar covalent compounds.

✓ Fluorine forms only HOF. ▪ They are good oxidising agents.

✓ Bromine and iodine does not form HOX2 type oxo – acid. ▪ They have greater m.p. and b.p. and increases with increase of
electronegativity difference of the halogens.
✓ STRUCUTRE OF OXOACIDS:

NOBLE GASES
❖ General electronic configuration: ns2 np6

❖ TRENDS IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

➢ Atomic radii:

Atomic radii of the elements increases down the group

due to increase of the number of orbits down the group.

➢ Melting point and boiling point:

INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS: ▪ They have low melting point and boiling point due weak van –
der - waal forces among the atoms.
The compounds of two different halogens are called as
interhalogen compounds. ▪ The melting point and boiling increases down the group due to
increase of atomic radii.
❖ PREPARATION:
➢ Density:
It can be prepared by direct combination of the suitable
halogens.
 Density of the elements is low and increases down the 1) Helium is used in observation balloons.
group.
2) Helium is mixed with oxygen in cylinder of diver.
➢ Ionisation energy:
3) Argon is filled in electric bulbs.
They have very high ionisation energy due to stable
electronic configuration. 4) Xenon is filled in photographic flash tube.

The ionisation energy decreases down the group. 5) Redon is used in treatment of cancer.

➢ Electron affinnity:

They have almost zero electron affinity.

❖ Structures of compounds of xenon:

❖ USES OF NOBLE GASES: