An American National Standard

Designation: F 2263 – 03

Standard Test Method for

Evaluating the Oxidative Resistance of Polyethylene (PE)
Pipe to Chlorinated Water1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2263; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded

1.1 This test method describes the general requirements for as standard. The values given in parentheses are for informa-
evaluating the long-term, chlorinated water, oxidative resis- tion only and are not considered standard.
tance of polyethylene (PE), used in cold water supply or 1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the
service systems by exposure to chlorinated water. This test test method portion, Section 12, of this specification.This
method outlines the requirements of a pressurized flow-through standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
test system, typical test pressures, test-fluid characteristics, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
failure type, and data analysis. of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
NOTE 1—Other known disinfecting systems (chlorine dioxide, ozone, tions prior to use.
and chloramine) are currently used for protection of potable water;
however, free-chlorine is by far the most common system in use today. 2. Referenced Documents
Disinfecting systems other than chlorine have not been evaluated by this
method. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
1.2 Guidelines and requirements for test temperatures, test
Plastics2
hoop stresses, and other test criteria have been established by
D 2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
prior testing of PE pipe. Other related system components that
moplastic Pipe and Fittings3
typically appear in a PE cold water supply or service system
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
can be evaluated with the PE pipe. When testing PE pipe and
ASTM Test Methods4
fittings as a system, it is recommended that the anticipated
F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems3
end-use fitting type(s) and material(s) be included in the test
F 948 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Piping
circuit since it is known that some fitting types and materials
Systems and Components Under Constant Internal Pres-
can impact failure times. Specimens used shall be representa-
sure With Flow3
tive of the piping product(s) and material(s) under investiga-
2.2 ISO Standards:
tion.
ISO 9080 Thermoplastic Pipe for Transport of Fluids—
NOTE 2—The procedures described in this test method (with some Methods of Extrapolation of Hydrostatic Stress Rupture
modifications of test temperatures or stresses, or both) have been used to Data to Determine the Long Term Strength of Thermo-
evaluate pipes manufactured from polybutylene (PB), crosslinked poly- plastic Pipe5
ethylene (PEX), polypropylene (PP), multilayer (polymer-metal compos-
ite), copper, and stainless steel.
2.3 Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI) Document:
TN-16 Rate Process Method for Projecting Performance of
1.3 This test method is applicable to PE pipe and systems Polyethylene Piping Components6
used for transport of potable water containing free-chlorine for 2.4 American Water Works Association (AWWA) Docu-
disinfecting purposes. The oxidizing potential of the test-fluid ment:
specified in this test method exceeds that typically found in
potable water systems across the United States.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.
1 4
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
5
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.40 on Test Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Methods. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
6
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2003. Published November 2003. Available from the Plastics Pipe Institute.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 F 2263 – 03
FIG. 1 Pictorial Illustration of Failure Types
1996 WATER: STATS Survey7
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
nology F 412 and abbreviations are in accordance with Termi-
nology D 1600, unless otherwise indicated.
3.1.1 brittle failure (Stage II), n—failure in the pipe wall
that is characterized by little or no material deformation in the
failure area and is the result of a single crack emanating from
the interior of the pipe to the outside surface typically resulting
in a pinhole leak, see Fig. 1.
3.1.2 cold water supply or service system, n—a combination
of components such as pipe, fittings, valves, and so forth, that
when installed as a complete system, make up the water supply
system.
3.1.3 ductile failure (Stage I), n—failure in the pipe wall
that is characterized by obvious localized deformation of the
material visible with the unaided eye, see Fig. 1. Ductile
failures produced with this test method shall not be used for
data analysis.
3.1.4 environmental or oxidative failure (Stage III),
n—failure in the pipe wall characterized by a large number of
cracks emanating from the interior surface of the pipe wall, see
Fig. 1.
3.1.5 long-term oxidative resistance, n—the extrapolated
time-to-failure prediction as determined by analysis of time-
to-failure test data by multiple linear regression utilizing the
rate process method of PPI TN-16 or three parameter model of
ISO 9080.
3.1.6 multiple linear regression, n—a three or four coeffi-
cient mathematical model used to analyze time-to-failure data
from different temperatures and stresses to extrapolate pro-
jected time-to-failure at selected temperatures or stresses.
3.1.7 oxidation reduction potential (ORP), n—oxidation
reduction potential (ORP), n-a measure of the total oxidizing
power of a solution by means of a platinum-redox electrode.
For a further explanation of ORP see Appendix X2.
7
Available from American Water Works Association (AWWA), 1401 New York
Ave., NW, Suite 640, Washington, DC 20005.
2
3.1.8 unaided eye, n—observable without visual enhance-
ment beyond correction for normal vision.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The PE pipe/fitting assemblies are exposed to pressur-
ized test-fluid until failure. All time-to-fail data used for
analysis shall be the result of the same failure mode, either all
stage II or all stage III. A minimum number of test temperature
and hoop stress conditions are required to allow accurate data
analysis and time-to-failure extrapolations. If using only stage
II failure data, no lifetime extrapolations can be made without
further validation.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Environment or oxidative time-to-fail data derived from
this test method, analyzed in accordance with Section 13, are
suitable for extrapolation to typical end-use temperatures and
hoop stresses. The extrapolated value(s) provides a relative
indication of the resistance of the tested PE pipe or system to
the oxidative effects of chlorinated water for conditions equiva-
lent to those conditions under which the test data were
obtained. The performance of a material or piping product
under actual conditions of installation and use is dependent
upon a number of factors including installation methods, use
patterns, water quality, nature and magnitude of localized
stresses, and other variables of an actual, operating cold water
supply or service system that are not addressed in this test
method. As such, the extrapolated values do not constitute a
representation that a PE pipe or system with a given extrapo-
lated time-to-failure value will perform for that period of time
under actual use conditions.
5.2 This test method has been generally used for evaluating
oxidative (stage III) failure data. For some systems being tested
accelerated stage II failures can occur. These failures can also
be analyzed using the regression analysis outlined in Section
13. Extrapolation of this data may need to be validated prior to
making any lifetime predictions.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Pressurized Flow-Through Test System—A system com-
prised of the necessary pump(s), fittings, piping, heaters,
sensors, and meters that is capable of maintaining the required
test pressures within the tolerance specified in 9.1.3, the
required test temperatures within the tolerance of 9.1.2, and
flow the test-fluid through the specimens continually at a flow
rate within the tolerance specified in 9.1.4. Cyclic pressure
variations, such as those produced by some pumping systems,
shall not produce pressure excursions that exceed the tolerance
stated in 9.1.3.
6.2 Specimen Holders—Test specimens shall be supported
to minimize or eliminate externally induced stresses. Speci-
mens shall be allowed to freely expand bi-directionally.
7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
7.1 Sampling—Select at random, a sufficient amount of pipe
to satisfy the specimen requirements of this test method. When
testing as a system, randomly select a sufficient quantity of
fittings.
 F 2263 – 03
7.2 Test Specimen Size—The recommended minimum pipe
size is 1⁄2 CTS. The PE pipe specimens shall be 12 to 18 in.
(300 to 460 mm) in length between fitting closures or between
fitting joints.
7.2.1 Dimensions Measurement—Measure and record the
critical dimensions for pipe and fittings. For pipe, measure the
average outside diameter and wall-thickness in accordance
with Test Method D 2122. For fittings, measure those dimen-
sions critical to the function of the joint, as well as minimum
body wall thickness.
7.3 Testing as a System—When testing PE pipe and related
system components (such as fittings) as a system, the other
components shall be attached to the PE pipe in the same
manner as in actual service. For fittings, the particular fitting
style shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions or the ASTM specification when applicable.
7.4 Minimum Required Test Units—A minimum of six test
units is required. A test unit is comprised of two or more
individual time-to-failure data points at the same temperature
and hoop stress condition. Obtaining additional data points at
each temperature/hoop stress condition will benefit statistical
reliability of the analysis of the resultant data.
7.4.1 Test Unit Distribution—Time-to-failure data points
shall be obtained at 2 test hoop stresses at each of a minimum
of 3 test temperatures for a minimum of 12 data points. As an
alternate, obtain time-to-failure data for the temperature/hoop
stress combinations of the three-temperature matrix of PPI
TN-16, see Note 3. Hoop stresses shall be separated by a least
80 psi (0.55 MPa).
NOTE 3—When using the PPI TN-16 matrix, Temperature T3, which
requires testing at only one stress, refers to the lowest test temperature.
7.4.2 Test Temperature Selection—Temperatures of 90°C
(194°F), 80°C (176°F), and 70°C (158°F) have been utilized in
prior testing of PE, see Note 4. Adjacent test temperatures shall
be separated by at least 18°F (10°C). Other test temperatures
may be used, but the maximum test temperature shall not
exceed 95°C (203°F).
NOTE 4—Prior testing indicates that for the test temperatures stated in
7.4.2, hoop stresses to yield Stage II or III failures within reasonable
testing times are between 120 psi (830 kPa) and 480 psi (3.31 MPa). For
a true SDR 9 tube, those hoop stresses correspond to test pressures of 30
psig (207 kPa) to 120 psig (830 kPa). If a selected test hoop stress
produces Stage I failures, the stress will need to be reduced to produce all
Stage II or all Stage III failures at all temperatures.
7.4.2.1 Relationship of Internal Pressure to Hoop Stress—
The hoop stress in the pipe wall is calculated by the following
expression, commonly known as the ISO equation:
2S/P 5 DR 2 1 (1)
or
2S/P 5 ~Do/t! 2 1 (2)
where:
S = stress in the circumferential or hoop direction, psi
(MPa),
P = internal pressure, psig (kPa),
t = minimum wall thickness, in. (mm),
DR = dimension ratio, DR, and
3
Do = average outside diameter, in. (mm).
8. Calibration and Standardization
8.1 Measuring Equipment—All measuring and testing
equipment having an effect on the accuracy or validity of the
calibrations or tests shall be calibrated or verified, or both,
before being put into service.
9. Test Fluid
9.1 Internal Test Fluid—The test fluid shall be reverse
osmosis (RO) or deionized (DI) water prepared in accordance
with 9.1.1.
9.1.1 RO or DI Water Test-Fluid Preparation—Test fluid
prepared from RO or DI water shall have a pH in the range
from 6.5 to 8.0 and contain 2.5 ppm to 5 ppm (milligrams per
litre) of free-chlorine. The chosen pH shall be maintained to 6
0.2 and the chosen free-chlorine concentration shall be main-
tained to 6 0.2 ppm. The pH and free-chlorine concentration
combination shall yield a minimum ORP of 825 mV for the test
fluid.
9.1.2 Test Fluid Temperature Control—The test fluid enter-
ing each specimen shall be maintained to 61.8°F (61°C) of
the test temperature.
9.1.3 Pressure Control—The pressure of the test fluid shall
be maintained to 63 psig (620.69 kPa).
9.1.4 Test Fluid Flow Rate—The flow rate of the test fluid
shall yield a minimum velocity of 0.12 fps (0.04 mps). For the
nominal size 1⁄2 in., SDR 9 tubing, this corresponds to a flow
rate of 0.06 gpm (0.23 LPM). The formula used to calculate the
flow rates for other sizes and DRs is as follows:
p~id/2!2 * FPS * 720
5 gpm (3)
231
where:
id = measured inside diameter of the tubing, in.
9.2 Test Fluid Instrument Accuracy:
9.2.1 pH—The pH measurement and control instruments
shall have an accuracy of 0.1 pH or better.
9.2.2 Free-Chlorine—Free-chlorine content measurement
and control instruments shall have an accuracy of 0.1 ppm or
better.
9.2.3 ORP—The ORP measurement and control instru-
ments shall have an accuracy of 610 mV or better.
10. External Environment
10.1 The exterior environment shall be air and shall be
maintained at the target temperature of the test fluid tempera-
ture 64.5°F (62.5°C). Direct, forced-air heating of the speci-
mens shall not be used.
11. Specimen Positioning
11.1 The specimens can be positioned vertically or horizon-
tally. Horizontal positioning requires special attention to insure
that all entrapped air has been removed prior to starting the
test. For vertically positioned specimens, the test fluid shall
flow into the specimens from the lower end.
 F 2263 – 03
12. Procedure
12.1 Perform the test procedure in accordance with 12.2-
12.4 for the test units specified in 7.4 with a test fluid as
specified in Section 9.
12.2 After connecting the specimens to the flow-through
apparatus, purge the specimens of all entrapped gas and start
the flow of the test-fluid through the specimens at a tempera-
ture or pressure, or both, 40 to 50 % less than the test condition.
Over the next 1 to 3 h, gradually increase the temperature and
pressure of the test fluid to the test condition. When the test
fluid reaches the test condition temperature, pressure, and flow
rate, and the external environment has reached the test tem-
perature in accordance with Section 10, register the start time.
12.3 Maintain the test condition until all of the specimens
have failed. Any loss of fluid through the wall of the pipe or
assembly constitutes a failure. Record the time-to-failure for
each failed specimen within 61 % of the test time for the
specimen. When multiple specimens are connected end-to-end,
remove each failed specimen and continue the test until all
remaining specimens at the conditions have failed.
12.4 Record the time in hours and a description for each
failure. The description of each failure shall include: linear
location from flow inlet, circumferential position, and initiation
point (inside or outside of tube). For accurate test life extrapo-
lation, all of the failures must be the same type. Mixed mode
failures and failures initiated from the outside of the tube shall
not be used for data analysis, see Note 5.
NOTE 5—Numerous failures occurring predominantly in approximately
the same position on the tube circumference should be examined carefully.
When there is an indication that the failures are attributable to the design
or operation of the test, these values should be discarded unless it can be
demonstrated that the testing provided a more conservative estimate of the
oxidative resistance.
13. Calculation
13.1 Regression Analysis—Perform a multiple linear regres-
sion on the time-to-failure data in accordance with the rate
process method PPI-TN-16 or three parameter model of ISO
9080. The correlation coefficient (R2 value) of the data shall be
greater than 0.9 to ensure accuracy of the time-to-failure
extrapolations. If it can be demonstrated that the four-
coefficient regression equation in three parameter model of ISO
9080 provides a better fit to the data set, then the coefficients,
correlation (R2 value), and extrapolated times-to-failure from
that model shall be used and reported.
13.2 Pressure Calculations—Using the coefficients from
13.1, calculate the hoop stress (psi) and internal pressure (psig)
corresponding to a time of 50 years for the DR of the tested
specimens at a temperature of 73°F (23°C). If using only type
II failure data, it is not possible to make a lifetime extrapolation
without data for the stage III failure of the pipe tested.
4
14. Report
14.1 Report Content—Report the minimum information as
required in 14.2-14.9.
14.2 Laboratory name and location and starting and ending
dates of the test.
14.3 Chlorine source (that is, chlorine gas, hypochlorite,
and so forth)
14.4 Identification of the PE pipe in the report shall include:
pipe nominal size and DR or wall thickness specification;
average outside diameter and minimum wall thickness of each
specimen; pipe manufacturer’s name, trade designation and
pipe lot number (if applicable); resin manufacturer’s name,
compound designation, and lot designation (for in-plant com-
pounded materials, resin manufacturer’s name may be omit-
ted).
14.5 Identification of fitting(s) tested with the PE pipe (if
applicable) shall include: manufacturer’s name and model or
designation, fitting type, material, and ASTM standard desig-
nation (if applicable).
14.6 All test conditions, including: test fluid temperature/
internal pressure combinations; specimen external air tempera-
ture; test fluid free-chlorine concentration and pH; test fluid
ORP; water type (tap, RO or DI); flow rate; and specimen
position (horizontal or vertical). Where applicable, report the
minimum, maximum, and average values for each parameter.
14.7 A table of the test temperatures, hoop stresses, and
failure times for all specimens tested.
14.8 A description of each failure in accordance with 12.4.
14.9 A summary of the regression analysis including: coef-
ficients; correlation coefficient (R2 value); hoop stress and
internal pressure calculation at 50 years and 73°F (23°C).
15. Precision and Bias
15.1 Precision—The inter-laboratory precision of this test
method is to be determined and will be available on or before
January 2008. It is not feasible to specify the inter-laboratory
precision at this time because available data produced at
different laboratories was done under varied test conditions,
not necessarily in strict accordance with this test method. A
primary purpose of this test method is to harmonize future
testing. Due to the limited number of test laboratories and test
stations within each laboratory, additional time is required to
produce sufficient duplicate data to calculate precision.
15.2 Bias—No information can be presented on the bias of
this test method because no material having an accepted
reference value is available.
16. Keywords
16.1 chlorine resistance; oxidative resistance; pipe;
polyethylene
 F 2263 – 03
APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. SUMMARY OF FORMULAS

X1.1 Multiple Linear Regression—The three-parameter, X1.1.1 The four-parameter, multiple linear regression equa-
rate process equation from PPI TN-16 and ISO 9080 is tion from ISO 9080 is expressed as follows:
expressed as follows: Log10ft 5 c1 1 c2/T 1 c3Log10S 1 c4~Log10S!/T 1 e (X1.2)
Log10 ft 5 A 1 B/T 1 C~Log10S!/T (X1.1)
where:
where: c1– c4 = coefficients derived from a particular data set, and
ft = time to failure, h, e = an error variable, having a Laplace-Gauss distri-
T = absolute temperature K°, bution with zero mean and constant variance.
S = hoop stress, psi (MPa), and
A, B, and C = coefficients derived from a particular data
set.

X2. OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL (ORP)

X2.1 ORP Background—ORP is a monitoring/control
method that provides a measurement of the total oxidizing
potential of a solution. For chlorinated water, ORP provides a
measurement of the equilibrium of the free-chlorine as a
function of pH. It is widely used as a disinfection control in
effluent treatment, and DIN standards 19643 and 19644 specify
a minimum ORP level of 750 mV for pools and spas. In 1972,
the World Health Organization recognized that an ORP of 650
mV provides disinfection and viral inactivation almost instan-
taneously. For reference, pure water has an ORP of about 200
mV and typical tap water rarely, if ever, exceeds 850 mV.
X2.2 ORP Instrument—The measuring instrument re-
sembles a pH probe except that electron transfer from the
solution to a platinum band is compared to an internal
silver/silver-chloride reference electrode. The output of the
probe is measured in millivolts. A higher millivolt reading
indicates a greater oxidizing potential of the solution.
X2.3 ORP Relationship to pH—Free-chlorine is defined as
both the hypochlorous acid (HClO) and hypochlorite ions
(OCl) that form equilibrium in solution and is pH dependent.
Fig. X2.1 shows the relationship between pH/free-chlorine and
ORP in a deionized water solution. Table X2.1 is the same
information presented in tabular form.

FIG. X2.1 Relationship of pH/Free-Chlorine to ORP in Deionized Water

5
 TABLE X2.1 Tabular Representation of Fig. X2.1
PPM 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9
0.1 770 749 728 706 683 659 634 608 581 554 525 495 464 432 400 366 331 296 259 222 183 144 103 62 19
0.2 800 782 764 745 724 703 681 658 634 609 584 557 530 501 472 442 411 379 346 312 277 242 205 168 130 90
0.3 816 802 787 771 755 737 719 700 681 660 639 617 594 570 546 521 494 468 440 411 382 352 321 289 257 223
0.4 819 809 798 787 775 763 750 736 721 706 690 673 656 638 619 600 580 559 538 516 493 470 446 421 396 370
0.5 824 819 813 806 799 792 784 775 766 756 746 735 724 712 699 686 673 659 644 629 613 596 579 562 544 525 506
0.6 830 828 824 820 816 811 805 799 793 785 778 770 761 752 742 732 722 710 699 686 674 661 647 632 618 602 587 570 553
0.7 817 820 824 826 829 831 832 833 833 833 832 831 830 828 825 822 819 815 810 805 800 794 787 780 773 765 757 748 738 729 718 707 696 684 672 659 646 632 618 603 588
0.8 824 828 831 834 837 839 841 842 842 843 842 841 840 838 836 833 830 827 822 818 813 807 801 794 787 780 772 763 754 745 735 725 714 702 690 678 665 652 638 624 609
0.9 826 830 834 837 840 842 844 846 847 847 847 846 845 844 842 839 836 833 829 825 820 815 809 803 796 789 781 773 764 755 745 735 725 714 702 690 678 665 651 638 623
1 831 836 840 843 846 848 850 851 852 853 853 852 851 850 848 846 843 839 835 831 826 821 815 809 802 795 787 779 771 761 752 742 731 720 709 697 684 671 658 644 630
1.1 843 846 849 852 854 856 857 857 858 857 856 855 853 850 847 844 840 835 830 825 819 812 805 798 790 781 772 762 752 741 730 719 706 694 680 667 653 638 623 607 590
1.2 844 848 852 854 857 858 860 860 861 860 860 858 857 854 851 848 844 840 835 830 824 818 811 803 795 787 778 769 759 748 737 726 714 701 689 675 661 647 632 616 600
1.3 846 850 854 857 859 861 862 863 864 863 863 862 860 858 855 852 848 844 840 834 829 822 816 809 801 793 784 775 765 755 744 733 721 709 696 683 669 655 640 625 609
1.4 848 852 856 859 861 863 865 866 866 866 866 865 863 861 859 856 852 848 844 839 833 827 820 813 806 798 789 780 771 761 750 739 728 715 703 690 676 662 648 633 617
1.5 837 842 846 850 853 856 858 860 862 863 863 864 863 862 861 859 857 854 851 847 843 839 834 828 822 816 809 801 794 785 777 767 758 747 737 726 714 702 690 677 663
1.6 848 852 856 859 862 864 866 867 868 868 868 868 866 865 863 860 857 853 849 844 839 834 828 821 814 806 798 790 780 771 761 750 739 728 716 703 690 677 663 648 633
1.7 849 854 858 861 864 866 868 869 870 871 871 870 869 867 865 863 860 856 852 848 843 837 831 825 818 810 803 794 785 776 766 755 745 733 721 709 696 683 669 655 640
1.8 851 855 859 863 865 868 870 871 872 873 873 872 871 870 868 866 863 859 855 851 846 841 835 829 822 815 807 798 790 780 771 760 750 738 727 715 702 689 675 661 646
1.9 852 856 860 864 867 870 872 873 874 875 875 875 874 872 871 868 865 862 858 854 849 844 838 832 825 818 811 802 794 785 775 765 754 743 732 720 707 694 681 667 652
2 847 851 856 860 863 866 869 871 872 873 874 874 874 873 872 870 868 865 862 858 854 850 845 839 833 827 820 813 805 797 788 779 769 759 748 737 725 713 701 688 674
2.1 857 862 866 870 873 876 878 879 881 881 882 881 881 879 878 875 873 869 866 862 857 852 846 840 833 826 819 811 802 793 784 774 763 752 741 729 716 703 690 676 662
2.2 859 863 867 871 874 877 879 881 882 883 883 883 883 881 880 878 875 872 868 864 860 855 849 843 837 830 822 814 806 797 787 778 767 756 745 733 721 708 695 681 667
2.3 860 864 869 872 876 878 881 882 884 885 885 885 884 883 882 880 877 874 871 867 862 857 852 846 840 833 825 817 809 800 791 781 771 760 749 737 725 712 699 686 672
2.4 861 865 870 873 877 880 882 884 885 886 887 887 886 885 884 882 879 876 873 869 865 860 855 849 842 836 828 821 812 804 795 785 775 764 753 741 729 717 704 690 676
2.5 862 866 871 875 878 881 883 885 887 888 888 888 888 887 886 884 881 879 875 871 867 862 857 851 845 839 831 824 816 807 798 788 778 768 757 745 733 721 708 695 681
2.6 862 867 872 876 879 882 885 887 888 889 890 890 890 889 887 886 883 881 877 874 869 865 860 854 848 841 834 827 819 810 801 792 782 771 760 749 737 725 712 699 685
2.7 863 868 873 877 880 883 886 888 890 891 891 892 891 891 889 888 885 883 880 876 872 867 862 857 851 844 837 830 822 813 804 795 785 775 764 753 741 729 716 703 688

6
2.8 864 869 874 878 881 884 887 889 891 892 893 893 893 892 891 889 887 885 881 878 874 869 864 859 853 847 840 832 824 816 807 798 788 778 767 756 745 732 720 707 693
2.9 865 870 875 879 882 885 888 890 892 893 894 894 894 894 893 891 889 886 883 880 876 871 867 861 855 849 842 835 827 819 810 801 791 781 771 760 748 736 723 710 697
3 852 857 862 866 870 873 876 878 880 881 882 882 882 882 881 879 877 875 872 869 865 860 856 851 845 839 832 825 818 810 801 792 783 773 763 752 741 729 717 704 691
5 871 876 881 885 889 892 895 897 899 901 902 902 902 901 900 899 897 895 892 888 885 880 875 870 864 858 852 844 837 829 820 811 801 791 781 770 759 747 734 721 708
F 2263 – 03
 F 2263 – 03

X3. AWWA SURVEY

X3.1 The 1996 WATER: STATS Survey conducted by the
American Water Works Association (AWWA) of 3200 water
purveyors across the United States indicates that 98.2 % of
responding utilities reported pH and free-chlorine conditions
that correspond to a DI-water ORP value of 825 mV or less. It
has been previously demonstrated that at the ORP specified in
this test method, typical tap water (due to the presence of
various salts and other elements) prepared to a specific pH and
free-chlorine has an ORP about 4 % less than the value attained
with DI water prepared to the same pH and free-chlorine
conditions.

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