Department of Accounting and Information Systems

MBA 2nd Semester

AIS: 5201 Advanced Financial Accounting
Course Teacher: Md. Shahbub Alam, Lecturer, Dept. of AIS, I.U, Kushtia.

Chapter-01
An Introduction to International Financial Reporting Standards

1. Development of Accounting and Financial Reporting

Accounting has a long history. Double entry bookkeeping—debits on the left, credits on the
right—began hundreds of years ago. It was first codified in the 15th Century by a Franciscan
monk named Luca Bartolomes Pacioli. His work was built on that of another Italian scholar,
Benedetto Cotrugli.

During the Industrial Revolution, as America’s transportation links were being forged,
railroad companies pioneered the use of financial reporting to attract public and private
financing for projects. Companies reporting financial information to investors produced an
influx of investment that led to a revolution in the way that goods were brought to market—
and to unprecedented economic growth. For many years, public companies themselves took
the lead in accounting innovation.

The expansion of the U.S. automobile industry in the 1920s can partially be attributed to
accounting modernization. General Motors, by presenting its financial information in the form
of ratios such as return on investment and return on equity, was able to provide the market with
more detailed and useful metrics. As a result, the company could adapt more quickly to market
changes and make better decisions regarding investments.

The pivotal economic event of the 20th century, the Great Depression, focused the U.S. on
the need for comprehensive accounting reform. Many market participants felt that poor
accounting and reporting procedures helped cause the downturn. In 1930, the American
Institute of Accountants (known as the AICPA since 1957) and the New York Stock Exchange
began an attempt to revise financial reporting requirements. Shortly thereafter, passage of the
Securities Act of 1934 chartered the Securities and Exchange Commission, and gave the SEC
the power to oversee accounting and auditing methods.

For nearly 40 years, the SEC looked to bodies established by the accounting profession to
develop and establish accounting standards.
By the 1970s, market participants’ thinking about accounting standard setting evolved, as they
came to believe in the importance of an independent standard-setting structure, separate and
distinct from the accounting profession—so that the development of standards would be
insulated from the self-interests of practicing accountants and their clients.

Following a detailed study, the accounting profession in 1972 recommended creation of a

new body, the Financial Accounting Foundation, to serve as the nation’s accounting standard-
setting authority.

Through the FAF, the FASB in 1973 became the designated standard-setter in the private
sector for setting standards that govern the preparation of corporate financial reports along with
not-for-profit organizations.

In 1984, the Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) was formed under the FAF
umbrella to issue standards and other communications that result in decision-useful information
for users of government financial reports.

Today, the need for relevant comparable financial reporting is greater than ever. The global
economy is dynamic and often unpredictable. In order to maintain stability, institutional and
retail investors must be able to trust publicly-available financial information. Accounting
standards are created to meet this need, and are enacted to guide reporting companies along
this path.

We are all well known about recent development of financial reporting-

International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), formed in 1973, and issued
International Accounting Standards (IAS).

In 2001, International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) formed, issued International

Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) replaced by previous one.

2. International Accounting Standards

International Accounting Standards (IAS) are older accounting standards which were replaced
in 2001 by International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), issued by the International
Accounting Standards Board (IASB), an independent international standard setting body based
in London.

International Accounting Standards (IAS) were the first international accounting standards that
were issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), formed in 1973.
The International Accounting Standards (IAS) constitute a single set of high-quality accounting
standards, which help in the preparation of consolidated financial statements, including the
balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in the financial position, cash flow
statement and explanatory notes.

The goal then, as it remains today, was to make it easier to compare businesses around the
world, increase transparency and trust in financial reporting and foster global trade and
investment.
3. Steps for setting International Accounting Standards.

A high-level overview of the standards-setting process as established by the Rules of Procedure

follows. The nature and extent of the Board's specific research and outreach activities will vary
from project to project, depending on the nature and scope of the reporting issues involved. In
developing international accounting standards, the board follows the following procedures:

1. The Board identifies financial reporting issues based on requests/recommendations

from stakeholders or through other means.
2. The FASB decides whether to add a project to the technical agenda based on a staff-
prepared analysis of the issues.
3. The Board deliberates at one or more public meetings the various reporting issues
identified and analyzed by the staff.
4. The Board issues an Exposure Draft to solicit broad stakeholder input. (In some
projects, the Board may issue a Discussion Paper to obtain input in the early stages of
a project.)
5. The Board holds a public roundtable meeting on the Exposure Draft, if necessary.
6. The staff analyzes comment letters, public roundtable discussion, and all other
information obtained through due process activities. The Board re deliberates the
proposed provisions, carefully considering the stakeholder input received, at one or
more public meetings.
7. The Board issues an Accounting Standards Update describing amendments to the
Accounting Standards Codification.
8. Issuance of final standard as per requests/recommendations from stakeholders or
through other means.
9. Educating the stakeholders about the issued standard.
10. Implementation of Standard.

3. Need for International Accounting Standards

Accounting standard is a method or an approach established and issued by recognized expert
accountancy body. It is used in preparing financial statement viz., Profit & Loss Account and
Balance Sheet of various concerns operating different fields identically. So that the users of
aforesaid statements don’t get confused while evaluating the results to take various decisions
viz., to subscribe in equality shares, or subscribe in debenture of that concern. Need for
Accounting Standards are as follows:

1. It helps in dissemination of timely and useful financial information to all Stakeholders and
users.

2. It helps to provide a set of standard accounting policies, valuation norms and disclosure
requirement.

3. It ensures disclosures of accounting principles and treatments, where important information

is not otherwise statutorily required to be disclosed.

4. It helps to reduce or totally eliminate, accounting alternatives, thereby it leads to better inter-
firm and intra-firm comparison of Financial Statements.

5. It reduces scope of creative accounting, i.e. twisting of accounting policies to produce

Financial Statement favorable to a particular interest group.

5. Brief History of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC)

The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), the predecessor of the IASB, was
established in 1973 and came into being through an agreement by professional accountancy
bodies from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the United
Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States. The objective behind setting up the IASC was to
develop, in the public interest, accounting standards that would be acceptable around the world
in order to improve financial reporting internationally. Over the years, IASC saw several
changes to its structure and functioning. For example, by the year 2000, IASC’s sponsorship
grew from the original nine sponsors to 152 accounting bodies from 112 countries, that is, all
professional accounting bodies that were members of the International Federation of
Accountants (IFAC). Such fundamental changes to the IASC have helped it to achieve the
objectives for which it was set up: changing the perception of the global standard setters about
the international nature of participation in the standard setting process. As part of their
membership in IASC, professional accountancy bodies worldwide committed themselves to
use their best endeavors to pursue governments, standard setting bodies, securities regulators,
and the business communities that published financial statements to comply with International
Accounting Standards. This also drew the world’s attention to the fact that there exists a truly
representative international accounting body that could ultimately qualify as a global standard
setter and be able to develop a single set of accounting standards that would be acceptable to
most, if not all, countries worldwide. The objectives of the IASC foundation, as stated in its
Constitution, were:
 a. To develop, in the public interest, a single set of high quality, understandable, and
enforceable global accounting standards that require high quality, transparent, and comparable
information in financial statements and other financial reporting to help participants in the
various capital markets of the world and other users of the information to economic decision;
b. To promote the use and rigorous application of those standard; and
c. In fulfilling the objectives associated with (a) and (b), to take account of, as
appropriate, the special needs of small and medium-sized entities and emerging economies;
and
d. To bring about convergence of National Accounting Standards and
International Financial Reporting Standards to high-quality solutions.

6. The IASC Foundation Constitution Review

The IASC was formed in 1973 through an agreement made by professional accountancy bodies
from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the UK
and the USA.

The IASC Foundation is an independent body, not controlled by any particular Government or
professional organization. Its main purpose is to oversee the IASB in setting the accounting
principles which are used by business and other organizations around the world concerned with
financial reporting.

In November 1999, the IASC board itself approved the constitutional changes necessary for its
own restructuring. In May 2000, the IFAC unanimously approved the restructuring. The
constitution of the old IASC was revised to reflect the new structure.

A new IASC Foundation was incorporated (under the laws of the US state of Delaware), and
its trustee were appointed. By early 2001, the members of the IASB and the SAC were
appointed, and the new structure became operational. Later that year, the IASB moved into
new quarters in London. The technical staff of the IASB comprises over 20 accounting
professionals—roughly quadruple the former IASC’s professional staff.

7. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

Definition of 'International Financial Reporting Standards - IFRS' A set of international

accounting standards stating how particular types of transactions and other events should be
reported in financial statements. IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards
Board. IFRS are sometimes confused with International Accounting Standards (IAS), which
are the older standards that IFRS replaced. (IAS were issued from 1973 to 2000.)
Investopedia explains 'International Financial Reporting Standards - IFRS' the goal with IFRS
is to make international comparisons as easy as possible. This is difficult because, to a large
extent, each country has its own set of rules. For example, U.S. GAAP are different from
Canadian GAAP. Synchronizing accounting standards across the globe is an ongoing process
in the international accounting community.

8. History of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was established in June 1973 by
accountancy bodies representing ten countries. It devised and published International
Accounting Standards (IAS), interpretations and a conceptual framework. These were looked
to by many national accounting standard-setters in developing national standards. In 2001
the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) replaced the IASC with a remit to bring
about convergence between national accounting standards through the development of global
accounting standards. During its first meeting the new Board adopted existing IAS and
Standing Interpretations Committee standards (SICs). The IASB has continued to develop
standards calling the new standards "International Financial Reporting Standards" (IFRS). In
2002 the European Union (EU) agreed that, from 1 January 2005, International Financial
Reporting Standards would apply for the consolidated accounts of the EU listed companies,
bringing about the introduction of IFRS to many large entities. Other countries have since
followed the lead of the EU.

9. Steps in the IFRS standard-setting process.

IFRS committee follows a thorough, transparent and participatory due process when we issue
an IFRS Standard. Standard-setting entails are as follows:

i) Agenda Consultation: Every five years, the Board conducts a comprehensive review and
consultation to define international standard-setting priorities and develop its project work
plan. The Board can also add topics to its work plan if necessary between agenda consultations.
This can include topics following Post-implementation Reviews of Standards; the IFRS
Interpretations Committee may also request the Board review an issue.

ii) Research Program: We begin most projects with research—explore the issues, identify
possible solutions and decide whether standard-setting is required. Often, we set out our ideas
in a discussion paper and seek public comment. If we find sufficient evidence that an
accounting problem exists, the problem is sufficiently important to warrant changing a
Standard or issuing a new one and a practical solution can be found, we begin standard-setting.

iii) Standard Setting Program: If the Board decides to amend a Standard or issue a new one,
we generally review the research, including comments on the discussion paper, and propose
amendments or Standards to resolve issues identified through research and consultation.
Proposals for a new Standard or an amendment to a Standard are published in an exposure draft
for public consultation. To gather additional evidence, members of the Board and IFRS
Foundation technical staff consult with a range of stakeholders from all over the world. The
Board analyses feedback and refines proposals before the new Standard, or an amendment to a
Standard, is issued.
iv) Maintenance Program: The work doesn’t stop once a Standard is issued. We also support
implementation of the Standards and we make sure we maintain them. This process includes
consulting on the implementation of a new or amended Standard to identify any
implementation problems that may need to be addressed. If issues arise, the IFRS
Interpretations Committee may decide to create an IFRIC Interpretation of the Standard or
recommend a narrow-scope amendment. Such amendments follow the Board's normal due
process.

v) Post-implementation Reviews: After a new Standard has been in use for a few years, the
Board carries out research through a Post-implementation Review to assess whether the
Standard is achieving its objective and, if not, whether any amendments should be considered.
As a result of the Post-implementation Review, the Board may start a new research project.

10. IAS VS IFRS

Technically they are the same. IFRS is the current set of standards that is reflective of the
changes in the accounting and business practices over the last two decades. IAS is what used
to be prior to the introduction of IFRS. However, not all of the IAS are outdated. In fact, to
date there are only 9 IFRS issued and the IAS that were not superseded by the IFRS are still in
use. The IASB no longer issues IAS. Any future standards will now be called IFRS, and if they
are contradictory to existing IAS, the IFRS will be followed. The key different points of IAS
and IFRS as follows:

 IAS stands for International Accounting Standards, while IFRS refers to International
Financial Reporting Standards.
 IAS standards were published between 1973 and 2001, while IFRS standards were
published from 2001 onwards.
 IAS standards were issued by the IASC, while the IFRS are issued by the IASB, which
succeeded the IASC.

Principles of the IFRS take precedence if there’s contradiction with those of the IAS, and this
result in the IAS principles being dropped.

11. History of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)

The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is private non-profit making
organization responsible for the development, issuance and approval of accounting standards
to form the basis of financial reporting. The objective of the IASB is to, “provide the world's
capital markets with a single set of high quality accounting standards to be used as a common
language for financial reporting” (IASB. org). The IASB came into effect in 2001 to replace
the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC).The IASC was formed by a group
of professional accountants from nine countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan,
Mexico, Netherlands, United Kingdom/Ireland, and the United States of America) in 1973. Sir
Henry Benson, who put forward a proposal for the formation of IASC at the 10th World
Congress of Accountants in 1972, was elected the first chair in 1973. The immediate tasks of
the IASC were the development of accounting standards on accounting policies, inventories,
and financial statements. The IASC issued its first accounting standards in I975. The
accounting standards developed and issued by the IASC were called the International
Accounting Standards (IAS). These accounting standards are still in used today. The IASB and
its predecessor lack the power and authority to ensure that companies that adopt their then are
complying with their standards. They rely on national standard setters to ensure that companies
comply with their standards.

12. Steps of IASB Due process

Outlined below, in overview terms, are the due process steps followed in the IASB's standard-
level projects, i.e. proposed new standards, and amendments to existing standards, and
Interpretations developed by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (and ratified by the IASB).
These steps are:

i) Research program: The IASB's research program involves the analysis of possible financial
reporting problems by collecting evidence on the nature and extent of the perceived
shortcoming and assessing potential ways to improve financial reporting or to remedy a
deficiency. Also includes the consideration of broader financial reporting issues, such as how
financial reporting is evolving, to encourage international debate on financial reporting matters.

ii) Developing a proposal for publication: Once the IASB has formally decided to add a
project to its agenda, it proceeds to the development of an exposure draft. The exposure draft
is issued for public consultation and the IASB may also undertake additional outreach activities
such as meetings, discussion forums, webcasts and podcasts and roundtable meetings.

iii) Re-deliberations and finalization: After the publication of an exposure draft, the IASB
proceed to consider constituent feedback from the consultative process. In some cases, the
IASB may decide to re-expose proposals before proceeding to a finalized pronouncement.
Once deliberations have been finalized, the IASB's technical staff will prepare the final
standard for balloting and voting on by the Board. The process may also include the issue of a
'review draft' of the final pronouncement prior to it being finalized. These documents are not
part of formal due process but have the purpose of allowing a 'fatal flaw' review.

iv) Post-implementation reviews: The IASB must conduct a post-implementation review of

each new Standard or major amendment, usually after they have been applied for around two
years. This means that the post-implementation review process will commence around 2.5-3
years after the effective date of the pronouncement, but may be deferred in some cases. The
post-implementation review process can also be initiated in other circumstances such as
regulatory changes or concerns raised by other parties.

13. International Financial Reporting Interpretation Committee (IFRIC)

The Trustees appoint the members of the International Financial Reporting Interpretation
Committee (IFRIC). The IFRIC is the IASB’s interpretive body and has the charge of
developing interpretive guidance on accounting issues that are not 28 specifically dealt within
IFRS or that are likely to receive divergent or unacceptable interpretations in the absence of
authoritative guidance. The Trustees select members of the IFRIC keeping in mind personal
attributes such as technical expertise and diversity of international business and market
experience in the practical application of IFRS and analysis of financial statements prepared in
accordance with IFRS. The IFRIC shall comprise of 14 voting members. The Trustee, if then
fit, may also appoint non-voting observers representing regulatory bodies, who shall have the
right to attend and speak at the meetings of the IFRIC. A member of the IASB staff or another
appropriately qualified individual, shall be appointed by the Trustees to chair the IFRIC. The
IFRIC shall meet as and when required, and 10 voting members present in person or by
telecommunication shall constitute a quorum. Meetings of the IFRIC (and the IASB) are open
to public but certain discussions may be held in private at the discretion of the IFRIC. It is
important to note that an IFRIC Interpretation requires the IASB’s approval before its final
issuance.
14. Role of the IFRS Interpretations Committee
Under the IFRS Foundation Constitution, the IFRS Interpretations Committee (the
'Committee'), formerly called the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee
(IFRIC), has the following roles:

i) Composition: The Committee comprises fourteen voting members, appointed by the IFRS
Foundation Trustees for renewable terms of three years. The Trustees select members of the
Committee so that it comprises a group of people representing, within that group, the best
available combination of technical expertise and diversity of international business and market
experience in the practical application of IFRSs and analysis of financial statements prepared
in accordance with IFRSs.

ii) Development and approval of Interpretations: Interpretations are developed by the

Committee, exposed for public comment (these are called Draft Interpretations and numbered
D1, D2, etc.), approved by IFRIC, and then sent to the IASB Board for review and approval as
Final Interpretations. At the IFRIC level, consensus is reached if not more than three of the 14
Interpretations Committee members object to a draft Interpretation or final Interpretation. At
the Board level, the same vote is required as for a Standard, which is 9 of the 14 Board
members.

iii) Authority of Interpretations: Interpretations are part of IASB's authoritative literature

(see IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements). Therefore, financial statements may not be
described as complying with International Financial Reporting Standards unless they comply
with all the requirements of each applicable Standard and each applicable Interpretation.

iv) Annual improvements: In 2009 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
asked the (then) IFRIC to assume responsibility for the annual process for making relatively
minor improvements to IFRSs. The IASB must approve both the Exposure Draft of proposed
improvements and the final improvements (which are amendments to IFRSs).
 15. Standard Advisory Council (SAC)
A body of experts who advise the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) on
priorities in setting accounting standards. The members also inform the IASB of the
implications of proposed standards for users and preparers of financial statements and may give
other advice to the IASB or the trustees of the International Accounting Standards Committee
Foundation (IASC Foundation). The IASB is required to consult the SAC in advance of
decisions on major projects and the trustees of the IASC Foundation must consult the SAC in
advance of making any changes to its constitution. See feature International Standard Setters.

16. Bangladesh Accounting Standards (BAS) and Bangladesh Financial Reporting

Standards (BFRS)
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB) prescribes Financial Reporting
Standards which are known as Bangladesh Financial Reporting Standards (BFRS). Bangladesh
Accounting Standards (BAS) are also included in BFRS. International Accounting Standards
and International Financial Reporting Standards which are issued by the International
Accounting Standards Board are what the BFRS models on. For listed companies under the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules, adopted BFRS are legally enforceable.

BFRS developed by the ICAB were originally based on older International Accounting
Standards (IASs) - generally those developed by the IASC rather than the improved IASs and
new IFRSs developed by the IASB. In more recent times, the ICAB has adopted the updated
IASB standards as BFRS and all BFRSs have been updated based on IFRSs 2012.The
Technical and Research Committee, a standing committee of the ICAB, is responsible for
reviewing on a regular basis, the latest national and international pronouncements and
standards on accounting, auditing and allied matters, and recommend the same for adoption to
the Council, after carrying out a technical review for adoptability and acceptability in the
Bangladeshi context. The Council is responsible for approving and adopting the Standards,
Interpretations and related documents.
The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in Bangladesh is based upon standards
set by the ICAB, which has stated its intention to adopt International Financial Reporting
Standards. Till now, IASC had issued 41 IAS of which 29 are presently valid (after necessary
reformatting/revising/supersession and withdrawal) the ICAB has adopted all of the IAS extent
as BAS. ICAB has adopted 17 out of 17 IFRS issued to date by IASB as BFRS without any
modification.

17. Status of International Accounting Standards (IAS)

IAS IAS title Status of Effective date BAS
No. adoption as BAS No.
by ICAB
1 Presentation of Financial Statements Adopted 1 January 2010 1
2 Inventories Adopted 1 January 2007 2
7 Cash Flow Statements Adopted 1 January 1999 7
Accounting Policies, Changes in 8
8 Adopted 1 January 2007
Accounting Estimates and Errors
10 Events after the Balance Sheet Date Adopted 1 January 2007 10
11 Construction Contracts Adopted I January 1999 11
12 Income Taxes Adopted. 1 January 1999 12
Presentation of Current Assets and - -
Current Liabilities (Superseded by IAS 1
13 N/A
effective 1 July 1998)

Information Reflecting the Effects of - -

15 Changing Prices (Withdrawn December N/A
2003)
16 Property, Plant and Equipment Adopted 1 January 2007 16
17 Leases Adopted I January 2007 17
18 Revenue Adopted 1 January 2007 18
19 Employee Benefits Adopted 1 January 2004 19
Accounting for Government Grants and 20
20 Adopted 1 January 1999
Disclosure of Government Assistance
The Effects of Changes in Foreign 21
21 Adopted 1 January 2007
Exchange Rates
23 Borrowing Costs Adopted 1 January 2010 23
24 Related Party Disclosures Adopted 1 January 2007 24
Accounting and Reporting by Retirement 26
26 Adopted 1 January 2007
Benefit Plans
Consolidated and Separate Financial 27
27 Adopted 1 January 2010
Statements
28 Investments in Associates Adopted 1 January 2007 28
Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary 29
29 Adopted 1 January 2015
Economies
31 Interests in Joint Ventures Adopted 1 January 2007 31
32 Financial Instruments: Presentation Adopted 1 January 2010 32
33 Earnings per Share Adopted 1 January 2007 33
34 Interim Financial Reporting Adopted 1 January 1999 34
36 Impairment of Assets Adopted 1 January 2005 36
Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and 37
37 Adopted 1 January 2007
Contingent Assets
38 Intangible Assets Adopted 1 January 2005 38
Financial Instruments: Recognition and 39
39 Adopted 1 January 2010
Measurement
40 Investment Property Adopted 1 January 2007 40
41 Agriculture Adopted 1 January 2007 41
 18. Status of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

IFRS IFRS title Status of adoption Effective Date as BFRS No.

No. by ICAB BFRS
First-time Adoption of 1
1 International Financial Adopted 1 January 2009
Reporting Standards
2 Share Based Payment Adopted 1 January 2007 2
3 Business Combinations Adopted 1 January 2010 3
4 Insurance Contracts Adopted 1 January 2010 4
Non-Current Assets held for 5
5 Sale and Discontinued Adopted 1 January 2007
Operations
Exploration for and 6
6 Evaluation of Mineral Adopted 1 January 2007
Resources
Financial Instruments: 7
7 Adopted 1 January 2010
Disclosures
8 Operating Segments Adopted 1 January 2010 8
Adopted 9
9 Financial Instruments (Replaced by IAS- 1 December 2011
39)
Consolidated Financial 10
10 Adopted 1 January 2013
Statements
11 Joint Arrangements Adopted 1 January 2013 11
Disclosure of Interests in 12
12 Adopted 1 January 2013
Other Entities
13 Fair Value Measurement Adopted 1 January 2013 13
Regulatory Deferral 14
14 Adopted 1 January 2014
Accounts IRFS
Revenue from Contracts with 15
15 Customers Adopted 1 January 2018

Adopted(IFRS 16 16
16 Lease 1 January 2016
replaces IAS-17)
Adopted 17
(Mandatory
17 Insurance Contracts 18 May 2017
effective date of
annual periods
 beginning on or
after 1 January
2021).

Reference:

Alam., M. S. (2018). Adoption and Implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards

(IFRS) in Banking Sector of Bangladesh: A Comparative Study . UGC Projcet-(2018-2019)
IFRS Standards. (2018)-ICAB Publication
Web-site.