2011 Sikkim

earthquake

The 2011 Sikkim earthquake (also known as the 2011 Himalayan earthquake) occurred with
a moment magnitude of 6.9 and was centered within the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area,
near the border of Nepal and the Indian state of Sikkim, at 18:10 IST on Sunday, 18
September.[3] The earthquake was felt across northeastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh
and southern Tibet.
 2011 Sikkim earthquake

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UTC time 2011-09-18 12:40:51

ISC event 17238846 (http://isc-mirror.iris.washington.edu/

cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=17238846)

USGS-ANSS ComCat (https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthqua

kes/eventpage/usp000j88b)

Local date 18 September 2011

Local time 18:10 IST

18:25 NPT

18:40 BTT

20:40 CST

Duration 30–40 seconds

Magnitude Mw 6.9

Depth 19.7 km (12.1 mi)

Epicenter Taplejung, Nepal

27.723°N 88.064°E (https://geohack.toolforge.or

g/geohack.php?pagename=2011_Sikkim_earthq
uake&params=27.723_N_88.064_E_type:event_s
cale:50000000)

Type Intraplate[1]

Areas affected India

Bangladesh

 Nepal

Bhutan

China

Max. intensity VII (Very strong) [2]

Landslides Yes

Aftershocks Yes

Casualties At least 111 killed

At least 111 people were killed in the earthquake.[4] Most of the deaths occurred in Sikkim,
with reports of fatalities in and near Singtam in the East Sikkim district.[5] Several buildings
collapsed in Gangtok.[6] Eleven are reported dead in Nepal, including three killed when a wall
collapsed in the British Embassy in Kathmandu.[7] Elsewhere, structural damage occurred in
Bangladesh, Bhutan, and across Tibet; another seven fatalities were confirmed in the latter
region.

The quake came just a few days after an earthquake of 4.2 magnitude hit Haryana's Sonipat
district, sending tremors in New Delhi.[8] The earthquake was the fourth significant
earthquake in India of September 2011.[9]

Exactly a year after the original earthquake at 5:55 pm on 18 September 2012, another
earthquake of magnitude 4.1 struck Sikkim, sparking panic among the people observing the
anniversary of the original quake.[1][10][11][12]

Earthquake

The magnitude 6.9 (Mw) earthquake occurred inland at 18:10 IST on 18 September 2011,
about 68 km (42 mi) northwest of Gangtok, Sikkim at a shallow depth of 19.7 km (12.2 mi).[3]
At its location, the continental Indian and Eurasian Plates converge with one another along a
tectonic boundary beneath the mountainous region of northeast India near the Nepalese
border. Although earthquakes in this region are usually interplate in nature, preliminary data
suggests the Sikkim earthquake was triggered by shallow strike-slip faulting from an
intraplate source within the over-riding Eurasian Plate. Initial analyses also indicate a
complex origin, with the perceived tremor likely being a result of two separate events
occurring close together in time at similar focal depths.

Intensity
USGS ShakeMap for the event

Located at a shallow depth beneath the surface, the earthquake caused strong shaking in
many areas adjacent to its epicenter reportedly lasting 30 – 40 seconds.[13] The strongest
shaking occurred to the west in Gangtok and further south in Siliguri, although similar ground
motions registering at MM VI (strong) on the Mercalli scale were recorded in many smaller
towns such as Mangan across elevated regions. Lighter tremors (MM IV – III) spread
southward through populous regions, with these motions reported in the Patna capital of
Bihar and as far southwest as Bihar Sharif.[2] In all, the earthquake was felt in Nepal, India,
Bhutan, Bangladesh and China. Tremors were felt in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, parts of
West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chandigarh and Delhi states of
India.[14] In Tibet, the earthquake was felt in Shigatse and Lhasa.[15]

Aftershocks

Sikkim experienced three aftershocks since the earthquake, occurring at magnitudes of 5.7,
5.1, and 4.6 (Mw) within 30 minutes of the initial earthquake.[16] Kathmandu experienced two
aftershocks that both had a magnitude of 4.8 Mw. The aftershocks had no serious impact in
the region. At least 20 aftershocks back-to-back throughout the night created panic in the
Gangtok.[17] On 19 September, tremors shook some parts of Maharashtra measuring 3.9
(Mw)[18] at around 06:30 IST including Latur, Osmanabad and Solapur districts, all of which
had already suffered the 1993 earthquake.[19] However, no loss of life or property was
reported.[20]

Impact
Casualties by country
Country Deaths

 India 97

 China 7

   Nepal 6

 Bhutan 1

 Bangladesh 0

Total 111

Demolished Building in Gangtok, Sikkim

The earthquake struck near a mountainous, albeit very populous region near the Sikkim–
Nepal border; most of the structures were reported to be highly vulnerable to earthquake
shaking.[2] Upon impact, tens of thousands of residents evacuated their homes, and many
areas suffered from communication and power outages. The strong shaking caused
significant building collapse and mudslides;[13] at least 111 people were confirmed killed by
the effects of the earthquake, and hundreds of others sustained injuries. As the earthquake
occurred in the monsoon season, heavy rain and landslides rendered rescue work more
difficult.[21]

India

Northern India suffered the most from the earthquake, with at least 75 people killed.[17] 60
people were reportedly killed in Sikkim alone.[22] At least 7 people have died in Bihar, while 6
deaths have been reported from West Bengal.[23] Power supply was disrupted in areas near
Sikkim, including Kalimpong of Darjeeling district, and adjoining Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar
districts; the outages were in part blamed on an affected electric substation in Siliguri.[24]
Water supply was interrupted in Sikkim. National Highway 31, the major highway linking
Sikkim to the rest of India, was damaged.[21] Ten of the dead were workers at a hydroelectric
project on the Teesta River.[25]

In India, property damage is estimated to be around ₹1 trillion (US$13 billion) with the actual
report yet to come.[26]

Sikkim

Sikkim earthquake aerial survey by Indian Air Force helicopter

Two buildings of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police in the Pegong areas of North Sikkim
collapsed.[27] In Gangtok, many government offices and hospitals were left unusable.[28] The
heavy shaking destroyed the villages of Lingzya, Sakyong, Pentong, Bay and Tholong.[29]

Nepal

In the capital city of Nepal, Kathmandu, damage from the earthquake was comparatively
limited. Three people were killed when a wall at the British Embassy collapsed, and many
others suffered injuries. The shaking effects were more severe in eastern Nepal, which is
closer to the epicenter. There, hundreds of homes sustained significant damage, and due to
saturated soil from preceding heavy rains widespread mudslides impacted the region.[30]
Sunsari experienced power and telephone communication outages. Two people were killed in
the eastern city of Dharan.[31] Overall, in Nepal 6 people died due to the earthquake.

Bangladesh

The earthquake was felt most strongly in northern Bangladesh. The quake was also felt in
Dhaka, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Mymensingh, Barisal, Faridpur, Jessore, Khulna, Pabna, Bogra,
Comilla, Noakhali, Chittagong and as far as Cox's Bazar.[32] Panicked people rushed out of
their homes and offices,[32][33] but the only damage seems to be tilted and cracked
buildings;[34] no casualties were reported.[33] Cell phone lines were also down for a few
minutes during the quake.[33]

China

In Tibet, building collapse was reported in Yadong,[35] Dinggyê and Gamba.[15] At least seven
people were reported dead in Yadong.[36] Telephone service was interrupted in the seat of
Yadong County.[37]

Bhutan

There were no reports of casualties in Bhutan, although cracks on walls and ceilings of
houses were reported in Wangthangkha village, Lango and the town area in Paro. There were
also reports of a landslide right after crossing the Isuna Bridge from Paro towards Thimphu,
and falling boulders after crossing Chundzom Bridge. Citizens were asked to avoid traveling
on the Paro-Thimphu highway. Telecommunications networks were disrupted, with cellular
networks unavailable after the quake.[38]

Prime Minister of Bhutan Jigmi Thinley updated in his status[39] as "Phone lines remains
clogged reflecting our caring and close knit society. No damage reported from East Bhutan.
Four road blocks caused by falling debris are reported on the Chukha – Phuntsholing road.
Two homes in Haa report damage with 3–4 people having suffered minor injury. Thimphu
Dzong has sustained some cracks in the Utse and one of the four corner towers. Occupants
have been moved out to safer parts. Please remain calm and alert."

Rescue operations and compensation

Army's rescue operations in earthquake affected area of Sikkim

Army personnel distributing relief material to the people in earthquake affected area of Sikkim

Early rescue operations included four teams of National Disaster Response Force been
rushed to Sikkim and five more teams were being sent from Kolkata.[16] However, South and
West Sikkim remained inaccessible delaying rescue operations owing to landslides caused
by rainfall. A group of 14 tourists were rescued by the army from north Sikkim. The army had
deployed 72 columns including infantry troops, combat engineers, four Dhruv and five
Cheetah helicopters. Rain and landslides had hampered the rescue efforts of workers
searching for survivors.[17][40]300 people mostly labourers were given shelter in Chungthang
Gurdwara.Food was prepared in gurdwara langar with more than 600 hot meals at all meal
times.[41]

Indian former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, on 19 September, announced ₹200,000
(US$2,700) as ex-gratia to a family member of those killed in the earthquake and ₹100,000
(US$1,300) for seriously injured. ₹50,000 (US$660) for those grievously injured and ₹25,000
(US$330) for those with minor injuries was announced by Sikkim former chief minister
Pawan Chamling.[17] Rescue and relief operations resumed in Sikkim since early in the
morning on Tuesday with the weather showing signs of improvement. Road opening parties
succeeded in restoring communication along NH31A and work was continuing to repair the
North Sikkim Highway to Mangan and Chungthang. Fifteen helicopters were pressed into
service to evacuate casualties and deploy rescue and relief columns in the affected areas of
north and west Sikkim.

Lt Gen Bikram Singh, GOC-in-C, Eastern Command, also visited the earthquake-affected areas
and met his senior staff officers to discuss the progress of Operation Trishakti Madad, the
massive operation launched by the Army's 33 Corps to provide relief to those affected by
Sunday's earthquake.
According to the Army, nearly 2,000 civilians are being provided shelter at eight Army relief
camps at Gangtok, Chungthang, Pegong and Darjeeling. There are 400 others who have
sought shelter at relief camps set up by the Indo-Tibetan Border Police. Several children from
these camps even returned home on Tuesday and attended school

On Monday, when weather improved, Special Forces personnel slithered from helicopters into
affected villages. Medical camps were set up and arrangements were made for casualty
evacuation

21 engineering columns of the Army succeeded in restoring partial road connectivity to parts
of north Sikkim on Tuesday. Telecommunications and power lines, that snapped due to the
earthquake, were also restored.

In spite off all efforts, the highway to Gangtok remained badly affected due to landslides

See also

List of earthquakes in 2011

List of earthquakes in India

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External links

Rediff.com: 40 killed in Sikkim quake; relief ops hit by landslides (http://www.rediff.com/ne

ws/slide-show/slide-show-1-sikkim-quake-toll-rises-to-40-releif-ops-hit-by-landslides/2011
0919.htm) (slideshow)

The Mw 6.9 Sikkim-Nepal Border Earthquake of September 18, 2011 (https://www.eeri.org/

wp-content/uploads/Sikkim-EQ-report-FINAL_03-08.pdf) – Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute

The International Seismological Centre (http://www.isc.ac.uk/) has a bibliography (http://

isc-mirror.iris.washington.edu/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=17238846) and/or
authoritative data (http://isc-mirror.iris.washington.edu/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?event_id=17238
846&out_format=IMS1.0&request=COMPREHENSIVE) for this event.

ReliefWeb's main page (https://reliefweb.int/disaster/eq-2011-000136-ind) for this event.

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=2011_Sikkim_earthquake&oldid=105401326
6"

Last edited 1 month ago by Bada Kaji

Wikipedia