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• Adhesion (bonding) is the phenomenon that occurs when two

surfaces are pressed together, either a pure normal force (load)
under combined normal and shear forces.
• Cohesion represents the atomic bonding forces
associated within the material. Experimental examples for
Origin of friction.Mp4
• Adhesion can be either desirable or undesirable. In many
engineering applications such as sliding and rotating
machinery, adhesion is undesirable.
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• Surface roughness limits the contact area of solid
surfaces. Fig. 3-2
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• Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) first proposed the
concept of friction (The Father of Tribology)
• Later, Amontons (1663-1705), also carried out a series
of experiments and established the friction laws.
• John Theophilius Desanguliers (1683-1744), Leonard
Euler (1707-1783)
• Subsequently, Coulomb (1736-1806), based on his
further experiments, developed Amontons’ work and
derived three classical friction laws as follows.
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then we
have
𝑾
𝒔
𝒔
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• Suppose that the peak shape is a semi-cylinder; the contact
area consists of two parts.
– One is the cylindrical bottom surface, which is the
adhesive effect area where the shear takes place during
sliding.
– The other is the cylindrical
front end, which is the
plowing effect area. During
sliding, the soft material is
pushed forward and to the
side by the hard
peak(cylinder).
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F = T + Pe= A b +Spe
where T T = A b
– Pe Pe= Spe
– A
– b
– S
– pe
• b

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• Pe
T.

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 b= 0.2 s.Then, the calculated friction coefficient f = 0.2.

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–  ,  > 1;
–k
•  and k

–  =0
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• As per the equation above

Compared with F/A,W/A is very small and can be ignored.
 b =  s ;
2 2
 =  s / b
2 2

• Because most metals meet with the condition  b = 0.2 s, by

using Equation above, we have  = 25 Experiments
show   25, and Bowden et al. took = 9
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• Suppose the shear strength of the film  f = cb
– where c is the coefficient less than 1
–  b is the shear strength of the material,
• Using the equation of equivalent stress and
considering shear strength of the film, :
 +
2  2
=  2
f s

• As per the second extreme condition above,

 s2 =  b2 = 2  2f
c
• Thus, the revised friction coefficient is equal to
f c
f = =
  (1 − c 2 )1/ 2
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f
f =
s

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2
8
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Fig. 3-14 Reduction in asperity contact under sliding as compared to

static conditions.
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