• Explain the first law of motion.

• Apply Newton’s three Laws of Motion to practical situation.

• Solve problem using the three laws of motion.

When objects are moving in a single direction we may observe

that these objects will eventually come to a stop. According to Isaac
Newton, an English scientist born in 1643 when objects tend to stop
because of an external force exerted to the moving object.
In this section you will develop an understanding of Newton's First
Law of Motion and what forces are involved in moving objects.

Identify the following words based on the given statements below.

1. It is a change in position with respect to a reference point.

2. The changes the state of motion of an object.

3. A force that oppossses the motion of an object.

4. It is the speed plus direction.

5. It is the rate of change of velocity per unit of time.

Newton’s First Law of Motion

SDO Rizal 1
All rights reserved
 The figure below shows an accident involving a car driver and a
passenger. The car driver suddenly steps on the brakes upon hitting
the barrier. You will notice that the passer on the back seat was thrown
forward the driver seat. What do you think causes this reaction?
The movement of the passenger inside the car is caused by a
force which is measured in terms of his mass called inertia. Isaac
Newton described inertia as a property of an object to retain its original
state when it is at rest or movement.

<http://austindhill.com/tag/inertia/>

From this principle, Newton formulated his first law of motion.

Newton’s First Law of Motion is also called Law of Inertia, according to
him:
“An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object
in motion tends to stay in motion, unless acted upon
by an external net force..”

To further understand the law of inertia let us do activity no. 1

Activity 1

Directions: The following illustrations show different concepts of the first

law of motion. Write your ideas in the appropriate spaces about what is
being show on the illustrations.
1. What will happen to coin as the paper is pulled away from the
glass?

SDO Rizal 2
All rights reserved
 https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/792563234405374776/
The coin will ____________________________ because of inertia.

2. What causes to bucket with sand to be more more difficult to be

pushed?

<https://www.miniphysics.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/inertia-pail-
withsand.png>

The bucket with sand is difficult to push because ________________.

3. What will happen to the mice when it stops running?

SDO Rizal 3
All rights reserved
 <http://insideenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/hamster.gif>

The mouse will _____________________________________.

4. What causes the marble to speed up and slow down?

The marble speeds up and slow down because of ______________.

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

A body at rest remains at rest, or, if in motion, remains in motion at
a constant velocity unless acted on by a net external force. This means
that an object will not move or stop if not acted upon by an external force
such as friction, gravity or any other. Friction is a force that tends to
oppose the motion of an object. Usually, friction is produced when two
objects are in contact with each other due to the molecular attraction of
atoms and molecules which made up all matter.

Our experience tells us that normally moving objects will tend to

stop after some time. This means that an external force acted upon these

SDO Rizal 4
All rights reserved
objects such as a rolling ball, sliding box and falling leaves. Objects with
greater mass is difficult to stop because the mas is the measure of an
object’s inertia. Consider the picture of a basketball and a boulder as
shown below.

<https://eso.mmo-fashion.com/boulder-giant-mossy/>

It can be noted that it is difficult to move the boulder rather than to

move the ball. It is because the boulders mass is greater than the ball
and therefore gives it more inertia that causes it to stay on its current
state of rest.

EXERCICES

Encircle the correct answer.

1. An astronaut in outer space away from gravitational or frictional forces
throws a rock. The rock will
a. (gradually slow to a stop)
b. (continue moving in a straight line at constant speed).

2. The rock's tendency to do this is called

a. (inertia) b. (weight) c. (acceleration).

3. The sketch shows a top view of a rock being whirled at the end of a
string (clockwise). If the string breaks, the path of the rock is
(A) (B) (C) (D)

SDO Rizal 5
All rights reserved
4. Suppose you are standing in the aisle of a bus that travels along a
straight road at 100 km/h, and you hold a pencil still above your head.
Then relative to the bus, the velocity of the
pencil is 100 km/h, and relative to the road,
the pencil has a horizontal velocity of
a. (less than 100 km/h)
b. (100 km/h)
c. (more than 100 km/h)

5. Suppose you release the pencil. While it is

dropping, and relative to the road, the pencil still has a horizontal
velocity of
a. (less than 100 km/h)
b. (100 km/h)
c. (more than 100 km/h)

Inertia. The tendency of an object to remain at rest or remain in motion.

Mass. The quantity of matter in a substance; measured in kilograms
Newton’s first law of motion. A body at rest remains at rest, or, if in
motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by a net
external force; also known as the law of inertia.
Friction. A force past each other of objects that are touching; examples
include rough surfaces and air resistance.
Net external net force. The vector sum of all external forces acting on
an object or system; causes a mass to accelerate.

SDO Rizal 6
All rights reserved
1. When an external net force acts on an object, the force _____
a. changes the motion of the object
b. is cancelled by another force
c. does not change the motion of the object
d. is equal to the weight of the object
2. The tendency of an object to stay in motion or at rest until an external
net force act upon it is.
a. frame of reference b. movement
c. relation d. inertia
3. A force that resists motion created by objects rubbing together is
______.
a. gravity b. friction
c. speed d. force
4. A tricycle,a car, a van and a bus are travelling at 30 km/hr. Which of
the vehicle’s listed above has the greatest inertia?
a. Tricycle ,because it is the
lightest. b Car,becauses it is the
fastest. c Bus,because it is the
slowest.
d Bus,because it is the heaviest.
5. A magician suddenly jerks a tablecloth out from under the dishes on a
table. This best demonstrates _____.
a. the action-reaction pair of forces
b. the dishes have inertia
c. gravity tends to hold the dishes securely
d. the dishes have no acceleration

To assess what you know after you have engaged with the lesson fill the
columns below with what you Know about the topic, what you Want to
know, and what you’ve Learned.
What I LEARNED What I want to LEARN MORE

SDO Rizal 7
All rights reserved
“Everybody perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly
straight forward, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by
forces impressed”

-Isaac Newton

1. States Second law of Newton.

2. Determine the relationship between the outside force acting on a
constant mass and the acceleration of the object.
3. Apply Second law of Newton to problem solving.

In the First Law of Motion, you were able to describe how

an object moves when the total outside force on an object is balanced.
This time, we will describe how the object will behave when the external
net force is not balanced. In addition, you will determine and apply the
relationship of Force, Mass and Acceleration.

Answer the following question. Underline your best answer.

1. (Friction, Inertia) the tendency of an object to stay at rest or in
motion.
2. (Balanced force, Unbalanced force) the sum of all forces acting on
an object.
3. An object having a greater (force, mass) have a greater inertia.
4. The passenger of a moving car is thrown (forward, backward) as
the car suddenly stopped.

SDO Rizal 8
All rights reserved
5. (Ping pong ball and baseball) are moving at the same speed which

one is more difficult to stop?

Have you observed why Eon car is pushed more easily than an
Isuzu truck? As you can think, the truck has greater mass than the
car so less force is applied to move a car than a truck that has a
bigger mass. But at high speed, a truck crashing a cemented barrier
can cause more damage than a car moving at the same speed. The
truck is bigger compared to a car, it needs a greater force to stop a
truck than a car and during collision the truck experienced a bigger
damage than a car.

Newton’s Second law of motion is known as the Law of

Acceleration. It states that the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the total outside force acting on the object and inversely
proportional to the mass of an object.
The direct proportionality between acceleration and force means
that an object accelerates faster when the force applied on it
increases. However, the acceleration decreases when the object’s
mass increases or the acceleration increases if the mass of the object
decreases.
The Law of Acceleration indicates that the massive or heavier the
object, the greater the unbalanced outside force needed to change the
objects motion. If more unbalanced external net force is applied to an
object, the greater the acceleration.
Such relationship of acceleration, force and mass can be expressed
mathematically as,

SDO Rizal 9
All rights reserved
 where: a = acceleration ( m / s 2 , cm / s2 ) m
= mass (kg, g)
F = Force (Newton N, Dynes D)
Note: 1N = 1 kg m / s2
1D = 1 g cm / s2
1N = 100,000 D

From the equation, a = F/m, we can also derive the formula for
computing F and also for m.

Activity 1
Law of Acceleration Objectives:
1. Apply the Law of Acceleration on a given situation.
Materials:
Ruler
Bond paper / notebook
Pen / pencil
Science book
Procedure:
1. Rewrite the table on your notebook / bond paper.
2. Show your solution and box your answer.
Complete the table below using the equations from the Law of
Acceleration.
Acceleration Force Mass
(m/s2) (Newton) (Kilogram)
Situation
A 4 ½
B 4 4
C 12 2
D 12 ½

SDO Rizal 10
All rights reserved
 E 2 500
F 800 1600
G 3 6
H ½ 6
I 50 25
J 1 5000
Guide Question:

1. What have you observed about the computed acceleration as the

mass of the object increases? decreases?
2. How about the force applied is it affected if the mass increases /
decreases? Why?
3. On what factor does the law of acceleration depend?

The Direction of Acceleration

Imagine a volleyball that is thrown to the right as shown by the

Velocity, V, along a flat floor as shown by Figure A below. At the
beginning, you would imagine that the ball rolls fast then slows down and
eventually stops. For simplicity, let us consider that the ball did not hit
any barrier.

Figure A

V V V=0

F F

a a

As the ball rolls on the floor, there is only one force acting on it –
Friction, given by the floor and is symbolized by F on the Figure above.
The force of the hand no longer acts on the ball as the hand is no more in
contact with the ball. The force from the hand was used to change the
state of motion of the ball as required in the First Law of Motion.

SDO Rizal 11
All rights reserved
 In this case, the Total External Force on the ball equals the Friction,
which is directed to the left. This Force is opposite the motion or velocity,
V, of the ball that causes the ball to slow down or decelerate. The
acceleration of the ball is directed to the left also since the Total Outside
Force is to the left.

When the Total External Force on an object is the same as the

direction of motion (Velocity) of the object, the object increases in speed

or the object accelerates. In this case, the acceleration, velocity, and
Total External Force have the same direction.

The direction of acceleration is always the same as the

direction of the Total Outside Force.

Activity 2 Direction

of Object’s Acceleration

Objective:

1. Show the direction of Force, velocity, and acceleration of a given

object.
Materials:
Paper / pen

Notebook
Procedure:

1. Copy and analyze the given figure below.

2. Fill out the table using the words Up or Down.
A tennis ball is thrown vertically upward and falls back down as
shown in the illustration. Give the direction of the Total External
Force, Acceleration, and Velocity of the ball at different positions of
its motion.
C

B D
SDO Rizal 12
All rights reserved
 A E
Total
Position Velocity Outside Acceleration
Force
The Law of
Acceleration in A Up
Various
B
Situations
C Zero Down Down
Let us use the
D
Law of
Acceleration to E
analyze and solve
more situations.

Sample Problem:

1. A vehicle weighing 1000 N is moving at the velocity of 40 m/s

suddenly stopped at a distance of 50.50 m. Calculate the constant
braking force exerted? Determine the direction of its acceleration?
Given: W = 1000 N Vi = 40 m/s

d = 50.50 m Vf = 0 m/s

Unknown: F = ? a = direction
m=W/g a = Vf2 – Vi2 / 2d
Formula: F = ma

Solution: m =W / g
m = 1000 N / 9.8 m / s2 but 1N = 1 kg m / s2

m = 102.04 kg a = Vf2 – Vi2 / 2d a = 0 – (40

m/ s)2 / 2 ( 50.50 m)

a = - 1600 m2 /s2 / 101 m

a = - 15.84 m / s2

F = ma

F = (102.04 kg) (-15.84 m / s2)

F = 1616.31 N

Answer: F = 1616.31 N

SDO Rizal 13
All rights reserved
 a= Negative ,direction is opposite to the original
motion

a = decreasing / decelerating

Activity 3
Force, Mass and Acceleration
Objectives:
1. Solve the unknown quantity from a given problem using
the equation of Law of Acceleration.
Materials:

Output Paper, Pen, Calculator

Procedure:

1. Copy the given problem on your output paper.

2. Use the GUFSA in solving or answering the problem.
Solve the following Problem:

1. A 75,000 g wooden box accelerate at a rate of 8 m/s 2.

Calculate the force exerted on the wooden box?

2. The 100 kg moving object is acted upon by an

outside force 50 N forward with an initial velocity of
1.2 m/s. After 2 s, what is the final velocity of the
object?
3. A force of 20,000 D is exerted to 8 kg concrete table
at rest. What is the acceleration and velocity after 3
s? 4. Calculate the acceleration of a pushcart
weighing
98 x 105 Dynes on a frictionless tiles if a force of 8N
acts on it to left side and another force of 6N acts to
the right side? Determine the direction of force?
5. A 250 N External net force is exerted to accelerate a
moving metal car from rest to a final velocity of 30

SDO Rizal 14
All rights reserved
 m/s in 15 s. What is the mass of the moving metal
car?

Law of Acceleration is also known as Newton Second Law of Motion.

It tells us that when there is an External net force acting on it, the object
accelerates in direct proportion to the External net force and in inverse
proportion with its mass.

The direction of the acceleration is the same as that of the External

Net Force.

An object decelerates or slows down when the External Net Force

acts opposite the motion of the object. It accelerates when they are of the
same direction.

Based on the Law of Acceleration, the following equations are

formed:

a= F/m F = m Xa m = F/a

Answer the following question:

1. A mass (m) of an object is accelerated by an outside force (F). If

the outside force is kept constant, and the mass is doubled, what
is the acceleration?
a. halved c. increased by ½
b. doubled d. decreased 4x
2. If the mass of an object is kept constant, what is the external net
force and acceleration produced
a. equal c. directly proportional
b. not affected d. inversely proportional
3. A 3500 kg vehicle is travelling at a speed of 60 km/h. What will be
the acceleration of the vehicle if it is stopped in 20 s by a constant
retarding force? What will be its direction?
4. A retarding force reduces the velocity of a 15 kg ball sliding on a
well -polished tiles from 15 m/s to 11 m/s in 2 s. Calculate the
force magnitude? 5.

SDO Rizal 15
All rights reserved
To assess what you know after you have engaged with the lesson fill the
columns below with what you Know about the topic, what you Want to
know, and what you’ve Learned.
What I LEARNED What I want to LEARN MORE

Love your work with honesty. It energizes yourself esteem.

Ramonita P. Florentino

 State Newton’s third law of motion.

 Identify the action and reaction forces in a given situation.
 Explain the behavior of action and reaction forces in a given
situation.

A force is a push or pull that acts upon an object as result of its

interaction with another object. As discussed in previous lessons, some
forces result from contact interactions (normal, frictional, tension and
applied forces). Some forces are the result of interaction at a distance.
According to Newton, whenever objects A and B interact with each other,
they exert forces upon each other. When you walk, you push the ground
with your feet backward, in return the ground pushes your feet forward.

SDO Rizal 16
All rights reserved
The forces exerted on the ground and on your feet are called action and
reaction forces and are the subject of Newton’s Third law of motion.

Identify the following words based on the given statements below.

1. Ability of a body to change in its state of rest or motion.

2. It refers to the overall change in position with respect to a reference

point.

3. It tells how far or how near an object has covered during its motion.

4. A force that opposes the motion of an object.

5. A push or pull which is the product of mass and acceleration of a

body.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Newton’s Third law of motion helps us understand what happens
when two objects come in contact, or interact with each other. If you
throw a stone down into pail of water, what happens? a splash of water
goes up. What causes the splashing up of water?
Newton’s third law of motion will explain the behavior of two
interacting forces. If you throw a small stone into the water, it’s going to
make a small splash. But if you throw a bigger stone, the splash will be
big enough. If you tested different sizes of stones, you will find out that
the size of the stone will match the size of the splash of water. In other
words, the action, which is the stone hitting the water, causes an equal
reaction with its splash.
Newton tells us that the size of the action and reaction are the
same, but the direction of these two forces are not the same. In fact, the
reaction is always in the opposite direction. That’s why the stone falling
downward sends a splash going upward. This interaction of forces is
explained in Newton’s third law of motion. The Law of Interaction

SDO Rizal 17
All rights reserved
states that in every action there is a reaction of equal magnitude but
opposite in direction.
The statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of
forces acting on the two interacting objects. The amount of force applied
to the first object is the same amount of force applied by the second
object towards the first object. Thus forces always come in pair. These
forces are the action force and the reaction force which are directed on
an opposite direction with an equal amount of force. According to the
third law of motion, If a body A exerts a force on the other body B, then
body B exerts an equal and opposite force on body A.
Mathematically, the Third law of motion can be presented as:

Illustration:

FAonB

A
B

FBonA

Activity 1
The Rocket Balloon

In this experiment you will create a balloon and straw rocket! You
will figure out how to shoot the balloon from the back of your house wall
and hit the house’ front wall. You will do this using a thread line as a
track for the balloon to follow. The line must be held steady and may not
be moved up or down during the experiment.

Materials:
Balloon Plastic straw
Tape (cellophane or masking) Thread
Procedure:
1. Insert a thread or any string in a straw.

SDO Rizal 18
All rights reserved
2. Attach one end of the thread/string on the wall and the other end on
the opposite wall with a tape.
3. Blow up a balloon and attach it on the straw using a tape as illustrated
below:

https://www.google.com/search?q=NEWTON%27S
4. The balloon should be let go when the time keeper yells “Go!” Observe
how your rocket balloon moves toward the the opposite wall.

Process Questions:
1. What made your rocket move?
2. How is Newton’s Third Law of Motion demonstrated by this activity?
Which object is accelerating? What provided the force?
3.Draw pictures using labeled arrows to show action and reaction forces
acting on a balloon while it is in motion.

Can you touch an object without you being touched by the object?
Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the first body
experiences a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
to the force that it exerts. These interacting forces is commonly observed
in nature, machines and space. Forces always occur in pairs, and one
body cannot exert a force on another without experiencing a force itself.
We sometimes refer to this law loosely as “action-reaction,” where the
force exerted is the action and the force experienced as a consequence
is the reaction.
Consider the illustration below of how action and reaction forces
takes place in sports. The athlete pushes the track backward,the track
exerts an equal and opposite force on the athlete,pushing him forward.

SDO Rizal 19
All rights reserved
 https://lehmansbaseball.wordpress.com/2012/06game-speed

Newton’s third law of motion.

 Whenever one body exerts a Force on a second body, the first body
experiences a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction to the force that the first body exerts.
 Action and Reaction forces always:
* come in pairs (action and reaction)
*are equal in magnitude
*are opposite in direction
*acts on different bodies (they don’t cancel each other)

I.Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. The action and reaction forces in Newton’s third law of motion:
a. act on different bodiesc. are not really equal
b. act on the same body d. are in the same direction

2. Which of the following best demonstrate Newton’s third law of motion?

a. bird pushing the wind downward in order to move upward.
b.cat chasing the rat.
c.your mother sweeping the floor.
d.the signal on the cellphone.

3. Newton’s third law of motion state that:

a.there is an unequal and unbalanced forces in nature.
b.an equal force is always pointing on the same direction.
c. forces acts on the same bodies in equal magnitude.

SDO Rizal 20
All rights reserved
 d. in every interaction,there is a pair of equal forces acting on the
two interacting objects.

4. Consider a fish swimming forward in the pond. Which of the following

describes the basic action/reaction forces between the fish and the
water?
a.The fish‘s fins pushes the water backward and the water pushes the
fish forward.
b.The only force is the activity of fish forward.
c.The force of the fish point upward while the force of water pulls
downward.
d.Forces point on the same direction because forces in liquid media
behave differently than forces in air.

5. The magnitude of forces in action and reaction is always:

a.opposite c. frictionless
b.the same d.uncertain

II.Solve the crossword puzzle by completing the sentences with the

correct word.

Across
1. Reaction always go on with __________ direction.
2. An action and its reaction is always equal in_________________.
3. Newton’s third law explains what happens when two object ________.

Down
4. Forces always come in pairs ,so each __________________has a
reaction.
5. The force of the reaction sends a reaction in opposite
_____________.
6. Every action and its reaction are ________________ in magnitude.

SDO Rizal 21
All rights reserved
 To assess what you know after you have engaged with the lesson fill
the columns below with what you Know about the topic, what you Want
to know, and what you’ve Learned.

What I LEARNED What I want to LEARN MORE

“Be kind,your kindness will be returned back to you, Respect others and
you will be respected, Give love and you will be loved.”
A.A.Justo

SDO Rizal 22
All rights reserved
References:
Nalda,Nora F.et.al.2004.PHYSICS- Science and Technology textbook for Fourth
year,revised ed.

Fernandez,M.,Pinones,A.,1996.Laboratory Activities (Text-Workbook) in

Science and Technology IV.PHYSICS

Ramonita P. Florentino, Liezel H. Fulgueras, Marissa SJ Gatapia,(2005),Hands and

Minds on Activities ,PHYSICS IV, BEC- based

Reprinted Edition,2007,2009..Revised Edition,2004..First edition ,1992,PHYSICS ,

Science and Technology Textbook for fourth year.

Alicia L. Padua, Ricardo M. Crisostomo, Lilia M. Rabago, Ph.d.,Science and Technology

(Physics) textbook for 4th year.

Salmorin,Villamil Gerona & Nueva Espana,Science and Technology IV today (Physics )

https://lehmansbaseball.wordpress.com/2012/06game-speed
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/279293614366963394/
https://www.google.com/search?q=NEWTON%27S+THIRD+LAW+OF+MOTION+BALLOON+AC
TIVITIES
https://www.cusd80.com/cms/lib/AZ01001175/Centricity/Dom

SDO Rizal 23
All rights reserved
References:

Reprinted Edition,2007,2009..Revised Edition,2004..First edition ,1992,PHYSICS ,

Science and Technology Textbook for fourth year.

Alicia L. Padua, Ricardo M. Crisostomo, Lilia M. Rabago, Ph.d.,Science and

Technology (Physics) textbook for 4th ye

Salmorin,Villamil Gerona & Nueva Espana,Science and Technology IV today (Physics )

Ramonita P. Florentino, Liezel H. Fulgueras, Marissa SJ Gatapia,Hands and Minds on

Activities ,PHYSICS IV, BEC- based

SDO Rizal 24
All rights reserved