For each of the questions, there are four possible choi Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice. 4: és és ds és Which of te following substances reacts with ammonium sulfate to give ammonia? A Tne © Carbon dioxide 8 Celcium oxide D. Hydrechloicacid ( In which of the folowing can sulfuric acid be found? | incar batteries | inbleaches IM in detergents A tony Band only © Land I oniy D Wand only t3 ‘Aluninum oxide reacts with excess amounts ofboth aqueous hhyroctlric acid and aqueous sodium hycroxice. In what way ae th two reactions te same? A. Agasis produced, B Asoluble salts formed © Avwhito prociitato i formed. 1 Weteris obtained as a product. ty Which ofthe following sobstions has thehighest concentration cof hydroxide ions? ‘A. Solution of pH © Solution of pH B Solution of pH D Solutionof pH12( |Whichof the following sa correct representation of a strong acid? A Hsieh B NaOH Nar+ OH © G,0,He2H+ C0, D_NaH,PO,— Nav + 2H PO ta Which ofthe following is correct representation of weak acid? ‘A HOW, H+ CID, B CHOH= CHO +H C GH{CODH =C,H,C00-+ Ht D_ NaliS0,-> Nar+ Ht + SO ie bh de Which ofthe follwing cations best represents th onic equation forthe reaction between lithium hysroxige and sulfuric acid? A Hs OF #0 B ar +S0P— 180, © LOH H+ HO +L D204 +4,80,-> 2H,0+ 80° (3 Which ofthe following equations best represents th ions equation for the reaction between aqueous lithium carbonate and aqueous siver tats? ALND» UNO, B LitAgt— Lite Ag C CO +2Ag*— Ag,CO, D Cop +4agr— 4g +60, +0 a ‘Which compound should not be usedto prepare magnesium chloride by reaction wth hydrochloric acid? ‘A Magnesium B_ Magnesium oxide Magnesium nate 1D. Magnesium carbonate to Which compound would nat produce copper( sulfate by reaction with sulfuric acid? A Copper B Copper) oxide © Copper carbonate D Copper hydroxide (0 Which comoound should not be used to prepare barium sulfate by reaction with suture aia? A Barium nitrate Barium chioride Barium carbonate Barium hydroxide on)dx 8x, wat Su dis be ‘Whichof the baakers shown below represents a concentrated solution ofa weak acid? A a fy ‘Selenium belongs to the same group inthe Periodic Table a5. suf Sutr forms the acid, sffuric acl. Whats the formula of slenic acid formed by seni? B HSeO, 0 Hse, (i A Seo, In which ofthe follwing reactions is ile nitric acid mot behaving as an acid? A. My 2HNO, > WafNO + Hy BFeOH) + 2HNO, > FelNO,), + 240 G- 2100,+ 2HNO, > ZnfNO3, + C0, +140 D SCu+BHNO,->3CuND,l+ NOHO = ¢ In whist of the folowing reactions is the motal oxide not behaving os abose? A. Mn AHCE-+ Ma 24,0 BAO, +BHNO,— 2NINO,, «34,0 © MgO 2NFCl—> MgC 2NH, +140 D CUOsINHASO,—> CuSD,+2NH+H0 9 ( Chromium metal reacts with oxygen to form chromium ‘taxi, C0, Chromivmtriaxide is solu ein waterand forms, 2 solution which turns Univers Indicator orange. Which of the following is tres of chromium tricxide? ‘A tis abasic oid, 8 iisanacitic oxide, © tis neural oxide D itis anamphceric oxide (> | Bn ‘The ionic equation for reaction is shown below: Co £0 C2004 se Which of tho following conditions will make this reaction take place randy? ‘A. Aquoous sium carbonate is added to limowator B Calcium sulfate is added to acueous sodium oarbonate. C Carbon dioxide is passed through aqueous calcium chloride, Calcium carbonate Is crystallised from its saturated scluton td ‘The sulfate sat ofa metal Mca be prepared by the following reaction: wt (Mis) +1,$0eq) > MSOf0q)+ Ho) For which metal woul she matod not work? A Bac 8 Iron © Barium D Abuminem = The ulate salt of ametal M can be peparedby the folowing reaction: sews... MPMaqh+ 80729)» MSO{s) For which metal would the mathad not work? A lead © Calcium 8 Barium D Magnesium = ‘Anexcessof lad carbonats reacts wth bot ttc sid and sulfuric ai. n what ways are the two reactions the sama? Waters formed, |. Agasis roduced, | Avwhito precipitate i obtained. A and only Blandi only © Wand only D Mandi t Which ofthe folowing pairs of reactants wil give @ neutral solution when they are mixed together in equal number of mmoles? ‘A. Sulfur acid and sodium oxida as BSuifurc acid end equeous lead nitate = Hydrochloric acid and calcium hydroxide 1D Hyrothorc cic and aqueous calcium hydroxide {ot Equal moles of each of the folowing substances were dissolved in an aqua volume of water. Which of hem wil form the solution withthe highest pH? A. Ammonia 8 Sulfurdoxide Potassium oxide Hydrogen chore {J2a. which ofthe odowing ves the adr ofinceaing oH of the solutions given that ail the soitions are of the same concentration? A Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, aqueous sodium hydroxide, cueous eau hyeroxide 8 Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, aqueous calcium hydroxide, aqueous sodium nyroxide Aqueous calcium hykoxide, aqueous sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric eo, suri aid 1D. Aqueous sodum nytoxide, aqueous calcium hyoxide, sulfuric aid nyrochloic acid } a, vwicrr ne toavrg iste ot al ecsin ues soit ‘A. They conduct electricity 8 They tun Universal Indicstr re They reac with all metas to give hydrogen gas. 1D. They react with ammonium salto give ammenia gas. Co Ges. vnc ote tollowng is not ou fal al? A Theyare lets. They urn Universe iat purple G They precitte tases tom many sat solos. They ect with amaniam sls to give armmoia ges. a XV and Z are three elements found in the third period of the Periodic Table, The properties of heir oxides are shown inthe following table: Properties ‘ide of X | Forms a saltwith aqueous sodium ‘ayroxide Oxide of | Soluble in hydrochlerie acid but insolubo in aquocus sium hydroxide (Oxide ofZ_ | Soluble in hydrochloric acid and aqueaus sodium hysroxide ‘Which ofthe following shows the order of inereasing proton ruber forthe tree elements? A XYZ 8 ¥.2X c Zxy DZYx an) isa colouiess quid withthe formula CH,SO,M. ts aqueous Solution eects according to the following equation: (H,SO,Hlag + NadlHteg) + CH,S0, Nala) +H,0() ‘What is aqueous Xehving 2 inthis reaction? A eid B Acitic oxide © Cartoxsie acid 1D Ampbwterc oxide ( When 2.0 ron? ofan acid X and 2.0 moY/dm® ofan alkali Y¥ ara mixed together, which of the Following is an indication that they hao roactas? A. Agasis given off B Avhite precipitate is formed.» (The raction mtu becomes hat. D The saktion mite changes cla C4 20. te biselow shows th rut of fern examen enced on wo ais, Xan, of equal concantaion x YY Conduit of ction aons Tams Torparatrechanga when exes aciraaced with 7 100 en? of 1 Omaltin® sodium hore eee a Hidogen gs rus apy | Hyirogn gas produced stowiy Recon wit magna wih rapdatevescone | wih gadualeffnescence Which ofthe following decuction can be made about acids K and Y? ‘A. Xisa weak acid while Via strong acid, 8 Xisastongacid while isa weak aod, Beth X and ¥ are strong aces, but imole of X gives 1 mole of hydrogen ions while 1 mole of ¥ gives 2 moes of hydrogen ons. 1D. Beth X and Vere strong acids, but * mole of X gives 2 moles of hydrogen ions while 1 mole of ¥ gves 1 moe of hyérogen ions. odSon 8a 8x2 ex Bo. Bos, Freshcistildveterhasapliot70,Afteritwasletstncngtor ashortine, hoc was obsewvedtohaveconpadtotoiow 70. Which of the following eauations best exolains the Phenomenon? a A HUH op B HDR H OH © DOy+ HCO)" 246 D_NH+H,O=NHy +H i ‘An aqueous solution contains a mixture of FL, Zn and Ca ons, Which ofthe following can be used to Seectvey precipitate the Pb ions from the mite? A. Aqueous suture acid B Aqueous potssium iodide Aqueous sodium hydroxide 1D Aqueous sodium caroonate (> hich ofthe fltowing methodsis mast suitable for precaring potassium chlorite? ‘A. Add excess potassium metal to hycrochore ac Ad excess sold potassium carbonate to hydrochloric acid, © Add equal volumes of aqueous potassium nitrate and ‘aqueous sogum chloride together. 1D Add equal volumes of 0.1 mol/én* sotasium hydroxide and1 molfim*hycrechior acid together. (| ‘Whi of to flowing mothods is most suitable for preparing ‘magresium ntrete? ‘A. Ad excess ito acid to magnasium oxi. iter and crystals the fiat. B_Addexcess magnesium carbonate tonic acid Filter and coystalie the fiat, {© Adjequal volumes of 0.1 mol/én?magnasium hycroxide ‘2nd 0.1 mln ive acid together, 1D_ Add oqua vlumos of aguoous magnasure chloride and frwenicsoelum nitstatagather and fitar (| Phosphoric acid FP0,] forms vrius sats with aqueous ‘sodium hyroeds Which ofthe following is atone of ho salts obtained? A. Na,PO, Na HPO, Bo NapO, S DNAPo {| In an actidont in a school ab, large sample of equeous sodium yroxide was spilt. Which substance, when added in excess, snot suitable for neitraliing the aia sil sit Teaves acorosive liquid? ‘A. Sodium carbonate B Gxalicecd © Sulfur acid 1 Sodium hycrogensuifate Co | | 826. on sine and so catonate react with due hyeoctac an what way ae both thes reactions the sare? RK Agmisiolessed, neve! 8 Witer ise product © Neutalston has occured, Both involve redox reactions. oo 857. which ofthe fling pis of aqueous reports i nat suitable fr preparing insoluble sais? ‘A. Sulfur acid and racium ebro Aluminium chloride and siver nitrate © Uthium caroonate ard ion sulfate 1D Barium hydroxide ard coppet sulfate co se. woven gap stows the changes in pH whan an excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to hydrochloric acc? A 8 c re 1 Voluse ot Gg aa ut vee onary 1 Votune of ol____"—=_, Hamasx, Ba a Yn. Which ofthe following is tus? ‘A. Awoak acd solution doos not have apt of 1 B_Astrong acd solution camot have pH of 5. C Wesk acd solutions only have pH values of to 6 Sanya cls ya pment Avie solid X dissolves in weterto give solution that urs ‘mati crange yellow. The solution obtainedreacts with ate sulfuric aa to give a gas. What is X ikely to bo? A. Colcium oxide B Sodium carbonate © Sodium hydoxide Caen carbonate = (4 Farmers who wich to increase the ritrogen content of sol can add ammonium salts as ferilisers, However, calcium thytoxide should not be axded atthe same time t the soi toneutalise ts aceity. Why is this 07 ‘A. Calcium hystoxide wil cause the soil to become too alkaline, 8 Calum hydroxide will edu the absorption of itrogon into te soil Calcium hydroxide will cisplace ammonia from the ammonium frie, 1D Calc hiyeoxie witreact with he ammonium fetser ‘oer nsolubla compounds and thus makes thenitrogen insoluble Co In an experimont, 10 on of 1 mol/dn® sou hax, ‘NaQ, i gradually added to Som of 1 mol/d hydrochloric acid, FIC), contzning methyl crange indicator Hen? O'all? Naot mee ‘Which change does mat oxcur inthe minture? A More water molecules are formed, B_Themetny orange changes colou. C Thetemperature increases slightly. The concentration af OH" ions in the final mixture is ‘greater than 1 mold. Co eter to the following to answer questions 43 1045, Ammonia fs manufactured industrially rom nitrogen androgen by the Habor Process usinga suitable catalyst according to tre equation 43H, == 2NH, - The olcwving graph shows the diferent yields of ammonia at cifferent teenporatues and pressures. 100 7] I I ao wo abo 800 1000 1200 “Total pressure in atmosphere Be. wien of he oovingis ott? ‘A. Rhigher percantage yield of ammonia can be obtained at higher pressures. 8 Ahigher percentage yield of ammoria can be obtained at lower temperatures. © Some ofthe ammonia formed wil docomposo to form bydrogon and nitegon, DAL the right conditions of temperature and pressure, allo the hydrogen ad nitrogen can be converted into ammonia cy 844, Whierctbeotowincontitesoftengeratie edocs vl ive the higbost parentage yield of ammonia? TemperaturerC | Pressure/atm A Ey 100 a 0 0 c 0 ED D 0 Co 84s, whit oft flowing aro te ofthe Haber Proms? 1 Nivogn sits to fom ame, + IL Thetyetogen i ctaind fam racing of petrotum. IW Amon fomod condensed ard ainda ii. IV Anvoncataletsusedto nace yitdof anon, Aandi oniy 8 Land oly end any D Wendiveny (Was. ncn othe tolowing dros creat the diferece Wo Bes Bee between hydrociloric acid and ethanoie acid of equal concentration? |A. Hydrochloric acid turns Univers! Indicator orange, but cthanoi¢ acid tums it 0, 18 Ethanoic oc reacts more toadily with aleohole to form estes than hydrochloric sc. Electrolysis of hydochiric acid liberates hekogen tthe cathode but not etanoic aid, D. Hytrochlricacié gives @ more vigorous reaction with caleium carbonata than ethane 2, Co In which of the folowing reaction is zine hydroxide mot tetavng as abass? A Zn + 2HCI-> Zach 2H 8 Zr\0H), + 2Ne0H — NazniOH, 4 © Srl OH, +240, 2nJP0,, +60 = D Zn(OH) INHY,S0,-» ZnS0,62NH, 24,0 { qual moles of anmonia, som oxide, hyérogon cheride and sulfur Goxide were each dissolved in eovl volumes of water Which of ta following dives the ord: of decreasing Bh ofthe soluions fumed? ‘Amerie, sodium oxi, trogen choi, sur cxt Sotiumands amen, sur diode, yirogen chloride yekogen clr, slur doi, anor, sodium xi Sulfur dioxide, hySrogen chloride, sogium axid, ammonia i C4 \Which of the following descrives corecty the diference betwen solutions of strong and weak actos of equal concentration? |. Strong aci solutions have higher pH than weak acid solutions Strong ac eolutions react with zine while weak acid solutiane do not Strong acd solutions concuet ect better than weak. 2c soutions. 1 Strongacid solutions require greater amount alal for nevirasation compared to weak acd solutions. , Yon Ws. The following graph shows the changes in pH when 1.1 moan aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to separate 50.0 on? solutions of 01 mol/én? hyoctlorc ack and 1.1 mold ethanoi aid Which ofthe following i tue? ~ A. The weak acid has a lower initial pl 8 Both reaction mixtures will end up with difforant pH values _Astrong acid.anda weak acid ofthe same concentration ‘quire the seme vo ume of alkali forneutraisation. 1D A etrong acid requires 2 greater volume of alkali for Peutralistion compared to a weak acid ofthe same concenration. (i The pH of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid is 3, Which of ‘hefollowing stv of the resulting tur ater the adition of excess aqueous lea ritzeto? (theses i A | Giowtes satin | tovonss 2 [wpe | ns © [tot soon | Unarad o White precipitate Unchanged a 2. Methanineisagas with the formula CHNH, undergoes ‘the following reection in water: CHIH, + HO CHK,’ + OH Which of the following is/are true about aqueous methylamine? | tetums tmus paper blue IL iteansists of CHK, and OH-ions ony IW te forms a blue precptete with copper sulfate A only B tony © andi only BD Wendwon'y (3ss, aqueousmethjamice H,CH eae whys ocd Ua ss toforma salt Which of he fli is the a foe? A OCkN, 8 OHA CY © CANT DCAM) Whit ofthe following methods produces the highest yield (of calcium sufao fram caleium carbonsto? A Addition of sulle cid B Addition of aqueous sodium sultate Addition of hytoctioric acd, followed by sufi acid Addition of hydrochloric acid, followed by barium saliate Coy A student mized two aqueous solutions of ionia compounds te time and made the observations as follows: Observations Solution A | Sofution B S620), | Mall03, | A precipitate obsored Magid, | NiCr0,, | A precipitate observed ‘A yolow precitat ‘MacrO, | PICO, eee goo, | calCanj, | Novisle change Which of the following can be concluded based on these observat ons? (Oni NiO, end Par ae insoluble Oni NO, and MgIC,) ae insoluble Srl.) NiO and PCO, re insoluble SA NC, PA, a0 ae ohti,— ( coan Asalthas he forula NHfe{S0,) 1210. Excess aqueous sodium hydroxide was added to an aqueous solution of the ‘salt in est tube end the mixtro was then warmed gent Which ofthe flowing would nat be obsorva? ‘A. A punoent gas was detected. B Atrovm precipitate wos obtained. © A green precipitate was formed which tumed trown raualy DA piese of moist rd litmus pans olaved atthe mouth of the test tube tuned ue, Co) IE EXTENSION QUESTIONS 8s. Ba. The ionic equation for areection i shown below. H+ OH HO. Inwhic ofthe following conditions would his rection take plane? A Ing hydrogen el ol : 8 Whonaqucousthanois acids added to oquems ethanol When caloum careonate i used to egucs the efct of acid rain 1D. When aqueous ethenoic acid is added to aqueous scum hyroxe co Which of the following pairs of reactants will not give 2 neural solution when thay are mixed together in equal ‘numberof moles? ‘A. Uilhium hydroxide and nitric acid = 8 Baium hysoxide and sulfuric acid Calcium hydroside and hyeochloi acid 1D Potassium code and tycrochloric acid) Inwhich rocton i etharvi aid mot bohavng 2¢ 9 typical acid? ‘A Mg: 2CHCOOH > Mg(CH,COO}- Hy & B CHOH+CHCOOH-> CH,COOCH, +0? © ZWOH},+ CHCOOH ~ ZniCH,COO), + 4,0 1D Ga€O, + 20H,CO0N — CefGHCOOH) + CO, +H,0 ( ‘Which ofthe followings true vwomolesofhydrochorc acid arg neutralised by one mote ofan alain aqueous solution? A. The alal i twice as concontvated a the acid. B The acd istwica as concantratod as he alkali CC Twomoies of elkali supply one mole of hyéroxde ions 5 ie Ae ieee he ions, FF two moles of an oliai ere netlist one le ofan 2c rages slut, which ofthe olin can be tho alli end the eis? Saou hydrox and iti cid Baum hydroxide end sulfuric acid Likium nei an sure aid Calcium fydrideandyrochlorcacid =)‘Which of the following daseribes incorrectly the difference between aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia of the same concentration? ‘A. Aqueous sodium hydroxide will show a higher pH than ‘aqueous ammonia, 8 Aqueous sodium hydroxide conducts electricity better ‘than aquecus ammonia Aqueous sodium hydronide reacts mare vigorously with ‘acids compared to weak altalis. Aqueous sodium hydroxide gives white precipitate with ‘aqueous calcium nitrate but aqueous ammonia doesnot Cy ‘A.0.1 mold aqueous ammonia solution is a very weak electrolyte. A 0.1 mol/dn®ethanoi acd solution is also a vary weakelectoyta However, when these two solutions ae mixed, theresutingreaction mixtures avery goodconductor of eloctriciy, Which of the folowing best explains this observation? ‘A. Ammonia causes more ofthe ethanoic acd molecules to clssacate to form ions, 8 Ammonia reacts with ethanoic acid to form CH,CONH, whichis a strong electrolyte C. The weak cic rd alkaliisneutalisadto form ammonium cetanonate, which ianses completely in water. The week acid and alkali is neutralised to form water ‘molecules which dissociate to form more Hand Oi, ("s95. A, Amountof NoHC0, used 100/230 1.04 120+ 160 x3}= 1.19 al ‘Amount of CO, produced « 1.19/2 « 0595 mol Amount of H,0 prosveas = 0.595 mol Volume of C0, produced = 0595 x74 = 14.28 dn? Volume of #0 producod = 14.28 cn? “otal volume of ges produced = 14.28 + 14.28 = 28.56 eB Ss However, CaO will react with and remove CO, and the water in tho water tough wil dissolvo tho wator vapour given of ‘hence, no gas wil be collected eventually jon Theme 3: Chemistry of Reactions \cids, Bases and Salts B, Ammonium sls react witha base such asa metal oxi ‘0 give emmonia ges C. Suilric acids usd in making detergents and felis 1 si as battery acid B_Alurinium ode is emphotericandreacts withboth acs ‘and alkalis to fom soluble sats 'D. pis moasure ofthe concentration of hydrogen ions in ‘solution. The lower the pl the higher the concentration of ‘the tydrogen ios. Comersely, the higher the pi, the higher ‘the concenzation of hydonide ions inthe solution. ‘A. A suong ci ionsesfullyin aqueous soltionto fom the hydrogen ons asthe only positve ons. Henge the equation waters represented by an inevesible sign C. weak acid does not ionse fully in aqueous solution ‘0 form the ions. The equation in water is represented by 3 reversible sign which indicates the prosence of both the acid 10. 1 2. 8. 4 molecules nd the dssositod isn solution. Propanccaxid (CH,CODH) is a weak carboxylic acd ‘A. This sa nourlsation rection between th hycoxida ins rom heal end the hyeogen ins fom the acid to forma water malecie . This isa procigitation reaction betweon tho carbonate fons and the silver ions to form a precipitate of silver carbonate. nt Be RRINE 5 acm C. Magnesium chloride is @ soluble salt and is prepared by reaction of acids with ether a metal, hase or carbonate. “Ther sno visible reacion between magresiun trate and hnyrachloric acid. Thee is also no undissolved soi left to indicat that all the acid hes reacted, ‘A. Copper sulfate is a soluble salt and is propared by reatsion of acids with either a metal, base or carbonate. However the cooner met! is uresctve and has ra reaction ‘with sulfuric acid C. Baris sulfate isan insoluble saft and is pronerd ty precipitation, Barium sulfate wil form an insolubo layer on hac carbonate and the reaction wil stop. D. Avweakacid(4X|isone vhs ony partly dissociated int sions Hand X-. Aconcentrated solution of aweakacid has ahigh concentration ofthe undissoriatd aid molecules, . Since selenium belongs to Group Min the Periodic Tate, it shows sinilar chemical popeties wth sulfur Sulfur forms the acid H,S0,, Setenia wil hus for HSa0, D. Atypical acid reacts witha reactive metal to forma salt and hydrogen 93s. in ostion , tha nitro acid forms a salt, nitrogen oxide and water instead. Hone, i has actually undergone reduction to form NO and is behaving as an ‘viding agent inthis reaction6 18. 1B. 18, 2, a. B ‘A. If manganasa{V) oxide ware 3 bese, it would have produced only a salt and water with an acid. The formation of chlorine andthe decrease in oedation state of manganese suggest its acting 28 an oxidising agent. BB. Since the solution tums Universal indicator orange, tis acid in nature, Cnly an acide oxide wil produce an ace solution in wator ‘A. This is the ionic equation of a precipitation reaction ‘volving 2n aqueous calcium compound and an aqusous carbonate compound. Limewter is aqueous calcium hyckoxde and wll tus form the caleum carbonate precptata ‘withaqueous sodium carbonate, Calcium suifateis insoluble ‘n aquoous solutions and cannot react with aqueous sodiuen carbonete. The other wo reactions are slow reactions. G. All the metas are high inthe reactivity series and wil react wth sulfuriacd. However, barium wil frm insoluble barium sulate stead ang coat the solé metal, nngerng futher reaction, - . Thisisthe ionic oquation ofa precipitation reaction, which is used to prepare insoluble salts. Since magnesium sufete is solube in water, this method cansot be used, A. Carbonates react with acto farm salts, carbon dioxide and water. In this casa, nivic ac gives the soluble lac!) nitvat, wile suri acid gives the nsolubie eal sulfate 28 white precipitate ‘A. Sulfuric acid reacts with sodium oxide according to the equation H,S0, rNo,0 = Na,S0,4H0 os Al Henao, when they are mixed in equal numb of los, thoy will ive a nett! sciutin of sal ‘©. Thohighost pl ia tho most alkaline aoltion. Potassium ida would have dissolved to form potassium hycraide, strong kal i we Has ‘A. oitisa measure ofthe concentration of yarogenionsina solution Tha owest pis ne most cic solution, tha highest Als the most alalne soliton, Sure acids edibasc acid ‘nd wil hae twice the concentration of hydrgon ons than tyoctorc acid Aqueous caleum hydrox ClO), Ca +2047 wil also give wie the concentration of hydroxide ions than aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOM —> Nar + OH) andis thus moe alkene. ‘A. Since acids contain iors which have been formed by dissociation of the acld molecules in water, ty aro slactrottes. B. There are strong alkalis which give pup solutions of Ciferent intensities with Universal indeatorand weakaxalis which give green solutions ‘ j | \ | | | | | | w a. B B. X is kely tobe an acidic oxide: Va basic oxide and 2 ‘an amphotoic ox. An ineeasing order of proton number ingicates a change from a metal to a non-metal. Hence, Y and Z aro ltely metals with 2 being alumiium, and X a non-metal ‘A. Aqueous socum hycroxde san alka nd the resultant ‘compound, CH,S0," Na, is salt, making the reaction one of neutralisation. Hence, we can deduoe that aqueous X is behaving as an acid hore. (©. When an acid and an alkali are reacted tngethes, only 2 soluble salt and water are formed, with no gas evolved. They will always form a soluble salt (since alkalis ere Broup | compounds), henes, no praciptsta is observed. The salt formed is colours, since Group | compounds are colourless. (A neutralisation reaction is actualy axothermic and would produce arise intemperstre B, X shows amuch higher conductivity, has atasterrateot reaction with magnesium andalmost comparable temperature chenge in neutatisaton, These indicate X isa strong acid and ¥ a weak acid. F beth X end Y wore strong acids of difforont concentration, then we would expect proportional differences in the observations C. When the pli ofa solution drops below 7, indicates the presence of an accic substance H* ions}. ince, the most Feely causa ofthis change is that carbon dioxide jan acidic xia} from the air hes dissolved into the water, forming a oak acid, a mat Ht BB. Aqueous potatsum iodide will precipitate the Ph ions ‘ut 3s insoluble fad) oid. 'D. Potassium chloride is soluba salt containing a Croup | ‘meta ion. Hance itmust be prapaed using precise amounts of ‘reagents with no excess of either using tation for exemple In this case, since both the eal and the ecid are of eaual concentration, then equal volumes ofboth willbe roquired ‘or complete neutralisation. B, Magnesium nitrate is soluble salt and can be prepared by reaction of acids with a meta, base or carbonata, An excess ofthe insoluble carbonate should be used so the faxcess sold can bo easily removed by fitration, D. Eachphosthoric acid molecule isle todissociate to gine upto 3 4 ionsin water. Hence, depending onthe amount of alkali added, itean fom 3firent salts, NaH,PO., NacHPO, and Nap, ° C. Sulfricacidisa stong acid andpresons hazard when it isadded in excess to the aka. Cxalicand tic acids ae both ‘weak acid, and sodium hydrogensuifate wil fam harmless sodium sulfate36. A. Zinc.will give hydrogen gas and zine carbonate will give a. 8 6 oi a 46 4 carbon dioxide with an acid . Aqueous soltions of barium hytroxide and copper) sulfate wil resto formtwodfferet insoluble sats, trium sulfate and coppethysroside, which cannot be separated easly for example, by ition. B. ‘The inital pH ofthe acid solution before any alkalis aided should he tess than 7. As the alkali i acti very (gadualy there is gradual rise in tha gH as more ofthe Ht ions ere neutrals. At he pont when most of the acid hes ben neutralised, thre wll be sharp rise in 8, which will continue hereafter ta increase gradually ul reaches he A oftheakal edd. woe 2st ahi ‘A. The pH of an acid solution is dependent on the concentration ofthe hydrogen fons present. A vieak cid solutian vil not have a pH of 1 even iit sin concentrated ferm ac itdoea nt cisaeciat to frm Hone, BB. Asolution that reacts with an ecid to give a ges is mast Fike tobe a carbonate (carbon dioxide evotved). Since X is soluble, X is mast ltly soaium carborate. ©. Calcium hydroxide is @ bese and will react with ‘amoniym sits to form ammonia gas, and thus reduces tne nitrogen content of the fertiisers. DD. Thore is an excess of the ala in the final micure as only 5 on? of i is required for complete neutralisation ‘with the acid, This excess amount af OH ions is now dissolved ina leger volume af solution (15 cm’, hence, thoir concontration should be lower than the initial ‘mols, see ge keane D. As the reaction is a rovrsite one there wil not boa 100%6comversionof the gasesto ammonia, though the il of ‘armenia may be maximised by appropriate choice of reaction conditions. at BB. A temperature of 300°C and a pressure of 400 em wil give a yi of about 77%, the highest compared tothe rst . The iron catalyst only speeds up the process an cannot ineroase the yield of ammonia. Nitrogen is reduced as ts cnidation number is reduced fram Qin N, to in NH, D. Hycecetore acid isa strong acid, while ethanoio acids awaak acd, which s only patialy issaciated Hence, wile tho two solutions have an equal concentration of the sci, there isa lower concentration of hydrogen ions in ethanaic acid, This will result in slower and thus lass vigorous reaction witha carbonate BB, Abase reacts with an cid or an ammonium sel ‘o form a Sait In this reaction, zine hydroxide reacts with sodium hydroxide, an ala, a an amphoteric oxida 8 B. Tho lowest pH isthe mast atic solution, 9 strong acid foes by hytogen chord hydrochon acih Sulfur de would have formed the weak sulfurous acid [H,S0,) ‘Ammonia and sodium oxide woud have formed the weak alkali (ammonium Fysronde} and strong alkali (sium Iycroxie respectively, ac . Strong aids cissaciate completely in water to form the respective ions, while weak acids are only partially dissociated. Hence, waak acid solutions have a lower conoentration of ions and are weaker electro, . The volume of alkali needed for complete reaction can bo read off at th point where thee is a sharp change in A, indicating all the acid has almost completly reacted and a ctop of excess alkali tums the maura alkane. For both acids the sharp change in pH occurs t the some 50.0 em! mak a 1B. Tho odkition of aquocus load nitroto will osu na precipitation reaction, forming led) sulfate as a whit Drecpitat. At the same tima, tha concertration of the hydrogen ions, measured as the pH ofthe solution, il be dcreasad duo to luton, Here, there wil bean increase in pH of the solution, . Thepresence of OH ons inthe reaction misty indicates thatitisalaline, and hence, wll xecpitat the cof motal ions from ther aqueous solutions. . Aqueous methylamine i alkling end thus the CHF, and OM- ions wll react with Hand Cr ions from the acid to form CHNHCZ and H,0. C. Cakium sufote isan inoible salt and is preparad by greciptton. However, calcium carbonate so isolbl Sulfuric acid wil react with the cerbonats to form calcium sullte. C. The reagents are ail sats and the observations of reciptates indicate tht precoitation of insole salts has ‘cured inall but on ofthe cases. Reston 4 incest that Mg(Ci0,, and CaCO, ar soluble, since no ppt is observe. Hence, i reactions 1 to 3, the pt cbseved are those of Sli, Nil) and POC, respectively The salt consists of Ni, Foard SO,-insin tho ratio of 11:2 Hence, the armarumiors wl ect withthe all ‘a frm ammonia gas, and the iron ions wil greciotate ‘ithe alata frm brown rl xe. . This isthe ionic aquaton of @ neutralisation reaction involving an acid and an alkali to form a salt and water Henge, aqueous ethanoic acid wil act with aqueous sodium hydroxide to give sodium ethanoate and water81 . The nications that oneinoe of each ofthe akal and ‘he acid mus supply the same nur of rele of hogan and yeravide ons respective Hower creole of cleum tyroade supplies two mates of hydrexide ios, while one tToleofhydrchlrcecid supplies aniynemole ofhyerogen B, Atypicalacid roacte with abase/elealito forma sot and ‘water. baseslkalls metal oxide or hydroxide. In aption B, CHLOH is an organi alcohol (methanol) Hence, this is sctually an esttfication reaction of an organic acid with an ‘alcohol to form an ester and water . Tho onic equation for neutralisation reaction iH + OH =H. Two mle of hycrocorc acid supply two moles of hydrogen ion, whch ail his require two mols of nycroxide ‘ons forcomplate reaction. Hencs, one mle ie alkal must supaly two moles of the hydrox ions forreetion . Te newtsaton reaction requies equal amounts of hydragan ons and hydroxide ins for complete reaction +0 14.0) tho ala canbe represent as MIOH], ard the aid as HX, thon the molto this eacons moles of MOH), 1 mole of HX, or2nmals of It: m tales of We can thus doduoe tet 2n= Hence itu tyro, LDH r= 1), end suture ac H,S0, (m2) fuis ‘is equrement , Aquoous sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali, while ‘aqueousammonia isa weakallal Ther rezctons with acs ‘re rot vigorous as no gases are evolved Henes, there iso cbsonable visible ifference. 4: as G. Tho rosulting reaction mixture becomes a good lactolyts, incieating an increased presence of ion, Sinco aqueous ammonia isa weakallal and ethanoicaci solution ‘sa weak acd, they can react to form ammonium ethanoate salt, which most key cissociais easy to fom ammonium ions and ethanoateions, making the reaction mixture 2 good electalyte.