Approach and Methods Summary

The grammar translation method it is not a new method , it has been used by language
tecahers for many years under different names . Firstly ,it is also called the classical method because
it is used in the teaching of calssical languages such as Latin and Greek . Today , this method is used
to help students read and appreciate foreign langauge literatüre . Moreover , with the grammar
studies in the target language , The student will better understand the grammar of their mother
tongue and the closeness will ensure that the mother tongue is written and spoken better . Finally ,
foreign language teaching helps stıdents’ intelligence development . Perhaps students will never use
the target langauge they have learned , but they will see the benefit of mental work . The aim of the
tecaher who uses the grammar translation method is to enable students to read written literatüre in
the target language . To teach students grammar rules and vocalbulary . Providing mental exercises
that will improve students’ minds . The teacher is the authority . Students believe that by doing what
the teacher says they will get what he / she knows . Students are taught to translate from one
language to another . The subjects they trasnlate are usually about the culture of the target
language. Students are given precise grammar rules , memorization is required . These rules are then
applied to the samples . They learn gramatical conjugation lists as well as verb conjugations . Most of
the interaction is from teacher to student . The interaction is not initated by the student or there is
very little student-student interaction . Written language and literary langauge are considered
superior to spojen language . Therefore , students study more written language . Culture consists of
literatüre and art . Grammar and vocalbulary are emphasized . Reading and writing skills are
important . Pronunciation , speaking and listening are not given much importance . Students use
their mother tongue to understand the menaing of a sentence in the target language . Generally ,
students use their mother tongue in the classroom . Written translation tests or comparisons are
mostly used in the evaluation . More questions are asked about the culture and grammar rules of the
target language . It is very important for students to get the right answer . If the student makes a
mistake or does not know the answer , the teacher gives the correct answer.

The direct method is also not new . Its principles have been applied by language teachers for
many years . It has the purpose of learning how to use the target language for communication . The
direct method has become popular because the grammar translation method is not very effective in
students use of the target language . The main rule of this method is that translation is not allowed .
In the method , meaning is directly created using visual aids and demonstrations . The purpose of the
direct method to teach students how to commmunicate in the target langauge . To teach students to
think in the target language . The teacher directs the activities , but the students are more active
than the first method . Teacher and students appear more like partners working together . It is
believed that students should associate directly with the target language and meaning . In order to
achieve this , the teacher explains a new word in the target language with pictures or gestures ,
never in the mother tongue . Students learn to communicate as if they were in a real situation . The
direct method is presented to students with a situation or a topic . Grammar is taught inductively ,
not by rules , but by examples . Exact grammar rules are not given . Students do their vocalbulary
work in sentences . Interaction can begin in either of two ways . Termination is under the control of
the teacher . A student can also communicate with another student in the target language . The
language is spoken first , then written . That is why students work collaboratively every day by
speaking in the target language . The history , culture , geographies and Daily lives of people speaking
the target language should also be studied .

The audio lingual method , like the direct method , is a speech – based approcah . However ,
instead of working with real case examples that emphasize vocalbulary , in the audio lingual method ,
students are taught grammatical sentence structures . It has a theoretical foundation in the
linguisitics and psychology . Also called the Michigan method . First of all , ,t is necessary to adapt and
help students in a way that they can respond to stimulu correctly . In this way , students can
overcome the habits of their native language and organize new habits for the tarhet language .

The purpose of the audio lingual method is to enable them to learn to use the target
language in order to communicate . Students should reach the level of using the target language
automaticallly without wasting time to think . Students should develop new habits in the target
language and get rid of the old habits of theit mother tongue . The teacher is like an orchestra
leader , manages and controls studnets’ use of language . It should be a good example for students to
imitate . Students follow the teacher’s direction and answer as quickly and accurately as possible .
New words and structural examples are given through dialogues . Dialogues are learned through
repetition and imitation . Teaching techniques are given depending on the excamples in the
dialogues . Successful answers of students are praised . Grammar is conveyed through the examples
given . Grammar rules are not presented explicitly . Cultural knowledge can be presented through
dialogues . Students’ reading and writing actvities should be prepared on the basis of their previous
speaking and listening studies . There is student-student interaction when they take part in the
‘’chain drill ‘’ method or dialogues . But this interaction is initated and managed by the teacher . Also
teacher – student interactions are also mostly initated by the tecaher . The appearence of the
language in the audio lingual method was influenced by the definitons of linguists . Each language
has its own special system . This system has some parts : phonological , morphological , syntax . Each
section has its own distincitve qualities .

Hazal Oğuz

200561067

ELT/3