Ns Architectural R 716 Bo Stu of T

c1a4
A •THE-AP^CHITECTURALIVEVIEW- xni
CONTENTS
THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW
li.S.VoL. VIllNo' I
July. 1918
V-6 /) TEXT -/j/^.
Subject Author PiiKc
"Shallow Brook Farm," The Estatk of Mr.
J. C. Baldwin, Jr., at Mt. Kisco, N. Y
The Function of the Designer "
in the Busi-
ness" of Architecture, Part III II oumrd Du'ighl Smith
I'almerton, a Manufacturer's Experiment in
Housing for Unskilled Wage-Earners Rall)h F. Warner
CJOVERNMENT WAR HOUSING, PaRT HI, A LiST OF
THE Allotments Made by the Department
OF Labor 11)
Editorial Comment o
REGULAR PLATES
Title Architect Plat£9î
"Shallow Brook Farm," The Estate of Mr. J.
C. Baldwin, Jr., at Mt. Kisco, N. Y. Ex-
terior and Interior Views of the House
AND Gardens, the New Music Room and
Banquet Hall Ee/ijamin Wistar Morris 1-X\ 1
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY
THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW COMPANY

RALPH F. WARNER, President FRANK CHOUTEAU BROWN. Edii
AT THE editorial AND PUBLISHING OFFICES It.

i^L
144 CONGRESS STREET, BOSTON *i>
'ri
advertising offices 1'^

681 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 58 EAST WASHINGTON STREET,
^^1
CHltAGO
JAMES A. RICE, Western Representative
Copyright, 1918, by The Architectural Review Company
BOOK NOTES
"A History of Architkcturk," by I'iskc Kimball tend somewhat to confuse the general student, because,
and (1. H. Edgel!. O21 pages; 5>4 inches by 8 inches; especially in the use of the illustrations, it does not
,517 illustrations. Price, $3.50. Published (in "Har- maintain as clearly definite and separate fields a.s can
per's I'"ine Arts Series") by Harper & Brothers, New be maintained only by definitely a\oiding emphasis on
York. "transitional" periods. In the mere endeavor to render
each chapter definitive and complete, the clear course
Arranged in fourteen chapters, each followed by a of progress of the arihitecture of the world, from primi-
bibliography and table separating the \arious periods ti\e times down to the present day, becomes somewhat
and classifying the more important buildings, this new oLscured. An occasional lack of balance or perspectiv e
volume makes a more complete and up-to-date archi- also appears — as in the large amount of space given
tectural history than has yet been available for general to the (lerman Gothic, in comparison with the briif
use. As such it should meet an actual and established disposal of the much more imjiortant French Flam-
need, that is not now adequately nor as well supplied. boyant period. .\ laudable attempt is made to bring
-As it stands, however, the book w'ill
probably belter the book completely down to date b>' trenching on
serve the individual somewhat conversant with the sub- such dangerous and debatable ground as is otTeretl by
ject
—already partially trained, as it were rather — chapters on "Modern" and ".\merican" architecture.
than the entirely [rc>li and uninstructed general reader, .\ glossary is appended as an aid to the reader unac-
to whom certain portions of the te,\t will undoubtedly customed to the technical terms employed. On the
appear over-technical in meaning and terms. whole it is the most ambitious work dealing with the
Kor lext-bookJ[ purposes its very completeness may subject within a small compass yet published in the
Jje found to'somewhat detract from its value,'and it may United States.
nv •THE •AP.CHITECTURAL- PREVIEW-
^^^^^^^^|^^^V*M^,. _
THE-ABoCHlTECTURAL-IVEVlEW- XV
CONTENTS
Vol. VII, No. 2 August, 1918
TEXT
Subject Author Papc
A New Notk in Architecturai. Rendering Frank Chouteau Broun ... . .21
Illustrating the Varied Work of Mr. Hugh Ferriss
Residence OF A.L.Searle, Esq., Minneapolis, Minn . 2(>
The Solution of an Unusually Difficult Grade Problem

A Survey of Existing Colonial Architecture in
Maine, The Township of Kittery, Part I Frederic Hutchinson Porter ...29
Being the First Report oj the Architectural Review Amer-
ican Traveling Scholar, igi8
The Function of the Designer in the "Business"

OF Architecture, Part IV Howard Dwighl Smith 3.^
The Concluding Sections of the First Scries of Mr.

Smith's Articles
Bay Point Garden Suburb Ralph F. Warner . . .-
,55
A Manufacturer's Housing Project on the Pacific Coast

Government War Housing, Part IV ,V)
Property Values and Ownership Problems

Editorial Comment 40
REGULAR PLATES
Title Architect Phites
Renderings Hugh Ferriss XVII- XXII

Portraying a Variety of Subjects, Architectural
and Otherwise
House of Mr. A. L. Searle, Minneap-
olis, Minn Trowbridge cr Ackerman . .XXIII-XXVITI
Photogra phicViews of the Exterior and Interior
*
The Residence of C. A. Belin, Esq., Wav-
erly, Pa R. W. Snyder, P. B. Beliii XXIX-XXXI
Exterior and Interior Photographic Views
published monthly by

RALPH F. WARNER, President FRANK CHOUTEAU BROWN. Editor
AT THE EDITORIAL AND PUBLISHING OFFICES

144 CONGRESS STREET, BOSTON
advertising offices
681 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 58 EAST WASHINGTON STREET, CHICAGO
Copyright, 1918, by The .Architectural Review Company

XIV •THE •AP.CHITECTUPvAL- REVIEW-
For the
Mansion
or the
Bungalow
Kesidiiiit of Mr. Robert J. Allyn. Hartford. Conn.
Wâterproofed Stucco will always be the distinctive

material for home building
The beautiful effects which can be obtained by the use of White Stucco
for home building are generally admitted by architects everywhere.
The variety of treatments which can be given to stucco is almost unlim-
ited, and by the use of stucco the architect can always design a home
which will be in absolute harmony with its natural surroundings.
Hut to give permanently satisfactory re- For all your stucco work specify Medusa
sults,stucco must be waterproofed at White Portland Cement and Medusa
the time it is applied. Waterproofing. Medusa White is the
Medusa Waterproofing (powder or paste) original White Portland Cement.
produces waterproofed stucco that will Medusa Waterproofing is the original
not discolor or crack. It concrete waterproofing
makes
proof
resisting.
it
absolutely damp-
and weather- MEDUSA
f |WATERPR.OOFINC |%
material. Both have stood
the test of time and experi-
ence. Specify Medusa.
The Sandusky Cement Company

Cleveland, Ohio
Write to Dept. f for book-

let "//o^v to Make Comretc
Waterproof Jt is full of
information Ti'hic/i you will
I'ant for reference.;
Bungalow of C. C. Phillips. Tallahassee, Fla.

•THE •AR.CHITECT URAL- REVIEW- ^ XV
mm^
CONTENTS
Vol. VII, No. 2 August, 1918
TEXT
Subject Author Pafre
A New Note in Architectural Rendering Frank Chouteau Brown ....... 21
Illustrating the Varied Work of Mr. Hugh Ferriss

Kesidence ofA.L.Searle, Esq., Minneapolis, Minn 20
^^
The Solution of an Unusually Difficult Grade Problem
Maine, The Township of Kittery, Part I Frederic Hutchinson Porter . . .
.29
Being the First Report of the Architectural Review Amer-
ican Traveling Scholar. iqiS
The Function of the Designer in the "Business"

of Architecture, Part IV Howard Dwighl Smith 33
The Concluding Sections of the First Scries of Mr.
Smith's Articles
Bay Point Garden Suburb Ralph F. Warner 35
A Manufacturer's Housing Project on the Pacific Coast
Government War Housing, Part IV 39
Property Values and Ownership Problems
REGULAR PLATES
Title Architect Plates
Renderings Hugh Ferriss XVII-XXII

Portraying a Variety of Subjects, Architectural
and Otherwise
House of Mr. A. L. Searle, Minneap-
olis, Minn Trowbridge b" Ackerman . .XXIII-XXVUI
Photographic Views of the Exterior and Interior
'
The Residence of C. A. Belin, Esq., Wav-
ERLY, Pa R.W. Snyder. P. B. Belin . XXIX-XXXl

AT THE EDITORIAL AND PUBLISHING OFFICES

ADVERTISING OFFICES
Copyright, 1918, by The Architectural Review Company

X>T •THE'AILCHITECTURALIVEVIEW-
© T. H. M.
Use "Old Faithful"
HEMLOCK
For framing, rough boarding,
rough flooring, patent siding—

in short, for general purposes
as rough lurnber. None is
more adequate though some

are more expensive.
Investigate.
THE hemlock: manufacturers and Upper Michigan)

{of IVisconsin
Offices, 310 F. R. A. Building, Oshkosh, Wisconsin

We spread the Aood news about "Old Faithful" HEMLOCK but
we do not sell it. Get it from your LOCAL LUMBER DEALER
•THE-ABoCHlTECTUPvAL-P^VIEW- /*. XI
CONTENTS
Vol. VII, No. 3 September, 191 8
TEXT
Subject Author Page
The Origin of the Plan of Washington Fiske Kimball 41
A New Theory, Here Firsi Publicly Advanced, on an
Always Interesting Topic •
A Summer Home on Long Island 46

Designed to Enable the Owner to Live Out-of-Doors at all
Times
Maine, The Township of Kittery, Part II.
The Cutts and Bray Houses Frederic Hutchinson Porter ... .47
A Continuation of the Monthly Reports of the A rchi-
tectural Review American Traveling Scholar, igi8
Stevenson's Monterey William Winthrop Kent 52
A Glimpse at a Fast Vanishing and Romantic Period
on Our Western Coast
Union Park Gardens, Wilmington, Del M.S. Franklin 56
A Government Housing Project for Ship-workers
Government War Housing, Part V 59
Recent Significant Happenings in the Government Program
REGULAR PLATES
Title Architect Plates
Residence for George E. Ide, Esq., Locust
Valley, L. I James Gamble Rogers. XXXII-XXXVIII .

Ccjlonial Architecture of Kitte*ry, Me XXXIX-XLIV
Exterior and Interior Measured Drawings oj
the Cults and Bray Houses and Their Details
Studio Cottage of Miss Lillian C. Brown,
St. Louis, Mo Roy C. Price XLV, XLVI
Photographic Views

AT THE editorial AND PUBLISHING OFFICES

advertising offices
Copyright, 1918. by The Architectural Review Company

XII •THE -ABoCHITECTUPkAL-IU: VIEW-
CLiiimnc^y Ocoois
i.
How io piGvcnr mem

is no
philanthropy the front surface of the com-
THERE in
attempting heat to all bustion chamber.
outdoors by way of your chim-
With the Burnham, there is
ney.
a flue betiveen each section, on
Boilers are sup-
popularly each side. Each section is
posed to be sieves that separate
the heat from the coal. equally heated.
the finer
These side flues lead from
then,
that
Logically,
sieve — up to a certain
the lower to the upper
story,
clogging point
— the more
where the three times back and
forth fire travel begins.
heat.
Most boilers have either one This fire travel is the finest
or two openings at the back, sieve. So thoroughly does it
between the combustion cham- siftout the heat, that the aver-
ber and the flues. The natural age smoke pipe is seldom too
hot to hold your hand on.
tcndencyof the gases in the com-
bustion chamber is to be drawn Which ends Chat Number
towards these openings, result- Tbh lifting tke lidshowi the passage
ofgases from
tiie lower to tie uffer story andthetkreetimes back Eight, of which there are nine
ing in a decreased efficiency in
^
and forth fire tra'vtl, hefweeniuater-filled flues. more tO foiloW
ofdL
&Ptirnham^
Irvington, N. Y.
Representatives in All Principal Cities
•THE •AB.CHITECTUKAL- PJL VIEW- XI
mmj^MMf^^M
CONTENTS
Vol.. VII, No. 4 HosiMTAi. Number October, 1918
TEXT
Suhjnct Aiitlidr
Page
'I'lIK .\l)\ A.NCK OK Ilosi'l lAr. l'l,.\.\.\[N(; A.NM)
K(;rii'.\ii:.N r l)ii;i.\(i iiik Last 'I'iihity
Vi;ai!.s 1,'lrliiinl /•;. Srlnii.'ull .... .r.l
.1
/lihii
('oiiiprclH'iiHirc /)i.sni.s,si(m. of
Practice, with Forty-four I II imt rations
Modem Ilos- 4
of PhtUN, Pidures and Details of fonxlnir-
lioii.
'I'llliKK r.sEFrr, Tvi'KJS OK Gk.NKK'AI, lIosiMTAl.

I'f.A.Ns 11V///7// ('. Hit! M
Descrihiiuj three different kinds of iridely
arailahle hospital plan,s.
(;()VKI!.\MK.VT WaI! HolSI.NCi. Pakt VF ,S.")
TJie A'eiv Policies of llie

Sliippinij Hoard.
KlHTOlM AT, Co.M .M KNT ^()
REGULAR PLATES
Title Architoft I'hitc
Dkcatii; &• jMacox Co. Hosimtal, DECATru, Ij.i... .ilirhnnl H. Srhmidl .\I,\'I I.
J'holofjraphic Inferior Vieirs, etc. (see also Harden & Martin XLIX.
Iia(/es (>2-V)^> for exterior and floor plans). LV, LXXII
CiiiCAOd Lvj.N(i-i.\ Ho.siTi'AL, Ciri(A(io, Ir/r llichnrd E. St-hniidl XLVIl.
Photographir Interior Views (see page (51 for Harden Martin XLN'I L <.(• I
view of Exterior). L. LI
.Massachusetts Homeopathic Hosi'itai, (lion- .. Kendall, Tai/lor li: To. ..XLVIir.
iNSON Me.mobiaj. Buildi.ng), Boston, JLvss. LU.
Photographic Views of Interior. ÂV, LV
WattsIIosi'ital, DiJiiiAAr. X. C Kendall, Taylor d- Co XLIX
View of Operating Room.
Ue.nmamix Stickxev Caulk irK.\i()i;iAi. Ho.s-
PiTAL, Ipswicir, Mass Edward F. Sterens. . L. LI f I. LI\'
Interior Photographic Views.
FiiEED.ME.N-'s H0SPITAI-, WASin.\tiTo.\', I). C John L'lis.sell Pope TJ.
Photographic Views. tC- ./. //. de Sibour LXIX-LXXI
liiioDE Isi.A.M) HospiTAi,, Pi.'ovi DE.NCE, K. T Kendall. Taylor d- Co LIII
Bal-eshop.
L'nion Benevolent Associatio.v Hospi-ial,
Grand Rapids, Mich York d- Sawyer ]>VI-LXI
Plwlographic General E.iieri-or and Detail
Views and Floor Plan,s.
Gary General Hospital, Gary, Ind Richard E. Schmidt LXI-
Floor Plans. Working Drawings, Details, and Garden <£• Martin \jX\\ I
Perspectire View.
SANiToinr.Vi Gabriels, Gabriels, ^. Y Jolin Russell Po()e LXVI 1 1
Eye Perspective and Plot Plan.

Birds'
Symmes Hospital, Arlington, ^Mass Kendall. Taylor d- Go. ... LXX 1 1-
Photographs of Main Buildinri and N arses' LXX IN'

Home.
I'liE WiNriiKSTKi; IlospriAL, Winch f.stki;, .Mass. . .Ki'iidall. Taiflor lO Go. . . . L.X'.W
Fixlerior Photographic Vievs^
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW COMPANY, 681 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
xu •THE -APoCHlTECTUKAL- REVIEW-
icmpcr icsiin^ leaki

How preveniea
OILERS, like children, have cer- morning ". Follows an oil stove
B tain tendencies for good and bad. siege, waiting for new parts.
With boilers one of the most trying We figure that finding leaks is up
is sand hole leaks. They show up to us. That's why every Burnham
when you least expect them. Gener- Boiler section is given an hydraulic
ally on carefully chosen zero nights. pressure test, three times higher than
it will have to stand in actual use.
Just before going to bed, you take
a last look at the fire, and find the
We believe it is better business to
boiler giving an imitation of an open
pay for prevention than to "sell re-
faucet.
pairs .
Punctuated phone appeals to the
boiler man fail to stir his lethargy. Which ends Chat Number Nine, of
Tells you he'll "be around in the I

which there are eight more to follow.
I
orl& Btirriham(o«
Irvington, N. Y.
^ Representatives in AU Principal Citiei
•THE-ABoCHlTECTUI\AL-R£VlEW- XI
CONTENTS
Vol. VII, No. 5 November, 191 8
TEXT
Subject Author Page
A N'kw Sax Fuaxcisco. Paut
Rksidknces. I, . William Winlhroji Kent S7
Tracing the Development of an Indiindwil
Type of Design, Adapted to Climate and Site.
A\ Unisual Altehation in' Gkrmaxtown, Pa 02
Showing the Alleration of an Alteration, and
the Stable That Was the Orifjin of Both.
A ScKVKY OF Existing Coi.oxiai, AitciiiTECTUKE
IN Maixe, The Township of KriTKUY,
Paht IIL The Spakuawk Hoise. . . Frederic Hutchinson l'orler..94
The Third Monthly Inslnllment of the Reports
of the Arrhitertural Rerieiv American Travel-
ling Scholar, 1018.
'I'owx of Mark, Indiana Ralph F. Warner 97
A Neiv Industrial Housing Community, hy
Howard Van Doren Shaiv.
The Peview of Tntekiors J. H. Phillips 10]
REGULAR PLATES
Title Architect Plate
Ax At.tekatiox at Gehmantowx, Pa Mellor, Meigs & Howe. .LXXVI-
Exterior Photographic Views. LXXTX
Colonial Architecture of Kittery, Me LXXX-LXXXII ,
E.rterior and Inferior Measured Drawings

and Details of the Sparhaa'l- House.
The Town of Mark, Indiana Howard Van Doren Shmv. .LXXXII [-
LXXXV
''Gi!eysix3ne/' London County,
Waterfoki),
Virginia, the Pksidence of E. M. Cham-
HERT.iN, Esq Frederick A. Kendall . .LXXX\'l-
Another Alteration Problem in an Old Slmw ,(•Orlos H. Smith LXXXVIH
House Shown hy Photographic Views.
PUBLISHED monthly BY

RALPH F. WARNER, President
681 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

advertising offices
JAMES A. rice, Western Representative
Copyright, rqi8, by The Architectural Review Company
statement op the ownership, management, etc.. Rl'^QUlHEI) BY THE ACT OF

CONGRESS OP AUGUST 24, ISl 2. OP THE •ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW." published
monthly at Boston. Ma.-^s.. for Octoher 1. 1918.
PUBLISHER, H. D. Bates, 144 Congress St.. OWNERS
Boston. .1. E. R. Carpenter. 681 Fifth Ave., York, New
EDITOR, Frank Chouteau Brown. 9 Park St., N. Y.
Boston. H. D. B. Bates. 144 Con.eress St.. Boston. Mass.
MANAGING EDITOR, Ralph P. Warner, 681 M. B. Sands. 110 West 40th St.. New
York. N. Y.
Fifth Ave.. New York. N. Y., KNOWN BOND OR SECURITY HOLDE'^R
BUSINESS MANAGER. Ralph F. Warner, 681 .1. E. R. Carpenter. 681 Fifth Ave.. New Y'ork.
Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. N. Y.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this oOth day of September, 1918.
Rhoda Pels, Notary Public.
XII •THE-AR,CHlTECTUfVAL-P^VlEW-
ytg^^âr^^-:Ki^Vx^'»^^K>eyl^mmmmB^mr^tv^î^^tiltSlW^^
0k^ wwwi > nm f m^'i'tf '

.««!Sri»Bav«.Sf>^«?»^!>4MM'e«w<t!»i«aai.H»«»i-<^
Vjraics shake J^ ar a lime

ii
ikerefcre
Oneikck again as easj/
shaking half, however, is not one
THE half of its advantages.
You can run half and bank half with ashes.
Great coal saver for mild days of Spring

and Fall.
Another thing —
when firing all the grate,
you can shake one half and get just that
little extra heat you want
along in the
evening, for example.
You have coal control.
Which ends Burnham Boiler chat Number

Ten, of which there are seven more to
follow.
Irvlngton, N. Y.
Canadian Office— Royal Banic BIdg., Toronto
Representatives in Principal Cities
•THE-AB.CHITECTUPvALKiVlEW-
£ XI
CONTENTS
THE AR.CHITECTURAL KEVIEW
Vol. VII, No. 6 December, 191 8
TEXT
Subject Author Page
Reck.nt Gakdkx Arcjiitecturk 103
I. The Gardens at Gi.'Eystone, N". Y 106
IT. BosroBKL, Estate of H. S. Shonnard,
Esq., Oyster Bay, L. I 110
III. "The Causeway," the Estate of James
Parmelee, Esq., Washington, D. C 113
IV. Cromwell House and Bird Garden for
Mrs. Payne Whitney, Manhasset,
L. I. . .' '.
llalph E. Warner. 116
Furnishings of the Early Interiors •/. //. Phillips 119
An Housing Development at Watektown,
N. Y., FOR the U. S. Housing Corporation 129
REGULAR PLATES
Title Architect Plate
The Gardens at Greystone, i^T. Y Welles Bosworth LXXXIX-
General and Detail Photographic Views. XCIV
(Also General and Detail Views and Plan of
Grounds, pages 107, 108.)
•'Boscobel/' Estate of H. S. Shonnard, Esq.,
Oyster Bay, L. I Bonn Barber XCV-XCVII
Photographic Vieirs of Garden and Buildings.
(Plan of Ground, page 111.)
"The Causeway/' House of James Parmelee,
Esq., Washington, D. C Charles A. Piatt XCVIII-C
Photographic Viev^s of House and Grounds.
(Plan of Grounds, page 115.)
I>iUD Garden and CitoNrwEi.L House for Mrs.
Payne Whitney, Manhasset, L. I /. //. PhUlips CÎ, CII
Photographic Views of TJoiiê and Garden.
(Plan of Garden, page 117.)
Alterations to the House of E. S. J.
]\rc Vicar, Esq Bonn Barber CUT, CIV
Photographic View of Exterior and Interior
of Sun Porch.
PUBUSHED MONTHLY BY
RALPH F. WARNER, President
681 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

and STAMFORD, CONN.
advertising offices
Copyright^ iqi8, by The Architectural Reviexv Company

XII
•THE-AP^CHITECTURALP^VIEW-
P^"^^*!^^^
Why this fire pot

is made the
way
it is made
every time you had a tire punc-
ture it was necessary to buy a new wheel!
SUPPOSE
"Prohibitive," you say.
By the same token, take a boiler that has the

crown sheet and fire pot cast as one.
When by accident or through carelessness of
operation they break
—
that entire casting must
be replaced.
The Burnham is cast separately.
Crown sheet in one section.
Fire pot in another section.
When there is trouble with either one, simply

replace the one that's in trouble.
Costs far less. Can be done quicker. Better
in every way.
Which ends Burnham Boiler Chat number
eleven of which there are six more to follow.
t.
[ofi^& Jptinihainy .
Irvington, N. Y.
Canadian Office— Royal Bank BIdg., Toronto
Representatives in Principal Cities
r.'
U6e
ARCHITECTUPAL RENÎEW"" Old Series XXIV
Volume Vol.
Number
1
VII JUDr-1918
"SHALLOW BROOK FARM," MT. KISCO, N. Y.
THE ESTATE OF MR. J. C. BALDWIN. JR.
BENJAMIN WISTAR MORRIS, ARCHITECT

County, in New York Boccaccio! —or again of the type found in that sec-
State, possesses a particularly individual tion north of Milan, when approaching the Italian
WESTCHESTER topographical appearance that gives it lakes.
not only a distinctive character all its own, but It may have been some recollections of this North
contains a peculiar appeal to those accustomed to Italian terrain that first suggested the {larticuiar
other types of our richly varied American country- type of architectural treatment adojited by Mr.
side. Westchester County, —
and vicinity, in an — Morris for the Baldwin house at Mt. Kisco. It
earlier and less thickly settled time, was also the may, on the other hand, have been merely that it
semi-historic scene of Cooper's best-known novel, was the best solution for harmonizing the many
"The Spy." elements that entered into an unusually difficult
Very soon after leaving New York the road be- and complicated problem, of which one of the most
gins to climb, in a steadily ascending fashion that irreducible was probably the old house that, orig-
carries one rapidly away from the fiat country along inally of no style whatever, and since constantly
the sea-coast, and evidences the approach of rolling stretched and expanded, in that direction and in
foot-hills. By the time that Westchester County is this, was still to be retained as the central element
reached, these foot-hills are billowing in a way more in the new, and more formal, composition that was
reminiscent of a short "choppy cross-sea" than being planned.
any other simile that immediately occurs to the Even as it stands, an opportunity was not given
observer. These curving contours are, in turn, to study the full problem, in the first place, in
emphasized by the old tieldstonc walls that roll even the transition form in which it here api>ears.
back and forth over the shoulders of the hills, in- It was, in the first instance, intended merely to
dicating, by their close subdivision of the landscape, add a suflSciently large and spacious music room
the age of the country and the extent to which it to a house theretofore composed of many livable,
has been subdivided, farmed, and cultivated by but over-small, rooms; along with determining a
past generations. complete future scheme for a surrounding garden
It was of course to be expected that, sooner or development that would permit the beginning of
later, the beauty of this type of country, added to work on some of the elements located immediately
the great number and variety of building sites that, around the dwelling.
from its character, it provides, would be appreciated Indeed, the other new wing, with its large dining-
and made use country houses
of for —
especially room and guest bedrooms, was introduced almost
when so conveniently accessible from New York as an afterthought, and so, between these two rect-
City. While it would seem, at first sight, no easy angular arms, with their simple dominating forms,
problem to adapt a formal type of country house to the old central house to which they are attached has
such surroundings, yet on closer analysis one can- now become a comparatively incf)nspicuous element.
not fail but realize how nearly similar this country In fact, as it stands, it is quite impossible to realize
is to the lower foot-hills of the
Apenines. It is, the many architectural problems concerned with
indeed, precisely the character of the Italian coun- simplifying the old house's exterior appearance
- a town best known to
try north of Certaldo, (other than the merely obvious method of plaster-
fame as the reputed birthplace and family home of ing its outer walls), taking care of the new and un-
•THE-AK-CHlTECtUPÂLP^VlEW-
in adding about to the ultimate limit of articulation possible
expected stresses and weights required
the harmonizing tile roof, and handling the dif- from the old entrance and hall, further changes be-
of the entrance, which, with its ap- came essential — particularly at the point where
ficult
proach,
problem
related to the existing service
is sti closel)-
the new south wing was attached —
conveniently
that it became not the sim- to relate the new portions of the
|x>rtions of the dwelling dwelling to the old.
plest part of the architectural problem. When, therefore, the owner came to desire so ex-
was this time tensive a further enlargement as a music room of
plan of the original house
The by
itself a development of several previous periods. specifically so ample a size as seventy-two by thirty-
The original small cottage had been raised to allow eight feet (the walls being twenty-nine feet high and
for the addition of a lower story. It was still later the ceiling thirty-six and a half feet to the
apex
drawn out and extended, first in this direction and of the roof), nothing further seemed
possible other
then back in that, till it had taken the ap- than to throw out a separate wing parallelingthe
pushed
in the central por- road at a sufficient distance to the west not to in-
proximate form that is indicated
tion on the sketch plot plan, In the course of this jure the existing living-room, connecting it with
process it had long the house by a
ago largely lost an\' loggia screened on
clear recollection of the street side,
—
its original antece- and then develop
dents. But it had this new portion
now to go through as a separate unit,
what was to be its based upon its in-
greatest transfor- dividual and spe-

mation of all, and cial
not only become — to requirements,
which there
the central living was added the ne-
organism of the cessity of providing
larger structure space for a large
here shown; which choir and echo or-
is, itself,time in gan at
opposite
to come, to be the ends of the room;
center of a still and a small room,
larger scheme of opening from the
landscape develop- balcony level,
ment, the full ex- which could be
tent of which is used separately as
only approx- a studio.
imately indicated The inspiration
on the unique and of this magnificent
interesting bird's- room, with its
eye perspective noble atmosphere

study of the estate; and proportions,
of which, as yet, was found in San
only the terrace Pietro at Perugia,
sections immedi- although only the
ately adjoining and original treatment
west of the house of the choir stalls
are completely themselves has
planted. been actually util-
While the plan ized. To obtain
arrangement had the best results,
necessarily to be musically, the en-
developed from tire enclosed space
what had originally has been con-
been a small house, tructed on the
where both the ser- of the
principle
vice and living violin, with a sepa-
ends appear to rate floor, inner
have been carried The Fountain below the walls, and wooden
Ramp
•THE-AK.CHITECTUKALI\i:VlEW-
J: .
'
*1P '—lll^llll
v*-
FULLY DEVELOPED PLAN FOR THE ESTATE

ADJOINING THE DWELLING
•THE'AB.CHITECTUI\ALP^V1EW-
in The interior of the banqueting-hall has a floor of
ceiling, allthus capable of resonant vibration
to the pulsating tones of the gray Knoxville, honed Tennessee, marble; and, by
symixithetic response the way, the furniture shown in the picture is tem-
without echo
organ pipes, and yet
treatment has been developed porary, as these particular pieces are intended for
Its architectural
wooden later use outdoors, although the final furnishing of
bv the simplest means; an oak open-truss
simple poly- the room will be very similar in its simplicity.
ceiling mellowed hv
an interesting yet
is overhead. Underneath, in- The large size of this room, twenty-eight by fifty-
chrome decoration.'
in which oak has six feet, and sixteen and one half feet high, with the
side a Travertine border, is a floor
On other portions of the severe and restrained treatment of its plaster walls
again been cmploved. made seem possible that an un-
utilized for all the wooden and marble floor, it
room \merican walnut is
has been interestingly desirable echo might also appear in the use of this
finish. Theplaster surface
worked, so as to produce a texture that
is in itself room; and consequently Mr. Morris devised a heavy
relief and color are felt filling of the space on the ceiling between the
beautiful; and the necessary
provided bv the tapestries
—
a rather famous set walnut beams, which felt surface has been covered
from about with carefully selected silk damasks in harmony^
of subjects'of the Trojan War, dating
decoration of the doors. with the draperies. Limestone mantels relieve the
1670- and the polychrome
the tinted ornamented plaster cove under
the end balcony, and, finally, the four beau-
tiful silk flags of the Allies, hanging
from
the balcony rail at the room end.
The musical equipment of the room com-
prises a great organ
and choir organ at one
end. with an echo organ at the other, and
an antiphonal organ, placed beneath the
floor and opening into the i-oom through
the spaces under the stalls around the walls.
All are played from the console, located in
front of the door to the garden terrace, and
their tone is not only greatly helped by the
construction of the room itself, but is also
aided bythe apsidal crowning of the niche,
in which the large organis placed, at the
principal end.
Other than the end entrance doors, which
were made abroad, all of the walnut carv-
ing and necessary modeUng was done in this
country by John H. Hutaff, and artists

working under the combined direction of
Mr. îorris and himself.
When the dining-room or
banquet-
^ in large
association with the necessary
extra guest bedrooms — was suggested, a
ing-hall
similar solution, in a separate wing, seemed

obviously inevitable, and so the wing at
right angles to the music room, articulating
from the service end, to which it is related
by the addition of a new serving-room on
the opposite side of the kitchen, was devel-
oped; and the two wings, aided by the
beautiful tree that shields the rear of the
old house, so tend to subordinate it that it
requiretl merely the adoption of the harmo-
nious roof covering of Spanish tiles and^the
stuccoing of the walls to match the new
stucco on the terra-cotta walls of the two
wings, to transform the entire group into a
successfully complete and harmonious
whole, as it here appears. Patli from the Loggia End
•THE -AP^CHITEC TUPvAL- REVIEW-
severity of the room ends, and tapestries have again toharmonize with the Spanish tile roof and forming
been placed against the attractive background pro- an agreeable contrast to the Travertine stone trim
vided by the warm texture of the plastered wall. and the music room door - which has an external
Rather more than a word of commendation is stone border of Pouillenay marble.
deserved for the ironwork, fixtures, hardware, and The garden walls and pool arc of masonry, plas-
fittings, which are so simply appropriate to each of tered, buttressed, and topped with Travertine, in im-
these principal rooms that a passerby might easily ])ortant locations and occasionally with cement
fail toappreciate their fitness in scale and taste. and stucco of contrasting color and surface texture.
The is a plaster stucco of
exterior of the building And yet the development of this portion of the
a pleasing jiink tone, made by using a white Atlas garden nearest the house, now completed, already
Cement, pink marble grindings, and white quartz, conclusively proves the far greater possibilities
same amount of cement, which
of equal parts, to the and interest of the dwelling-site in the valley, or on
has one-quarter inch grits of one quarter white the lower hillside, over that carrying the greater
quartz and three quarters pink feldspar thrown on extent of open view on the hilltop. The sensation
while fresh, and then floated into the plaster sur- of intimate privacy, of being chezsoi on a large
face, the whole producing a light vivid tone, keyed terrain, is absolute. Looking down along the flank
of the rising slope toward the western dis-
tances below (which vista it needs consider-
able local experience to realize is almost di-
rectly along the line of the country highway,
from which the house is approached, which
is dipping out of sight into the valley be-
yond), there is as charming and intimate

an outlook, across intervale and hillside, as
can be found or imagined in any place as
conveniently accessible to one of our larger
American cities.
Reversing the point of view, the observer

should be quick to recognize how, seen down
through this western vista, the surroundings
form as perfect a setting for the Italianate
villa itself;while it is not until one has had
a chance to observe the many different dis-
tant views, already framed by the more for-
mal surroundings near to the house, that
it is possible to realize with what little ap-
parent effort this very classical garden

treatment has been adjusted to the great
informalities natural to the original site.
It must have been no easy matter first
to establish and then to maintain the mere
scale of the gardening layout so successfully
as these views show has been done, for in-
stance, and while the huge tree outside the
old dwelling helps greatly to simplify its
mass and beautify its composition with the
wings, it requires rather a closer study to
appreciate the less obvious and more subtile

ways in which minor informalities have
been introduced into the house design - -
probably, in themselves, great aids in the
process of harmonizing it, in scale and treat-
ment, with the natural landscape.
Of course, in some part at least, these
informal details were occasioned by the
fact that parts of the problem as — is al-
ways the case in alteration work — were

Looking across the Lawn trom the Loggia Arch concerned with the difficult adjustment
5
•TH E'ABoCHITE CTUPvAL- REVIEW-
ceiling, all thus capable of resonant vibration in The interior oi the banqueting-hall has a floor of
sympathetic response to the pulsating tones of the gray Knoxville, honed Tennessee, marble; and, by
organ pipes, and yet without echo. the way, the furniture shown in the picture is tem-
Its architectural treatment has been developed porary, as these particular pieces are intended for
by the simplest means; an oak open-truss wooden later use outdoors, although the final
furnishing of
ceiling, mellowed by an interesting yet simple poly-
the room will be very similar in its
simj^licity.
chrome decoration, is overhead. Underneath, in- The large size of this room, twenty-eight by fifty-
side a Travertine border, is a floor in which oak has six feet,and sixteen and one half feet high, with the
again been employed. On other portions of the severe and restrained treatment of its plaster walls
room American walnut is utilized for all the wooden and marble floor, made it seem possible that an un-
finish. The plaster surface has been interestingly desirable echo might also appear in the use of this
worked, so as to produce a texture that is in itself room; and consequently Mr. Morris devised a heavy
beautiful; and the necessary relief and color are felt filling of the space on the ceiUng between the
provided by the tapestries

— a rather famous set walnut beams, which felt surface has been covered
of subjects of the Trojan War, dating from about with carefully selected silk damasks in harmony
1670
—and the polychrome decoration of the doors, with the draperies. Limestone mantels relieve the
the tinted ornamented plaster cove under
the end balcony, and, finally, the four beau-
tiful silk flags of the Allies, hanging from
the balcony rail at the room end.
The musical equipment of the room com-
prises a great organ and choir organ at one
end, with an echo organ at the other, and
an antiphonal organ, placed beneath the
floor and opening into the i-oom through
the spaces under the stalls around the walls.
All are played from the console, located in
front of the door to the garden terrace, and
their tone is not only greatly helped by the
construction of the room itself, but is also
aided by the apsidal crowning of the niche,
in which the large organ is placed, at the
principal end.
Other than the end entrance doors, which
were made abroad, all of the walnut carv-
ing and necessary modeling was done in this
country by John H. Hutaff, and artists
working under the combined direction of
Mr. Morris and himself.
When the large dining-room or banquet-
ing-hall
—
in association with the necessary
extra guest bedrooms ^— was suggested, a
similar solution, in a separate wing, seemed
obviously inevitable, and so the wing at
right angles to the music room, articulating
from the service end, to which it is related
by the addition of a new serving-room on
the opposite side of the kitchen, was devel-
oped; and the two wings, aided by the
beautiful tree that shields the rear of the
old house, so tend to subordinate it that it
required merely the adoption of the harmo-
nious roof covering of Spanish tiles and the
stuccoing of the walls to match the iTew
stucco on the terra-cotta walls of the two
wings, to transform the entire group into a
successfully complete and harmonious
whole, as it here appears. A Garden Path from the Loggia End
•TH E'AR.CH1TECTUI\ALR£V1EW-
severity of the room ends, and tapestries have again to harmonize with the Spanish tile roof and forming
l)cen placed against the attractive background pro- an agreeable contrast to the Travertine stone trim
vided by the warm texture of the plastered wall. and the music room door —
which has an external
Rather more than a word commendation is
of stone border of Pouillenay marble.
deserved for the ironwork, fixtures, hardware, and The garden walls and pool are of masonry, plas-
fittings, which are so simply appropriate to each of tered, buttressed, and topjjed with Travertine, in im-
these principal rooms that a passerby might easily portant locations and occasionally with cement
fail to appreciate their fitness in scale and taste. and stucco of contrasting color and .surface texture.
The exterior of the building a i)laster stucco of
is And yet the development of this portion of the
a pleasing pink tone, made using a white Atlas
i)y garden nearest the house, now completed, already
Cement, pink marble grindings, and white quartz, conclusively proves the far greater possibilities
of equal parts, to the same amount of cement, which and interest of the dwelling-site in the valley, or on
has one-quarter inch grits of one quarter white the lower hillside, over that carrying the greater
quartz and three quarters pink feldspar thrown on extent of open view on the hilltop. The sensation
while fresh, and then floated into the plaster sur- of intimate privacy, of being chezsoi on a large
face, the whole producing a light vivid tone, keyed terrain, is absolute. Looking down along the flank
of the rising slope toward the western dis-
tances below (which vista it needs consider-
able local experience to realize is almost di-
rectly along the line of the country highway,
from which the house is approached, which
is dipping out of sight into the
valley be-
yond), there is as charming and intimate
an outlook, across intervale and hillside, as
can be found or imagined in any place as
conveniently accessible to one of our larger
American cities.
Reversing the point of view, the observer

should be quick to recognize how, seen down
through this western vista, the surroundings
form as perfect a setting for the Italianate
villa itself; while it is not until one has had
a chance to observe the many diff'erent dis-
tant views, already framed by the more for-
mal surroundings near to the house, that
it is possible to realize with what little ap-
parent effort this very classical garden

treatment has been adjusted to the great
informalities natural to the original site.
It must have been no easy matter first
to establish and then to maintain the mere
scale of the gardening layout so successfully
as these views show has been done, for in-
stance,and while the huge tree outside the
old dwelling helps greatly to simplify its
mass and beautify its composition with the
wings, it requires rather a closer study to
appreciate the less obvious and more subtile

ways in which minor informalities have
been introduced into the house design —
probably, in themselves, great aids in the
process of harmonizing it. in scale and treat-
ment, with the natural landscape.
Of course, in some part at least, these
informal details were occasioned by the
fact that parts of the problem — as is al-
ways the case in alteration work were—
Looking across the Lawn from the' Loggia Arch concerned with the difficult adjustment
•THE-AB.CHITECTUKAL- REVIEW-
•THE'AP^CHlTECTUPvALFLEVlEW-
of the new jxirtions to the old, as in the corner of the tions necessary to completely enclose the east and
courtyard where the roof of the loj^gia is broken and west axes of the banqueting-hall, and the one or
recessed, in order to leave an old window unob- two elements most immediately adjatrnt and It) the
structed. But in other cases they almost appear south of the music room, have been finished. The
to be individual variations provided to introduce new farm-building group is also now finished and
-
this informal element or possibly they them- and some of the preliminary rough grad-
o('cu])ied,
selves, in turn, resulted from the architect's endea- ing around other portions of the estate has been
vor to adjust and harmonize the increasing recjuire- accom[)lished.
ments of the owners with a scheme the main outlines The little garden in front of the bath-house and
of which had already been established and accepted tennis court, at the extreme west of the terraced
as the probable liest method of treating the whole lawns, is not yet constructed. The photographs,
problem. therefore, show the various views immediately ad-
Coincident with the development of the two jacent to the new wings, and across the lawns and
right-angled wings, Mr. Morris has also ])rojected a bathing pool, the fountain and ramps opposite the
complete future garden treatment, based on two axes, music room, and the views from the flower garden
established at right angles to each other, —
one be- toward the banqueting wing. The grading and
ing an extension on the longitudinal axis of the ban- planting around the east of the new dining-room
queting ell to the south, the other being developed is as yet only partly done, and the planting has not
on the line of the cross axis of the banqueting-room yet grown up sufficiently so that i)hotographs of
to the west. Three minor cross axes are then in- this portion of the residence can be taken to advan-
troduced into this landscape treatment, one tage; hut the architectural elevation to the east is
based on the cross axis of the music room; another practically a repetition of the facade that is shown
on a cross axis midway the length of the southern to the west. Included in the new construction work
arm, between the greenhouse at the right and a pro- was a necessary rearrangement of the entrance ap-
posed open-air outdoor theater on the slope to the proach to the house on the south at the carriage
left; and the third is an east and west cross axis courtyard, and here reference to the plan will give
through the rose garden, which intersects with the some idea of the method that has been success-
cross axis of the music room near the new squash fully adopted to shield a too nearly adjacent ser-
court. vice portion_from the'visitor arriving at the front
Of this garden treatment, as yet only those por- door.
The Garden Ramps to the Upper Terrace

•THE •AP^CHITECTURALRZ VIEW-
If /
THE MUSIC ROOM WING, AS SEKN FROM THE COUNTRY ROAD WHEN APPROACHING THE HOUSE
8
•THE -APoCHITECT URAL- REVIEW-
THE MUSIC ROOM WING, LOOKING OUT FROM DINING-ROOM END, ON THE WESTERN VISTA
"
SHALLOW BROOK FARM," MT. KISCO, N. Y.
BEISJAMIN WISTAR MORRIS, ARCHITECT
•THE ARoC H ITE C T U PvAL- R£ V E W'
•
I
THE MUSIC ROOM WING, VIEWED FROM ACROSS THE POOL, LOOKING NORTHEAST
"
lO
THE •
ABoC H ITE C T U I\AL Ki V E W-
•
I
l-OUNi AIN OF THE INFANT BACCHUS, IN LOGGIA COURT

"
EDWARD HELD SANFORD, SCXILPTOR
II
THE FUNCTION OF THE DESIGNER IN THE
"BUSINESS" OF ARCHITECTURE
PART III
By HOWARD DWIGHT SMITH

When Handling an Investment Problem He should always be the final judge as to whethei
interesting possibility in the work of the the draughtsman's line and dimension drawing
AN designer seems to have been touched upon

but slightly in most practice. It has to
do with a problem more often delegated to a
will
has
lead to the production of the exact effect li<
first studied and
composed in mass and shad(
and shadow upon his original studies.
real-estate organization than to an architect. It The actual amount of time which the designei
is the study of possible improvements on invest- can devote to the production phase of the draugKt
ment property. Usually when an architect is ap- ing-room raises the very pertinent question as ti
proached for professional consultation, it is with the volume of work which he can or ought to con
some sort of a definite problem in mind. If, how- trol. That question is quite pertinent to thesi
ever, a client appears who has a problem which to discussions,- particularly as it is the aim of this se
him is purely one of finance, and in which the con- ries to set forth certain principles which will be o
sideration of architecture is a very secondary but assistance in planning new organizations, whicl
necessary' adjunct, the architect's prime function must necessarilystart from small beginnings
is to create and develop a definite architectural There comes a time in the career of every new prac
problem to fit the case. For example, Mr. Bryant titioner whose ability is coming to be recognized
Park has acquired a piece of corner property in the when the volume of his business begins to exceec
city upon which he must erect some improvement that which he can capably handle alone. But b(
in order properly to realize on his investment. the volume large or small, the successful practin
Shall he erect a factory, an office building, a theater, of his profession requires that he, by some means
a shop, or a civic center? Here is a field in which maintain the same or similar designing impetu:
the designer can be of immense assistance —
yes, and standards!
in which he is even essential to the best results. Elasticity a Necessary Element in the Successful
But it must be borne in mind that the designer Organization
must make good in order to prove his adaptability What makes it possible for a firm to maintaii
in handling such cases. Here cooperation with a high standard of artistic excellence (and structural
the business unit of the organization is of vital im- too, for that matter) whether the organization bi
portance. Recall in this connection the idea ex- composed, at the time, of few individuals or many
pressed in the first series of these articles where — Whether there be on the boards commission
stress was laid upon the fact that a business man amounting to thousands only, or to millions? Ii
will only go to an architect when he is assured large organizations experience has shown that th
that he will receive businesslike treatment. It part of the organization responsible for the char
ought not to take a great deal of missionary work acter of design is the least variable department ii
on the part of an astute architect to show to the its entire personnel. Analysis of the systems ii
thoughtful and progressive business man that the use in various offices, whether large or small
time has come when good design is money in pocket, whether engaged in a large amount of work o
as well as a permanent asset guaranteeing the small, shows that usually there is one person whi
safety of his investment, on even the cheapest of dominates in their design. This person is generall;
rental propositions. one who has been more or less constantly identifie(
5. Assisting the Preparation of Working Drawings. with the life of the organization.
The interpretation of the design, and the It is highly desirable that a firm's reputation fo
supervision of scale and detail

drawings continuing its good and substantial building opera
The work of the designer necessarily extends tion —
under all conditions —
be established am
beyond the realm of dreams, ideas, and sketches. jealously guarded. But a standard in such matter
In the natural course of events the subject-matter is much more easily maintained by rote and ruL
of approved sketches has to find its way into work- than can be the case with a standard of characte
ing drawings. Here the designer is of assistance in design. The science of the structure is capabl
to the draughtsman in the interpretation into hard of a more exact definition than are its problem
and fast line-drawings of the essentials of the design. of form, mass, color, and detail. So that an^
12
•THE-APoCHlTECTUKALRiVIEW-
necessary expansion and contraction of an archi- taken today, it is both expedient and nccessarj'
tectural organization is best made around the per- that we have the drawings full and comi)lete, and
manent heads or centers of orfjanization in- arranged in a methodical and careful fashion -so
creasing the force by such subordinates as may be as to be available for constant reference at all timeSs
required for routine work, and by specialists

for This greater dependence upon the drawings as —
expert detail work, either artistic or mechanical. instruments necessary to building —
is due more to
If, in a dull period, an ofiice of large reputation the greater gulf which apparently exists today be-
employs twenty men, the designer would probably tween designer and artisan, draughtsman and me-
then be in a position where he would be able to do chanic, than in the times of our i)redecessors.
a considerable amount of actual draughting. The The Drawings Themselves a Means, not an End
same might also be true of the engineer in the organ- But the drawings and their preparation can only
ization. When the same lirm employs, say, one be considered as a means to an end, and are not to
1)0 regarded as an end in themselves.
hundred and fifty men, the centers or heads of the Experience
departments are then expected to exercise their is the best teacher to the designer in this case, for
functions more as critics and advisers
—
critics by it is he enabled to visualize his problems as one
in the case of the designers, and advisers in the in material, and forget the conventions necessary
case of the engineers, the specification writer, or to its chosen medium of expression. The most
the chief superintendent. The draugh ting-room facile designers generally work from .sketches, in
management, by means of the flexible system of any event. A
sheet containing projection draw-
"job captains," which will be discussed in another ings made bya designer to turn over to the head
part of this series, then takes care of the physical draughtsman or "job captain" will often carry
part of the problem involved in the increased or many notes in the line of perspective detail sketches
decreased volume of work. around the edges of it, showing portions of the
It is Necessary thai all Functions Be Continuously work, thought out thus in perspective before they
Maintained were put down in orthographic projection. The
It is important to bring out here the point that, occasional use of plasticine and the cardboard
regardless of the smallness of the organization, the model is, in this connection, to be very highly
various functions should be fully taken care of
— commended, and both are coming to be used more
even if it becomes necessary to write the same in- extensively in successful practice. Such models
dividual's name in more than one circle of the need not necessarily be complete, but may be of
chart during a period of extremely contracted sufTiciently definite mass and shape to assist the
practice! A glance at the chart will disclose the designer's train of thought to carry on in three
feasibility of this. Thus a young draughtsman, dimensions.
opening his own office,- could quite conceivably 6. Cooperation in Execution of the Work.
write his own name in every circle and rectangle. Discussion with Supemising Architect of practical
As his practice increases he gradually becomes able problems in executing the design, and in
to supplant his own name with those of the asso- criticism of samples and models
ciates he selects for such positions and such neces- In the execution of the work the harmonious
sary parts of the practice of his profession as he cooperation of the designer and the supervising
sees fit to delegate to others. architect is an essential feature to success. In
While we have digressed somewhat from the this part of the series, which deals with such cooper-
discussion of the designer alone, too much stress ation, it is hardly possible to avoid anticipating
cannot be laid upon this point to the beginner. somewhat the content of a portion of the later
It is the secret both of the successful expansion articles, that will deal with the supervising archi-
of a growing practice and of its economical contrac- tect's department in the organization. One of the
tion during dull periods. most salient points to be made in the series as a
As has been reiterated so many times, it is the whole is, that successful architecture is the result
getting of the good ideas into the actual building, of the application of the principles of art and
into the material mass, that counts as the prime thoroughness to all branches of the organization,
—
function of architecture. We
are told by the business, design, and execution,
—
and that it is
historians that our predecessors in the profession, even more important that the same amount of
the good clergymen and clerics of the eleventh and care and thought be put, for instance, on the se-
twelfth centuries, laid out their ideas for the con- lection and placing of the bricks in the actual wall
struction of the great Gothic monuments by draw- when it is being built as has been put into the se-
ing with their canes upon the earth. If so, the lection and placing of the pigment which represents
preparation of drawings was a comparatively sim- that brickwork in the designer's original conception.
ple and easy matter with them. In the conditions It is such a service, among others, that the super-
under which the execution of our work is under- vising architect helps to perform.
13
PALMERTON
A MANUFACTURER'S EXPERIMENT HOUSING FOR IN
UNSKILLED WAGE-EARNERS
By RALPH F. WARNER
the Lehigh River, twenty miles from viously been used for agricultural purposes. Th
ON Allentown, Pa., and within full view of the

wild beauties of the Lehigh Water Gap, is
the prosperous, rapidly growing town of Palmer-
village, which was laid out on the small group c
farms surrounding the factory site, was favored b
its environment, and particularly its remarkabl
ton. It is a community in which the social and setting, at the foot of wooded mountains, whic
economic aspects of the housing problem may be rise to impressive heights on all sides.
studied to especial advantage by tho"se interested in The town was laid out with a rectangular strci
the successful solution of our Government's ac- system
— an unfortunate beginning, because tl
tivities in war housing. Its value from this latter land undulating in character, and in some placi
is
standpoint lies in the fact that it illustrates, better rises and descends in abrupt falls. The land ol
than does the more frequently occurring type of viously calls for an informal layout, with stree
housing for skilled workers, the needs of the un- fitted to the contour of the ground. The failure
—
1
skilled laborer, the man who receives wages suf- better understand this natural limitation undoub
ficient to permit him to occupy a house providing edly has been costly. In the first place, in ord
only the minimum of to escape the exce
possible accommoda- sive grading require
tions. for streets and lots c
When the New Jer- hillsides, the cor
sey Zinc Company (of pany laid out mar
Pennsylvania) moved lots of unusu
its plant to Palmer-
ton, Pa., about 1900,
it selected a site con-
mmm depths, in
180 feet.
some cas
This,
reduced tl
course,
ducive to the healthy number of stree
development of its which had to 1
rapidly growing busi- 5tC0N D fLOOIL- tHH- built, but gave

ness that had pre- Floor Plans, Double House No. many sections wast
'^m^ y -ts^^
•
T H E A R.C H T E C T U PvA L
•
I
•
KJ: V I E W •
fully deep back

yards, which
the tenants are
rarely able to
^^^^^
maintain in de-
cent condition.
Persistence in
the use of the
rectangular lay-
out left no
other course,
however, since
the expense of
grading lots and
streets would
have been more
costly than the
loss of the land,
which was ac-
quired at a very
low figure.
With the ini-
tiation of devel-
opment work,
the late William
E. Stone, archi-
tect, of New
York, was en-
gaged to design
the houses. It
should be said
that practically
all of the em-
ployees of the
Zinc Company
are unskilled
laborers. In
planning these
houses, there-
fore, as will be
seen by a study
of all their floor
•THE -ABoCHITECT URAL- REVIEW-
The kitchen,
dining-room ,
and parlor are

all of good sizes,
and the three

bedrooms are of
quite ample pro-
portions.
With some
variations No. :;
is typical with
regard to cost.
The company
Exterior Treatment, Row Houses No. 2 carries the lot
bined in one at the at $200, the
back, and a living- house at $i,o^,
room front of
in and receives a
about the same gross income of
size, on the first rent at 8 per
floor, with a lat- cent, or $96, per
eral stairway lead- year. The com-
ing up from an en- pany pays $1 2
trance at the side per year for wa-
of the house, and ter and sewer,
a summer kitchen and$i4for taxes
at the rear. All and insurance,
of the rooms are of leaving a net in-
good size and have come of $70.
Bungalow Plan of Bungalow Type from Street
cross ventilation. The cost of Up-
Design No. 4 keep further re-
is a semi-detached duces the return
house, "L" shape to such a degree
that the net re-
in plan, with the
porch inserted at turn is only
the corner. The about 4 per cent
kitchen, dining-
on the total in-
and parlor vestment.
room,
are all of standard Some of these
sizes. houses cost

Design No. 3 slightly more
shows a terrace than $1,000 to
View of Rear of Bungalows
house with five build, fifteen or
rooms. The kitchen
is of unusual propor-
tions, but two of the

three bedrooms are of
minimum sizes and
have only one win-
dow each, and one
bedroom is hardly
sufficient in size for
comfortable living.
Design No. 13 is
another illustration
of the terrace house,
in this case with six
rooms. Each unit has riRST -
floor, PL*
a frontage of 18 feet. Floor Plans, Row Houses No. 13
16
THE'AP^CHITECTUPvAL-KiVlEW-
nghteen years ago, and Palmerton Land Com-
)thers cost less; but it is pany is simply another
L remarkable commen- instance of how the de-
ary on the building sit- signer of the wage-
lation today, when earner's home may fall
louses of this type can- into through an
errors
ot be built for less than inadequate study of the
Ji,8oo to $2,000. problem, and through
The manager of the the effort to create pic-
Palmerton Land ('om- turescjue effects without
3any, a subsidiary of the consideration of the
New Jersey Zinc Com- Company Hospital comfort of the wage-
any, who is in charge
Delano dc Aldrich, Architects
earner and his family, or
)f the rental and sale of the houses at I'almerton, of the constant cost of repairs and maintenance.
tates that the company's experience with these The experience with these houses was in some
louses forced them to stop building dwellings of resi)ects a most unfortunate one for the future of
tliis
tyjie. When they were lirst constructed, they the town of Palmerton, because the company re-
were highly gratifying to the officials of the com- versed its policy entirely with regard to architec-
pany because of their attractive apjwarance. How- ture, and turned to the bungalow type of house, a
ever, the unskilled laborers who became tenants typical floor plan of which is reproduced herewith.
soon found that the planning of the houses was In an effort to reduce the maintenance cost, and to
faulty. In some cases it was impossible to get the meet the actual requirements of the unskilled la-
furniture up the stairway. The bedrooms were borer, three or four hundred of these bungalows
so cut by the slopes of the roof that head room was have been built, on lots 30 by 100 feet, with shingle
of the scantiest character, and during the oppres- exterior and slate roofs. The floor plan shows a
sive heat of the summer living in the bedrooms was kitchen, two bedrooms, and parlor of good size, with
almost impossible. The worst feature, the manager two closets, and a frost-proof sanitary fixture open-
states, is the cost of keeping the roofs in repair. ing from the rear porch. These have proven pop-
Leakage starts at the joints between the roof sur- ular with the laborers, and they bought them in
faces, and spreads to the large numbers. The
walls, where the mortar company sells the lot
in the joints is disinte- and house for $1,000 on
grated, allowing seepage easy payments. The
of water through the l)urchaser has an ample
walls. The houses have garden, which in most
frequently become so cases has been used for
damp as to be almost gardening.
uninhabitable. In win- The attic of these
ter, with snow on the bungalows is unfinished.
roof, it is almost impos- Young married em-
sible to locate the leaks. with growing
iNeignborhood House ployees,
The experience of the H. W. Hardenburgh, Architect families, find that this
*
Horse Head Inn," Coinp.ni)- Hotel Superintendents' Houses
WilHam E.. Stone, Architect H. T. Blanchard, Architect H. W. Hardenburgh, Architect
17
•THE'AI^CHITECTUI\AL1\£VIEW-
space can be used alley,pool tables,
to increase the reading-room, pub-
sleeping accommo- lic
library, and a
dations, with a kindergarten. As
small outlay. In many as six hun-
many of the houses, dred persons, of all
therefore, the attic ages, use these
space has been sub- buildings Saturdaj-
divided and plas- nights. A thor-
tered. oughly equipped
While such hospital has been
makeshift accom- erected, a square
modations are a Double House No. 12 in the center of the
poor substitute for town dedicated as a
well-planned and air}- sleeping-quarters, yet the ex- public park, and playgrounds'âlso provided.
perience at Palmerton has proved this elastic'feature The town of Palmerton gives evidence oi a. s^
has measurably increased the salability of these rious effort to meet a problem in housing created by a
bungalows. It suggests that in wage-earners' demand for a new and more ample site for manu-
houses reasonable consideration should be given to facturing operations. Unfortunately, it does not
the elasticity of the plan, and possibilities of adding show that the company grasped the importance of
additional sleeping or living quarters, without un- the town-planning features when the project was
due expense. This is particularly true where the started. It illustrates clearly what savings can be
houses are to be sold, and where the minimum ac- made, and advantages gained, by treating landscape
commodations only are provided in the dwellings. design and house building as a single problem and ;
The company has not limited itself to the build- shows an attempt, at the outset, to raise standards
ing of bungalows, however, for the unskilled worker. of living in the unskilled wage-earner's home.
It has erected a number of frame two-story, semi- Their unfortunate experience, followed by the
detached houses of four to six rooms, of very ordi- subsequent building of ordinary bungalow dwell
nary design. These have been sold as low as $900 ings, also proves that, unless the architect
is
capj
each, and though entirely lacking in architectural ble and willing of grappling intelligently with t
interest have proven popular. fundamentals of the housing problem, —
practicall;
More expensive houses for better-paid employees and structurally, —
the future wage-earner's hous^
have been erected, of single and semi-detached will fall into less capable hands. There is every be-
t}-pes. Some are from designs by the late Henry lief, however, that the architects
who may be given
W. Hardenburgh, architect, of New York. Other the opportunity to design houses to meet our war-
houses have been designed by H. T. Blanchard, and time needs will meet the issue so successfully that
sold for from $2,750 to $3,100 each, including an the examples they set will become ix)tent factors
unusually large lot. Besides these houses, a num- in raising our standards of design throughout the
ber of more spacious and pretentious dwellings country, suppressing the mediocrity and ugliness
have been built for supervisors, from designs by that are now outstanding characteristics of the
Messrs. Stone, Hardenburgh, and Blanchard. great mass of our dwelling-houses.
Community fea-
tures in the town
of Palmerton have
also received atten-
tion. A very at-
tractive hotel,
"Horse Head Inn,"
provides accommo-
dations for unmar-
ried men. A neigh-
borhood house has
also helped in culti-
vating a taste for
clean, healthy, pro-
tected amusement.
It contains a gym-
nasium, bowling Exterior, Row Houses No,
18
GOVERNMENT WAR HOUSING
PART III
An authentic official list of the Housing Projects allotted or under way, up to July lo,
and under the direction
of the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation of the United States Department of Labor, îvin^ the
names of the architects, together with the town planners and engineers, where available. No information con-
cerning the number of houses, estimated cost, or allotments is yet, officially, available for pi'blication.
Project Architect Toii'H Planner Engineer
Watertown, N. Y. Davis, McGrath & Kiessling, V. Vitalc, E. W. Sales,

New
York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Watertown, N. Y.
E. Molinc, 111. Cervin & Horn, Geo. E. Kessler, W. S. Shields,
Rock Island, 111. St. Louis, Mo. Chicago, 111.
Rock Island, III. Cervin & Horn, Geo. E. Kessler, W. S. Shields,

Moline, 111. Cervin & Horn, Geo. E. Kessler, W. S. .Shields,

Bridgeport, Conn. R. C. Sturgis, A. A. Shurtleff, Alfred Terry,
Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass. Bridgeport, Conn.
Bath, Me. Parker, Thomas & Rice, Loring Underwood, Weston & Sampson,
Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass.
So. Charleston, W. Va. Godley, Haskel & Sedgwick, Jas. L. Greenleaf, Jas. L. Greenleaf,
New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y.
Bethlehem, Pa. Zantzinger, Borie & Medary, T. W. Sears, L. J. H. Grossart,
Philadel])hia, Pa. Philadel])hia, Pa. Bethlehem, Pa., and
Ale.xander Potter,
New York, N. Y.
Erie, Pa. Albert H. Spahr, C. D. Lay, Chester & Fleming,
Pittsburgh, Pa. New York, N. Y. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Mare Island (Vallejo), Cal. Geo. W. Kelham, P. R. Jones, S. H KiefTer,
San Francisco, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. San Francisco, Cal.
Philadelphia Navy Yard Rankin, Kellogg & Crane,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Norfolk & Portsmouth, Va. Geo. B. Post & Sons, Geo. B. Post & Sons, Nicholas Hill,
New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y.
Norfolk & Portsmouth, Va. Rossel Edw. Mitchell,
(Colored) Norfolk, Va.
Indian Head, Md. Donn & Deming,
Washington, D. C.
Puget Sound, Wash. A. H. Albertson, E. T. Mische, Sawyer Brothers,
(Bremerton) Seattle, Wash. Portland, Ore. Spokane, Wash.
Geo. B. Sawyer, of
Sawyer Bros.,
Niagara Falls, N. Y. Dean & Dean, Seattle.
Chicago, 111.
Washington Navy Yard York & Sawyer,

New York, N. Y.
Washington Dormitories Waddy B. Wood,
Washington, I). C.
Washington Navy Yard Jas. A. Wetmore
(Acting Supervising Architects'
Office), Washington, D. C.
Quincy, Mass. J. E. McLaughlin, H. J. Kellaway, Ernest W. Branch,
Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass. Quincy, Mass.
Davenport & Bettendorf, la. Temple & Burrows, Geo. E. Kessler, W. S. Shields,
Davenport, la. St. Louis, Mo. Chicago, 111.
New London, Conn. Hoppin & Koen, Tribus & Massa,
New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y.
Alliance, Ohio Walker & Weeks, Ailing DeForest, R. Winthrop Pratt,
Clerveland, Ohio Rochester, N. Y. Cleveland, Ohio
19
EDITORIAL' COMMENT-
ON •APJCHITECTURE<&'— -THE -TIMES
Institute lost a great opportunity in its employed, in much the same way that the
group
failure to take any definite or directing stand
THE in regard to the allotment of the war-housing
now developing in so many sections of
of architects employed [in , building"|. the World's
Fair at Chicago, for instance, settled the general
problems details of the problem and then started in to
develop
the United States. While most of the localities their own individual elements in the
completed
thus far obtaining Government aid have been along scheme.
the verge of the Eastern seaboard, nevertheless
many of those that immediately follow are scattered is plain to any informed and interested
over the entire country, many even being in the Mid-
dle West
to appeal for
—
while the Far West already has begun
Government assistance in this same
AS observer, the Chapters of the Institute are
now comprised of individuals who kno^j-
their associates too little— and are, in most cases,
direction. under the conditions that have been engendered by
Believing, as we do, that the Institute stands Institute control, far too jealous and suspicious of
publicly
— and unfortunately
—
committed far too them ever to realize a real acquaintanceship between
completely to an exclusive interest in the mere es- themselves, as individuals, or even as architects
thetics of the profession, the moment of arising and designers. Such an opportunity as this
general public interest in working-men's housing would have enabled them to get to know each other,
in America, as a practical measure of war efficiency, and their abilities, by working together on the same
was the wasted opportunity of the century for the problems, and might have gone further than any-
have seized, in order to have obtained
Institute to thing else to help remove this underlying feeling of
the widest possible public recognition of the desire, distrust and suspicion which has been so unfortu-
ability,and willingness of its members to attack so nately engendered by the policies and regulations of
exclusively practical and important a national the national association, and is altogether too likel\-
structural problem. Properly handled, the situa- so to persist as to prevent any whole-hearted har^
tion offered the greatest possible popular oppor- monious development of such a spirit as we believed
tunity to visualize the field of the profession to to be essential for the future best good of the pro-
the public, in a way as constantly recurring and as fession itself, as well as of the individual communi-
inherently dramatic as the very building and launch- ties where its members are practising.
ing of the ships thus speeded in production. It neverthelessremains a regrettable and, un-
fortunately, notorious fact that architects are al-
the Institute had adopted such a policy, and ways incapable of coming to a common point of
followed it out in a way that would eventually view in regard to the solution of any of their particu-
IFhave placed all Government housing projects lar problems! It is this total lack of harmony) of
in the hands of the local Chapter representing the idea, between individuals supposed to possess the
Institute, in the nearest town available to the se- same degree of expert accomplishment, that has
lected site, not only could housing suburbs of more long continued to render the judgment of the pro-
variety and interest have been developed, but such fession of so little value in all public work. This
a course might also have established a patriotic inability to adopt a common ground has generally
morale and esprit de corps among its chapters and made seem that they neither knew what they
it
their members for which such another opportunity wanted, nor could be really expert or experienced in
will probably never again present itself in the entire the profession of which they claimed to be members!
future history of the organization. And so these very natural conflicts of idea and sug-
Once placed in contact with the work, the Chapter gestion have always so worked out as merely to
could then have allotted the actual designing of confuse the issue —
thus leaving any line of prog-
the houses —
street by street, or block by block — ress that seemed to be desirable open to those who
among its members who were most com-
those of had an intelligent idea of how and why public opin-
petent, and most desirous, of cooperating in carry- ion was to be directed; and ignorant enough in
ing on the work,
—
allowing them then to act regard to the various ramifying treatments possi-
together to perfect their own
working.organization ble in the problem to see only one, the obvious, so-
and determine any finalthat might be
control lution; which they have accordingly frequenth
practically necessary to harmonize the details of been able to carry out without any effective argu-
the problem and standardize the material to be ment or opposition!
20
U6e
ARCHITECTUPAL P£VIEW
Volume Old Series VolMN Number
VII AUGUST 1918 2
A NEW NOTE ARCHITECTURAL RENDERING

IN
THE WORK OF MR. HUGH FERRISS
A RECOGNITION BY FRANK CHOUTEAU BROWN
rendering of an e.xact early drawings, such
THE architectural
lem is a difficult
prob- as those
Philip Gilbert
that illustrated
Hamcrton's
enough matter at the most, "Voyage on
the River
particularly now that, dur- Soane," to the time when
ing the last twenty or so he published his illustra-
years, we have progressed tions of Lc Puy, under the
from the literal, matter-of- title of "The Most Pictur-
fact, copperplate precedent, esque Place in the World."
devised in the English of- Possibly this point is most
fice to draw, by aid of T- nearly indicated by his won-
square, triangle, and ru- derful drawing of the west
ling pen, and from a hypo- front of Rouen Cathedral,
'
thetical bird s-eye view that, which, for difficulty of sub-

in days so far preceding ject and sheer brilHancy of
the advent of the airplane, execution, has seldom been
was far removed from any approached
— by even his
bounds of probabiHty, to own pencil !
the point where the ele- Still more recent was the
ments of freedom, imagina- contrast between two ren-
tion, and suggestion arc derings that appeared in an
accepted as desirable quali- architectural exhibition of
fications in even the picto- a few years ago. The sub-
rial presentation of so prac- ject of both being Mr. Cass
tical a line of subjects as Gilbert's first, and perhaps
our commercial modern ar- most successful, experi-
chitecture. ment in commercial ver-
One of the first land- naculir Gothic, the West
marks of progress in archi- Street building in New York .
tectural rendering in this One showed the building in

country was the beautiful hard and exact outline,
drawing of the Paris Opera every window-shade drawn
House, made by the late to exactly the same length,
J. A. Mitchell, better known every tassel indicated; the
as an author and editor of other portrayed the tower-
Lije, about 1880, in the ing upper portion of the
days when he was still an structure —
unfortunately
architectural draughtsman. omitted in the final design
Another real landmark — — rising above the purple-
though of less exact date — blue shadows thrown across
was contributed by Mr. the lower stories by the
Joseph Pennell, when he buildings across the street,
modified his style from the Fig. 1. Madison Square Gaiaen ic
bathedinagolden, luminous
21
•THE-ABoCHlTECTUPvAL- REVIEW'
of early sun-
glow span of an un-
light
—
recalling one couth gangling can-
of those wonderful (ilever bridge, the
fugitive moments perpendicular tu-
of atmospheric phe- bular clusterings of
nomena that con- a mammoth mod-
tinually appear and ,
ern eleva-
unfortunately, as
tor,
—grainproblems
all
quickly disappear, which have been

moments that are regarded as without
all too seldom noted the pale of artistic
or caught by the
significance, and so
pencil of the artist ,
.generally relegated
in lower Manhat- to the once de-
In the whole
tan.
spised, though now
picture hardly a sin- envied, ofhce of
gle detail was clear- the structural en-
ly indicated, but gineer! Yet it is
the entire composi- such as
Composition Composition subjects
tion possessed a far these Mr.
that
more suggestive and ^convincing appeal, from its Hugh and made appealing and ro-
Ferriss has taken
sheer poetic atmosphere and the romantic prism mantic, largely by means of a dashing impetuosity
through which it has been sensed and seen by the in liis chosen
technique, by an indication of their
artist, Mr. Birch Bur-
primal relation to the
dette Long. elements, by forcing
These mentioned — and even some-
however, all
problems, times by over-em-
possessed a romantic phasizing
— in the
quaUty inherent in the most modern manner
subject itself, which their perspective, un-
contributed consider- tilhe has succeeded in
able stimulus and ap- making even the su-
peal to the renderer. percilious architect
Hardly one of them realize the potential
but was in itself an beauties latent in such
interesting piece of huge structural mas-
architecture, well ses,once given their
worthy in its delinea- opportunity to reveal
tion of the minutest the contrasts of light
attention and greatest and shadow; of cloud,
skill of the artist. smoke, or storm; of
Today we begin to majestic mass and
suspect that still an- towering height, to
other milestone has which the true scale
been erected by cer- of design and
their
taindrawings which conception entitles
have succeeded in them. Indeed, so well
lending the same ro- has Mr. Ferriss by
mantic or poetic mood now succeeded in prov-
to the veriest engineering the artistic pos-
ing commonplaces of sibilities latent in this
modern commerce class of subjects, that
and industry. What his renderings have
isto be expected of a become the chosen
rendering portraying and favorite medium
the huge bulk of a of the engineer, the
storage warehouse, material man, or the
the high-flung steel Fig. 4. Composition. Procession in a Square Commercial mauufac-
22
•THE •AR.CHITECTURAL- M: VIEW-
lurer, who tinds in structures
IT>.'• .vi lyy-i'A pally as a practice in exact
such as these the aptest op- pictorial representation. He
portunity to advertise his prefers, however, to make
product by those crushing pencil notes of the essen-
l)rief
figures that prove its use u])on t ial

physical characteristics of
the newest, and largest, con- the scene, and to concentrate
tract "ever made" and l)y on accjuiring a slnmg mental
whom these impressive render- impression of its fundamental
ings are accepted as the most meaning, executing the final
effective way of featuring their drawings later, when he
American hugeness to his ran think only of this main
prospective cUentage. impression, and not be dis-
Mr. Fcrriss did not achieve tracted by the mass of unes-
this accepted position without sential physical aspects of the
a long preliminary course of view his first notes having
artisticself-development and meanwhile preserved whatever
experimentive test education. he considered most essential
While a draughtsman in Mr. for its effective presentation.
Cass Gilbert's oflice, he laid a As usual, not the least in-
foundation for the free-hand teresting expressions of his
work which he finally found methods work are to be
of
the opportunity to leave that found among the ofT-hand per-
office to take up definitely. sonal studies that he has made
Since that time he has done in this way to record an im-
many renderings for various pression for future reference,

architects, and as he has been or for his own individual sat-
content to leave much of this isfaction. Several of these
class of his work unsigned, it
drawings are shown on the ac-
has most of it passed largely companying text pages. In
unrecognized. Mr. Ferriss's the first presented, the sketch
other work has been for is first laid in in pen and
publications, monthly, i \nh
ink — using ,
any non-
weekly, daily; in fact his waterproof ink. This is
jjiost recent work
—
the afterwards treated with
War Industry Series — water washes the color —
is now in process of publi- running from the ink
cation in a Sunday syndi- lines. The water can be
cated supplement. Som.e applied with brush,
time ago Mr. Ferriss re- sponge, airbrush, etc. A
ceived the endorsement water-color brush was
of the Committee on Pub- used in No. i to No. 5,
lic Information at Wash- -
inclusive, except in No.
ington for the execution T,,
where it was sponged.
of this extended series of It interesting to ex-
is
drawings,
—here repre- periment with these dif-
sented by two examples ferent ways of wetting
only,
— showing typical the pen and ink.
war activities, and a large Using a brush, as in a
portion of his time at the water-color, a real wash

present moment is being character is of course ob-
given to studies in the tained; the brush strokes
various shipyards, mu- can be left clearly dis-
nition plants, etc. tinguished. Pen and ink
In making these can again be used after
sketches from actual the water application,
scenes, Mr. Ferriss often if it is desirable to em-
completes the drawings phasize the line quality
on the spot —princi- Fig. 6 Court-House, St. Louis, Mo. in any particular. Draw-
23
•THE'AK,CHITECTUI\ALI\i:VlE W-
ing a pen line through a wetted
ptutionof the paper also produces yon which comes in sticks one-
a certain definite effect — this quarter inch square and two
was done in No. 2. One charac-
mches long. The latter can be
teristic of this used for the indication
way of working is by masses
the opportunity it (as in the ship
provides of launching) in-
stead of by line, as with the
combining mass and line; the pen-
fact that the color comes from cil. In the
Pennsylvania Sta-
tion (Plate
the line itself, rather than from a XIX) only the pencil
wash put on as a separate process was used, the indication
being
over a waterproof line drawin<j. in In Plates
also gives a particular character. ™I
principally
and XIX
line.
(Pittsburgh
It is, in point of fact, similar in Mills) the crayon was
also used,
the square end
resulting effect to that caused b\ being applied to
the paper. In Fig. 9
wiping the ink from the lines oi only the
an etched plate. Of course thr crayon was used, the edge of the
object of this treatment is not to square end being applied in short
hnilate another strokes, the intention
treatment,
i. e., being to
an etching; the various possibk build up the
masses, and to at-
ways of applying the water allow tempt a certain "vibration,"with
of this
possibiUties quite different grouping of separated spots.
from the print of
In Iig. 8 the
the etching. lithographic crayon
The difficult and,
Fig. 7. Univcrsiiy Club, St. Louis, Mo was combined with
charcoal, the
to most draughts- former used as an
men, uncertain me- emphasis over the
dium of the litho- general masses laid
graphic crayon is a in with the latter.
familiarand chosen Mr. Ferriss finds
method of obtain- great interest in ex-
ing some of Mr. perimenting witb
Ferriss's most in- the highly varieoi
teresting and indi- conduct of this

vidual effects. It crayon on different
was the medium papers; on a glazed
employed for most paper, as in the
of the large repro- Pennsylvania Sta-
ductions accom- tion scene, high-
panying this appre- lightscan be taken
out with a knife, as
ciation, and as used
the
by him it is ob- lithographer
vious that it is no does on the stone.
limited or restricted The crayon, in the
field! Of course the stick form, should
be used in a broad
lithographic
cil
provides
pen-
far way —
almost as
one uses a brush
stronger and heav-
ier masses than are with oils.
possiblewith the Ths drawing on
ordinary lead pen-
Plate XX is made
but Mr. Ferriss in another
cil; medium,
also believes it can charcoal, on a paper
be used to produce with a linen-like
a greater
delicacy. texture, and large-
He ordinarily em- ly responsible for
the Korn the effect produced
ploys ;
while ordinary pen-

—
Lithographic pen-
a paper pencil has been used
cil,
cil,
— and the cra- A Grain Elevator, Texas
alone for two draw-
Fig. 8.
24 ings, Plates XXI
•the-ap^chitectui\alm:view-
and XXII, one em- after outlining with
ployed with great the architect the
delicacy, the other essential signifi-
in the bolder fash- cance of his design,
ion that more near- Mr. Ferriss lays out
ly parallels the his composition in
artist's use of the a few lines, and al-
crayon in Fig. 9. most immediately
In preparing ren- applies its ele-
for archi-
derings mentary values of
tects, Mr. Ferriss light and shade.
does not work over Both its architec-
a pencil outline laid tural indication and
out by another. He mas.sesprogress
contends that this simultaneously, the
custom necessarily drawing at all stages
results in two being, in a certain
treatments, each sense, complete.
by a different man. Mr. Ferriss forms
appearing clearly in his idea of the at-
the linal drawing. mospheric condi-
He contends that tions, the typical
every line which is
surroundings, traf-
to finally remain on fic, etc., before
the paper should be and has in
starting,
put there by the mind the total ef-
one hand which is fect in every line he
to control the final adds to the draw-
effect; that every ing. He
sees in a
indication should building a thing as
be put down with personal, as subject
Drawyi by pfrmi of Xai'y: lyublished with approval of Com. on Publii Inf.
this final effect in to moods, as an in-
mind;
— which ob- P'g.-^- Ship Launching, 4th of July
dividual, and it is
viously can hardly be done by any one except the this quality
— their distinctive individuality —
artist who executes the final drawing. Therefore, that one recognizes in all his drawings.
Reproduced by courtesy of Mr. Charles M. Rice

Fig. 10. Group on Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo.
25
THE RESIDENCE OF A. L. SEARLE. ESQ.
MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.
TROWBRIDGE &: ACKERMAN, ARCHITECTS
plan of the Searle house is essentially con- court was created by means of high retaining walls.
cerned with a problem of grades. It is an The
THE illustration of a case where it was impossible
drive passes under the library, and the court
is spacious enough to
permit a large car to turn with
for either owner or architect to approach the prob- one "cramping" and enter the garage through doors
lem with any preconceived notion as to the final on its east side. The roof of the garage is paved
solution —
or even as to the kind of architecture with quarry tiles, and furnishes a terrace opening
best suited to the situation. The site was a hill- off the Hbrary, and only a step below the level of
side, pretty well covered with trees, having a differ- the library floor. This room, coming a half story
ence of grade levels from the southwest to the north- above the main floor of the house, is reached directh-
east corner of approxi- from the landing of the
mately thirty feet. The main stairs, and since
owner presented the ar- it is "axed" on these
chitects with his require- stairs has an effective
ments as to rooms and approach. Its high floor
equipment, including a level does not pennit a
garage to hold several satisfactory third-floor
cars, and put it up to the arrangement overhead ;
architects to find a sat- but, on the other hand,

isfactory solution. there is plenty of room
The site is on the east for a high-ceilingcd li
side of Logan Avenue, a brary. The main stairs
thoroughfare which at continue from the land-

that point acts as a ing referred to and reach
boundary of the beauti- directly the master's por-
ful and spacious park tion of the bedroom
system of
Minneapolis. floor. Theother prin-
In consequence, the site cipal rooms on the first
faces property which will floor are self explanatory
l!
j jjl^^Mi^^tlE
doubtless never be built I^^J^^^^^B^^^' on the plan, given that
upon, and consequently r'Î^^^^Bi^ o"^ remembers the refer-
the vistas existing over ence to the views and
lake and park will prob- that the summer breezes
ably never be destroyed. come from the west and
Toward the southwest the southwest. It should
a fine view of the lake is be noted in passing that
obtained. The points entrance to the house
of the compass happily Tiic EntrnnCL' Srt-ps at ihc Sncnt
may be either by motor-
coincided with the view, car via the door opening
so far as regards the placing of the principal rooms, on the driveway under the Hbrary; by car and the
and a brief consideration of these factors led to the side steps near the house; or on foot from Logan
location of the garage, the service court, and the ser- Avenue via the entrance steps, sidewalk, and steps
vice section of the house on the northern end of the at house. Many trees had to be sacrificed to make
lot. As there was no road or alley at the rear, and way for the building operation, but a sufficient num-
no way of providing one, the approach to the garage ber were saved to produce ample shade and the de-
and service court had to come from Logan Avenue. lightfully decorative shadows which are so attract-
A careful study of the accompanying plan is worth ive a feature falling upon stucco wall surfaces.
while to any one interested in unusual problems. The southern end of the property was finally so
A hole was cut inthe northeastern corner of the lot, graded as to form several terraced levels, connecteti
at the point of highest elevation, and the service by steps with the various levels and the paved terrace
26
o
CO
w
O
a
<
27
•THE •AR.CHITECTUKAL- REVIEW-
in front of the house. the interior. The re-
The construction of sult is a home plentifully
the house is fireproof, supplied with useful and
the walls being of hollow beautiful things, which
tile with brick backing, were all selected with an
furred generally for the eye to quiet color and to
interior plastering. The their harmonious char-
exterior trim is of brick acter and relationship.
and stone, the latter a The woodwork is of but-
local limestone known as ternut in the library and

Kettle River stone, of a in the dining-room, and
pinkish hue. The color of oak in the living-room

of this stone is not pro- and the main hall. The
nounced, yet it was quite tone of the finished
strong enough to prompt wood is kept in a neutral
the architects to use a brown that is attract-
little color in the stucco ively dark in value while
and in the mortar-joints remaining sufficiently
of the brickwork. The cool in relative inten-
result is a pleasantly sity, somewhat like old
warm which per-
tone, oak or old walnut. The
meates, without excess, general effect of the inte-
the entire fagade. The rior is that of an Amer-
grounds were tastefully ican home designed and

planted under the direc- built on EngUsh lines.
tion of Mr. Harry Frank- The mouldings, panels,
hn Baker, landscape etc., are consistently
architect, of Minneapo- English in scheme, in
lis, who had the rare The Living.Room Bay handling, and in detaA,
good sense to place '^ while the plan|
his material in good
i
arrangement is
scale and without so closely related

over-crowding. to the governing
The architects conditions that
were it could not, by
engaged by
Mr. Searle to di- any stretch of
rect the planning the imagination,
and purchase of all be called an
the furnishings and ., "English"house.
decorations. Al- The architects
though the owners are content to
had already accu- believe this
mulated a number house might be
of pieces of furni- considered an il-
ture, rugs, bric-a- lustration of the
brac, etc., they stip- right use of
ulated in the begin- precedent in
ning that nothing American aichi-
that they then pos- tecture. Histor-
sessed would be re- ic architectural
quired in the new styles have been
house, unless the closely studied,
architects and the but not copied,
owners agreed that without attempt
it was in satisfac- to exhibit fake
tory accord with
O! ,>lMf~4J'*.Sfreei. antiques, either
the design and gen- in architecture
'
t •• 1 T E T J°
eral character of Plan of the House and Lot or furniture.
28
A SURVEY OF EXISTING COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
IN MAINE
By FREDERIC HUTCHINSON PORTER
Winner of the Architectural Review American Traveling Scholarship, 1918
THE TOWNSHIP OF KITTERY. PART I
We begin this muiilli the ptMieation of the American Traveling Scholarship Envois now being received from the
winner of the Architectural Revieiv Scholarship for this year. Mr. Porter selected the "State of Maine" for his field
of inve.'itigations, and started in with the township of Kittery, which section of the State will be covered in this and
the immediately follo'icing inslaUnents. Mr. Porter assures us thai "all measurements will be carefully taken and
checked for plumb and level, as well as for the settlement and curvature usually found in old buildings, and I have so
far been able to determine the exact and proper relation between different parts. The profiles of all difficult or un-
usual mouldings have been obtained with splines and carefully fitted strips of lead, and nothing has been assumed or
taken for granted." — Ed.
IHE ancient and peaceful under the name of " Piscat-

five)
Ti little town of Kittery, Mc.,

York County, lies just
across the Piscataqua River from
aqua Plantation," and took its
present name in 1652. It then
included in its area the present
Portsmouth, N. H., and may be towns of Eliot and the Berwicks.
reached after a few minutes' The town records begin March
pleasant ferry ride across the 19, 1648, and have been kept
strong tides that ebb and flow continuously ever since, though
through the harbor. There are one of the early volumes has
no mills or large industries in been lost.
Kittery, and the working jwp- In 1652 the residents signed
ulation is largely employed on submission to Massachusetts be-
the Government reservation at fore commissioners sent for this
the Navy Yard. The population purpose,and the province of
of the town and the adjacent dis- Maine was thenceforth repre-
I'irst Congregational Church, Kittery Point
tricthas been considerably in- (As it loolced subsequent to 1874) sented in the Massachusetts
creased by the war General Court until
Colonial ARCHiT££TVRi Kty
and the consequent M K1TT5R.Y, MAINE ICOMCHSGATIOHI*^ LNum Maine was made a
3 &RAy nous*
large amount of work HE AiiEHlTEeTVEAL KVIEW / SQEUCISH MUSE
4CUTTS H0«5t separate State, in
AMEKCAN TKAVELINO
being done on the / 1820.
busy island in the riv-
3:H01*.Ki5HlPM313
A' A 7 OtD 5U)U-IUUSG
Associated with the
er's mouth, and the lOPMlLBPlCK H0U3E
tl 6vtt Koviis early history of Kit-
SAtMtK HOUSE
town is now a good 12
130T15 MOUSE
tery are the names of
deal busier than it has
\ 14 Aawii MOlPiE
ISWCE TAverN
RCHICn t40DSE Capt. John Smith,
been in years. I7KNNET MOUSE
This Francis Champer-
happily has not yet nowne, Alexander
affected the quaint- Shapleigh, the two
ness of the historic Pepperells, John Bray,
old place, nor the few- the brothers Cutt,
remaining exam-
fine Gen. William Whip-
ples of what is comple, and many others.
monly called Colonial The siege and cap-
architecture -^ those ture of Louisburg,
remnants of a former during the third of
prosperity and com- King George's wars,
mercial activity that broughtthis town in-
arenowbeingrenewed. to its first
prominence
The town was in- and gave William
Sir
corporated in 1647 or Reproiiuccd at the scale of two miles to the inch
Pepperell world-wide
i6ii9 (date not posi- Plan of the Township of Kittery, Me. fame and notoriety.
29
•THE-AF^CHITECTUPvAL-IVEVIEW-
The Continental ship Ranger. were among the earliest settlers,
commanded by Captain John Paul and the house now known as the
Jones, was built on Badger's Island Cutts house will be described later.
during the year 1777, and its crew- General William Whipple, distin-
was largely composed of Kittery guished as one of the signers of the
residents. Declaration of Independence, was
Alexander Shapleigh, who built born in a house still standing near
the first house at Kittery Point Locke's Cove.
(which has now unfortunately dis- Other history of interest, but
appeared) came from a place called
, connected more definitely with
Kittery Point, near Dartmouth, some of the houses worthy of
England. This may account for special attention, will be given
the name later given to the town. hereafter.
Lieutenant-Colonel William Pep- The First Congregational Church at
perell came from Tavistock, Eng- Kittery Point
First Congregational Church. K
land, about 1660, when a young man, The
)
f As it is
first church at Kittery un-
today)
settling first on the Isle of doubtedly stood near
Shoals and later moving where the present church
to Kitterj- Point, when at Kittery Point now
he wooed and won the stands. It
spoken of is
hand of Marjory Bray, as being "old" in 1671.
the daughter of John
The story of
1 1 After several meeting-
houses had been built,
Bray.
Pepperell and his son repaired, and destroyed,
Sir William is too m I^W a new church was built
lengthy to be told in
tail, but will be touched
de-
1! 9 f^H which was burned about
1 730. The present
upon in the later account church was built imme-
of the Pepperell house. diately after that dato
The Cutt brothers, so that the date inscribed
(an "s" was added to I he Parsonage, Kittery Point, 1729 on the present pulpit
the name later), John may not be accurate, as
Richard and Robert, the actual construction
may have been
done in 1731-
However, in the
absence of more
definite records, I
have accepted 730 1
as the probable
correct date.
The church
stood out in the
present street, fac-
ing the west, and
possessed a tall bel-
fry. was moved,

It
turned toward the
south, and repaired
in 1874. It faces
approximately the
south at present,
and since it was
moved has been
partially destroyed
and again repaired.
FRONT ELEVATION ^ I came across a
The'Bray House, Kittery' Point, Me. Built about 1662
(Claimed^locally to be the
*'
oldest house in Maine ") newspaper clipping
30
•THE -APoCHITECTUIVKL- REVIEW-
\"7
Dcrmc LiNLS ikDi|>ii
.<)
•Elevation of pvlpit
? i hiii , r f f f
PEW END ^ ' ' '
r^'
' '
MAY
-
THE AMERICAN TRAVELING 5CHOLAR.5H1P. *
MEA5VRED ^ DRAWN BY
1918 'PVLPIT C,PEWS IN CDNGRLGATIONAL CHVRCH, KITTLRX ME. FREDERIC HVTCHINSON PORTER.
PLATE 1 THE PULPlTiiPtWS CATE fROM AN LARLIER. BVILDmG,ERjeTED 173a
MEASURED DRAWING OF PULPIT AND PEWS FROM AN EARLIER BUILDING, ERECTED IN 1730,
NOW IN THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH AT KITTERY, ME.

31
•THE -AB^CHITECTURAL- REVIEW-
which contained carl}- construc-
nothing of im- tion, though I
care not to be
portance other
than an illustra- responsible for
tion, which I the exact date.
have traced and It is uninter-
submitted as esting from a
probably repre- standpoint of de-

senting the ap- tail. It has been
pearance of the added to, as evi-

church between denced by the
the year 1874 ell at the rear
and the next and an inspec-
date of repair. tion of the inte-
I submit also a rior.
photograph of I was privi-

the structure as leged to inspect
it now looks. an old library
The interior The of some three-
Pulpit, 1730, First Congregational Church, Kittery Point, Me.
possesses a pul- score volumes or
pit, of which I
have more, donated to the
made a measured draw- parsonage by Sir Wil-
ing and a photograph. liam Pepperell. They
After careful examina- are intensely interesting,
tion I am convinced that and it is indeed regret-
the central and more im- table that they are
portant parts of the pul- now tossed indifferently

pit are authentic, and about on some shelves
date from as early as the in a dusty closet
withovi^
structure of 1 730. I have any attempt at cata-
indicated the modern logue, or care, or use of
work on my drawing by any kind being made of
Plan of the Bray House, Kittery Point, Me. them. The parsonage is
dotted lines. A small
key plan indicates the present relation of pew and
now used solely as a Parish and Community House.
pulpit. There is an old railing on a balcony at the The Bray House, Killery Point, Me.
rear of the church which, though undoubtedly old, The oldest house in Kittery is the Bray house, on
has Httle particular interest as the balcony is un- the Point, —
a plain, two-story, gable-roofed struc-
fioored and not used, and the openings in the wall ture which has been standing on the shores of Pep-
under the rail have no relation with the panels perell Cove more than two hundred years, long
be-
above, giving no indication as to what the end of fore the cove received its present name. It is yet
the room may have been like in its olden glory. a comfortable dwelling, and while plain enough on
*" After the fire of
1739, the ruined bell, procured the exterior, its interior finish indicates that it
in 1 7 14, was sent to London to be re-cast into a bell must, at one time, have been deemed a home of
of aijout600 pounds weight, and was again sent to luxury and comfort.
London for the same purpose in 1742. Captain John Bray, the builder of the house, was a ship-
Stephen Eastwick paid half the original cost of the builder by trade, and came to America from Plym-
bell and had as an equivalent the privilege of build- outh, England, in 1660. There is no existing rec-
ing for himself a pew. All others paid five pounds ord of his presence in Kittery, however, before the
for such a privilege. In 1728 it was voted to allow year 1662, and this is the date given to the house
'
Henry Miles six pounds a year for ringing ye bell, by historians.

sweeping ye meeting-house and keeping it clean and Bray was one of the pioneers in Maine ship-build-
sanded and keeping ye dogs out.'" '
ing, and laid the foundation for the future

wealth
A parsonage, which I illustrate by a photograph, of his son-in-law, Colonel William Pepperell; and
stands near the church, and is said by historians it was in this house that he had built that, during
to have been built in 1729. There is no doubt of its 1672 and 1673, he "kept a public house of enter-
*From "Old Kittery and Her
tainment and was directed by the Court to put uj)
Families," by Everett S. Stack-
pole. Press of The Lewiston Journal, 1903. a sign."*
32
THE FUNCTION OF THE DESIGNER IN THE
" "
BUSINESS OF ARCHITECTURE
PART IV
By HOWARD DWIGHT SMITH
This concluding insUilmcnt of Mr. Smith's articles dealing with "The h'unction of the Designer in the 'fiusine^s' of
is the
Architecture." article of a ne;v series, by the same author, dealing with an even more important department in the modern
The first
office organization, "Tlw Supervising .irchitect in the Organization," will be published in the September issue.
— Kd.
Checking Execution with Design sign as nothing else can do. It serves to remove
is in connection with the actual execution dust from the designer's eyes — dust of the sort
of the work that the supervising architect must bound to accumulate when work is
continually con-
IThave the whole-hearted assistance of the defined to the delineation and execution of realities.
signer, to the end that ideas, points of view, and The fact that a firm does not win more than one in
taste should be fully discussed and conferred upon every twenty competitions entered is not a proper
in order to insure execution conforming to concep- gauge of the value of the competition to the office
tion. In such discussions the supervising archi- in the stimulating and enlightening effect it
may
tect should be free to give to the designer criticisms exert on the organization itself.
and comments as to the probable elTectiveness of Complete Isolation Necessary Jor Competition Work
the design in execution, and to consider with him any The designer should only attempt the special
opportunity of improvement in design or presen- work required by a competition with proper and
tation possible from materials or workmanship. sufiicient help, all of which should be subordinate
The Correction and Approval of Models to him. If the routine work in the office could be
In connection with the actual execution of the so arranged that the entire organization could be
work the designer should and
inspect, criticize, taken from their usual tasks and put to work on
finally approve all models and
for full-size work, some part or other of the competitions, as they come
should be the final judge as to whether the models along, the stimulating eft'ects mentioned could be
are properly followed. This same is true of sam- exerted to the maximum. It is, however, difficult
ples having to do with other than purely structural to arrange current work in an office so that a lapse
features. It is good policy for an organization to of several days or weeks would not handicap its
have its modeling done by well-established modelers execution —
which is, after all, the main purpose, as
of reputation both as to the technical and artistic well as the main support, of the organization. Such
character of their work. This relieves the designer being the case, it is best to have competitions
of any technical responsibility and leaves him free conducted in a room, or rooms, as widely separated
for final study and criticism. If a designer is forced from the main working space as possible even to —
to take the modeler's tools to any great extent and the point of actually acquiring separate space tem-
do a considerable portion of the work, even if only porarily for the purpose.' Ordinarily, however, it
to start properly, he is in some part deprived of
it is possible to isolate sufficient area in the office to
the full opportunity of unbiased criticism. It must afford the desired accommodation. It is well if
always be remembered that a versatile modeler, the regular office space is so arranged that the de-
who is also an artist, can be of material assistance signer's own room can be put to such use.
in maintaining the character of one's conception, Competition Design vs. Rendering
or even helpful in enhancing it, without in anyway In our ideal organization the designer is his own
interfering with the. individuaUty of that character. renderer. Presentation is of much importance in
These functions performed, the designer may competition work, because so much is dependent
leave the product of his imagination to the tender upon proper and effective rendering to make the
care of the supervising architect, to whom the firm utmost advantageous display possible of good de-
looks for the successful completion of the work. sign and good architecture. Professional renderers
7. The Conduct and Handling of the Competition. are few, and, with rare exception, it is difficult, if
Its potential value to the organization not almost impossible, to get from an outsider the
There is an important phase of the work of the sympathetic appreciation of the design and its fine
designer in which he is not bound by the ties and points that is needed. An interesting side-light
perhaps the restrictions of cooperation with others. isthat good designers who are also good renderers
This is on the conduct of competition work. We much prefer to be known by the merits of their
shall leave the merits and the faults of the prevalent work as designers. Renderers have even tried de-
competition system for others to discuss. It has liberately to change their distinctive and accepted
its good points and its bad Perhaps its best
ones. style, when working on competition drawings, in or-
point is that it serves to stimulate the study of de- der to conceal their identity as a competitor, so their
33
•TH E-AP^C HI TEC TUPvAL- REVIEW-
design might be judged strictly on its own merits. readily available for reference purposes. Such
The Question of the Competition ''Ghost" material was never more extensive in its
scope than
The question as to the propriety of the practice it is
today, and it has certainly never been more
of a designer of one organization doing work for valuable in its general quality. The
designer is or-
another "on the side" is a matter for individual dinarily the one man of the organization who must
consideration. There are times when such assistance take the time to
thoroughly go over all the maga-
ismutually interchanged between friendly adjacent zines as they appear, and it is a
very simple and
organizations. There are other times —
as, for in- effective thing for him at that time to mark those
stance, when both are concerned in solving the same articles and those plates which he thinks should
competitive problem
—when such cooperation is be preserved for office reference. The matter of
obviously neither desirable nor practical. The re- performing the actual work then provides an excel-
muneration of a good designer should, however, in lent opportunity for the new office
boy to while
any case enable him to conserve his entire abilities away an hour or two each day, while not otherwise
to his employer at all times when the demand is engaged in trying to purchase vanishing points or
made upon him by his own organization. On the borrow the janitor's floor lifter,
principle of noblesse oblige, the designer should also p. General Business Knowledge Necessary to Properly
be prepared and willing to give advice whenever Balance the Organization
the opportunity presents itself to help benefit by With all these qualifications and duties enumer-
that means the living architecture of the country. ated, perhaps it is asking too much of a man who
8. The Designer's Influence on the Library. is a good designer, and has some
knowledge of con-
The selection of reference works and plates struction, also to possess a certain amount of busi-
Besides competition work there is another im- ness acumen! It is not unusual, however, to find
portant duty which the designer should assume in such a combination. It is quite in line with what
the office, in the exercise of which he may act en- we have already mentioned as to the educational
tirely independent of the other units of the organ- requirements of a general nature to expect a designer
ization. That is the responsibility for the quality to have some knowledge of business. He shcmld
of the library and reference plates. One of the appreciate business organization; he should cer-
eminent patrons of an atelier of the Ecole des Beaux tainly understand in detail the essentials of a con-
Arts is said to have made a remark to the effect that tract; and he should have some little knowledge of
the best designers were those who had the best banking, investments, and credit. Such knowledge
books, and the most original designers those who is beneficial —
if not actually essential
— in order
had the books which no one else possessed! There to insure general balance in the organization.
is a great deal of truth in the thought, and it is just It should also not be overlooked that a good
for that reason that care and attention to the li- designer, by fully meeting the requirements indi-
brary should be the special interest of the person who cated in these articles, might make himself so in-
has naturally the most to do with its material. The dispensable that he would naturally be given a
knowledge and study of precedent are such vital fac- financial interest, or evenbe brought fully into the
tors in the architecture of the age that a good library, firm membership. In that event nothing here con-
fully up to date, must continue to be the stock in tained prevents him, while a member of the firm,
trade of every successful architectural organization. from continuing to fulfil his normal functions, as
New books bearing on subjects of current interest they are prescribed within the small circle labeled
should be exarr.ined with care, and only purchased "designer" on the Organization Chart!
with discretion, to avoid overcrowding the office 10. In Conclusion
shelves with commonplace material. The search In concluding this discussion of the tasks of the
for certain specific material bearing on any given designer, with their various ramifications, attention
work in hand can very well be facilitated by seeking is recalled to the point which has doubtless become
the assistance of any one cf a number of booksellers evident from any perusal of the foregoing text, —
who are quite generally known to the profession. that the designer in the organization who measures
The magazines are also always glad to be of service up to the high standard set for him is indispensa-
in helping in the search for books and material. ble to the important situation stated by Mr.Higgins
The Magazine File of Current Architectural Material in his last article, as follows: "The architect is left
The prodigious task of clipping and filing mag- with ample and sufficient time to give his personal
azine material, text as well as illustrations and attention to his work wherever he sees the oppor-
plates, must needs be carefully supervised by the tunity to better or improve it ... to keep in touch
designer. The library of the present-day office is with .
important affairs outside the office, and
. . . . .
incomplete and inadequately equipped to fulfil its to keep open those channels of communication by
intended purpose without an efficient and up-to- means of which he may most expect to find new
date method of keeping current material in a form opportunities to develop his practice."
34
BAY POINT GARDEN SUBURB
A MANUFACTURER'S HOUSING PROJECT ON THE
PACIFIC COAST
By RALPH F. WARNER
the exception of the towns of Southern Pacific Railroad shops; another near Al-
Torrance and Atascadero, in Califor- ameda, on Bay Farm Island; and a third, which we
WITH nia, developed within the last decade,
the more recently developed towns of Clarkdale,
are presenting in this issue,
outskirts of the
—
a development on the
little town of Bay Point, over- —
in Arizona, and the outstanding example of looking San Francisco Bay, and northeast of San
Tyrone, in New Mexico (discussed in the Re- Francisco and Oakland. This development is of
view for April, 1918), the Far West has little pecuHar interest because it is the concrete ex-
first
to show in the way of actual development in the ample of recent effort in California in which the
field of industrial housing; nn-l ^ \' n planning. architect has met the issue in design which the char-
The Pacific Coast acteristic bungalow
States, and CaU- type the small
fornia in particu- dwelling presents.
lar, have, however, The Bay Point
been thoroughly development is of
aroused in the last further interest be-
two or three years cause the dwellings
to the importance constructed have
of these problems been secured at
by the persistent very reasonable
propaganda carried costs, so as to come
on by the Califor- well within the
nia Conference on range of the wagc-
City Planning and earner's purse.
the State Commis- The project, as yet
sion on Perspective of CIub-House
Housing Hart Wood, Architprt
but partially real-
and Immigra- ized, is intended
tion. That the
commercial and
industrial inter-
nnmnnnnr to
for
provide
commodations
employees of
ac-
ests of the State the Pacific Elec-

have been tro Metals Com-
strongly influ-
pany
— a new
enced by this
venture, the fu-
educational L-jLJ^LJLJ-LJL^ ture conditions
work is evi- and require-
denced by the ments of which
formulation of
were, and still
at least three
are, to a great
schemes for in-
an
extent, un-
dustrial vil-
known quan-
lages within the To
tity .
begin
past eighteen
months, one — the operation of
the new plant
to be located in
was impossible
Vistacion Val-
in a little town
ley, just south
such as Bay
of the city of
Point without
San Francisco lieprmlua-d .:
Plan of General Landscape Layout

:.
hundred Iwenly-five jeel to ihe inch
providing ac-
proper, near the
Wood 6C Simpson, Architects commodations
35
•TH E-APoC HI TECTUI\AL- REVIEW-
for a certain
Bay Point is of
number of em- the usual check-
ployees. Al- erboard plan,
though the with two diag-
shortage of onals radiating
houses was not from the rail-
as acute at the road stations.
start as it is It was found
now, the man- how-
possible,
agers of the en- ever, to replat
terprise, Messrs. the street sys-
Beckman and tem in the se-
Linden, had an- lected site with-
ticipated the probable ut encroaching upon
shortage in homes, existing buildings.
characteristic of other On the plan repro-
localities where war duced, the street
industries are in oper- died Park Avenue
ation. Fortunately, was diverted to place
also, the relation of the first group of
the esthetic and social houses against the
aspects of industrial trees facing the old
housing to the prac- town. Lind and Bur-
tical and commercial ,!j;ess Streets were
phases of
industry turned in on Park Av-
was recognized by the enue, and the street
managers, who en- between (Minnesota)
gaged Messrs. Wood terminated by the
and Simpson, archi- elliptical block at the
tects, of San Fran- end, thus closing these
cisco, to take charge three vistas from the
of the cornmunity de- main business street.
l"he tracks of three
velopment.
Setting against the main-line railroads
hill, the little town

of lass along the north
Bay Point slopes town boundary and
gently down toward ])arallel with Mes-
the bay. Although senger Street, between
Typic.il Cottage Street Sections
de- the factory dis-
practically
void of foliage tricton one side
as a whole, there and the new
are wooded community lay-
areas at two op- out on the other.
posite corners of
The trapezoidal
the town. To area south of
serve as a back- Messenger
Street is close to
ground, as well
as to obtain the tracks, and
shelter from the undesirable for
wind, which Iniilding. It is
b lo w s co n - therefore adapt-
able to park and
stantly, the site
wasselectednear recreation pur-
one of these po s e s , ";
an d
of trees serves as a
groves
on the edge of screen against
the town. The railroad tracks
street system of Superintendents'
and facto ry
36
•THE AP^C H ITE C T U I\AL- PcEV E W-
*
1
I I i,. ;0 It.)
i;.. sq.
buildings, and to some extent as a windbreak. stead of having to sell or demolish his smaller house.
Questions inregard to wages,
types, families, The effects of climate, high labor costs, and cheap
etc.,could only be determined by experiment. The lumber influenced the selection'ôf the types de-
units first built were a matter of arbitrary selec- signed. It was believed that, for houses of min-
tion. have these selec- imum accommodations, marked variations from the
tions —Developments
the houses so far
justified
accommodating them- general style found throughout California were not
selves to the demands. desirable. As the house departed from the minima,
Studies started with a three-room house (528 sq. more marked divergences in type became allowable.
"
probably the absolute minimum of proper While not prejudiced against the English cottage,
ft.),-
living-conditions,
—
and proceeded to types of four, local considerations, combined with the smaller plan
five, six, and seven rooms. In the larger house the requirements and labor costs, and the fact that Eng-
rooms remain the same size as in the smaller; the expects a much lower return (a fact we
lish capital
problem of the large family with the small income too seldom realize in planning housing develop-
being universal. The four-room house is the small- ments !) made different methods necessary.
,
est yet constructed. In planning, the

Most of the plans methods of con-
are arranged to ex- struction were
pand with the in- standardized with-
crease in the ten- out producing mo-
ant's family and notony, with the
his material pros- minimum of two or
perity
—a very de- three stock designs
sirable feature. for certain details.
When an em- The ten houses
ployee's income first built cost $16,-
allows a larger 600, including two
house, he enlarges of seven rooms,
his dwelling in- Double Family Cottage four of five rOOms,
Type 1 , beven-Room Cottage

37
•THE APoC H ITE C T U PsAL Ri V E W-
* •
1
Typo T, Four-Room Cottage Type R, Four-Room Cottage
four of four rooms, prise already shows

and hardware, how local prece-
fixtures, painting, dent in design and
and shades. This the building mar-
averages approxi- ket influence the
mately $2,3 14 for a low-cost house and
;
seven-room house, how the architect,

$1,660 for a live- even when limited
room, and $1,328 by such conditions,
for a four-room. may yet impart a
Although its de- homelikeness, con-
velopment has venience, and
been arrested by charm to houses of
the war, the enter- Type R, Five-Room Cottage (850 sq. ft.) minimum cost.
Type P, Four-Room Cottage Type T, Four-Room Cottage
Type Q, Five-Room Cottage Various Cottage Types Type Z, Five-Room Cottage

Wood & Simpson, Architects
38
GOVERNMENT WAR HOUSING. PART IV
PROPERTY VALUES AND OWNERSHIP PROBLEMS
The Land Value a Principal Factor in the Success ing from the development of the (Government plant
of all Housing Enterprises are rightly due to, and should be shared among, the
should by now be quite plain that in order to people as a whole,
—
represented by the Government,
keep Mr. Laborer permanently employed it is
— rather than be allowed to be solely appropriated
IT also necessary comfortably to house Mrs.
— by any one individual who may happen accidentally
Laborer, and all the big and little Laborer chil- to be in possession of that particular piece of land
dren,
— especially as those growing up will soon be- at the time its appropriation is determined upon as
come skilled themselves! So, to obtain two thou- convenient for such common use.
sand effective workmen, housing for eight thousand Skilled Labor the Principal Material Lacking to
to ten thousand persons must be provided; and it Win the War

must also be realized that, in all cases, only a limited Now, granting that we are to win the war (and
area of land near the works is to be found physically accepting it as an established fact that we need
best available for that purpose. munitions and ships to accomplish that purpose),
Here we find the needs of the Government lirst what have we done thus far, and how much progress
beginning seriously to conflict with "the rights of have we made, in this important particular of
the individual;" for, in a free and unrestricted housing
—
and thus stabilizing our labor.^ —
country like North America, a demand always im- However little yet the actual results, we have
mediately acts to increase the cost of the supply
— done something in regard to speeding up the product
which cost increases all the more rapidly once its of most of the other
necessary machinery and ma-
actual scarcity becomes realized. terials. There are, at least, a few important men
It is now full time, therefore, to establish the fact in each community who
recognize the need of sup-
that the rights of the whole group of the people plying each of these parts of the whole problem.
are greater and more important than the rights of At present our gravest danger lies in the fact
any one or more of the individuals comprising it; that in regard to labor as yet
practically no one
and in no single illustration is this more obvious realizes the importance of this factor in the situa-
than in connection with making the housing of tion, nor is prepared to face it on the huge new scale
working-men possible at a price low enough to be on which it is
necessary to think about it, with any
within a proper proportion of their incomes - - hope of arriving at a practically permanent and suc-
which proposition can not equably or fairly be con- cessful solution capable of meeting
present condi-
sidered one quarter or one fifth that total (as is tions— or those likely to exist in the near future.
usually arbitrarily established and accepted by The Value of Housing as ati Inducement to Labor
housing theorists!), but should not justly amount to As yet we are only interested —
in the United
over one sixth or one eighth the workman's total pay. States — in participating in a
housing program
What are "the Rights" of the Individual!' solely from the point of view of its being an induce-
In this problem, at least, it should be established ment toward the permanent stabilization of labor
that it is nol "the right of the individual" to make on or near the site of the concern where that labor
money out of the necessities of the whole group — is
being employed
—and in its further indirect results
represented in this case by the Government — of in keeping down the cost of
production, the latter
which he is a part. Inasmuch as the principal being at present of quite secondary importance.
saving possible in the total investment in any hous- As yet no one in the United States has given
ing scheme resides in the initial value of the land,
— much thought to the difficulties of the new relations
the cost of a house of similar t}pe, in the same that have thus been established, once the workman
ap-
proximate location, remaining the same, whether is
employed by a corporation that owns and acts
the land costs 50 cents or $5 the foot! —it should as landlord of the property in which he lives. In
be obvious that the Government, representing the fact, the entire Government
larger group, has
— or certainly should have -
program is based upon
the assumption that such a relation is
entirely
the right to take, or reserve, as great an amount of desirable of being established, and that it possesses
land as may ultimately be necessary in the no especial dangers of its own.
vicinity
of
any^
Government plant to provide for its future Yet it is precisely this relation that has been the
expansion, as well as all necessary future housing, at cause of the utmost dillficulty abroad, —
as well as
a cost price to be established
by its value before in the few
housing experiments that have been
the location of a plant on that site
began to make undertaken in the past in North America! and —
for the increase of those land values! In other which the English methods of arranging the situa-
words, the^ values of "unearned increment" result- tion have been entirely devised to obviate.
39
•EDITORIAL' COMMENT-
ON •AP.CHITECTURE-cS^ 'THE TIMES
over the country will
all
shape this war's memorials will
ARCHITECTS
undoubtedly hope that the Allied Govern-
ments will find it possible to take some
united action that will be effective in convincing
WHAT assume is already beginning to concern
those who, for one reason or another,
have always remained cold to the sentimental and
the Central Powers that it will be much to their artistic merits of the
omnipresent cast-iron soldiers
own advantage to abandon their
four-year-old at "parade rest," guarded by four quartering can-
policy of wanton destruction that they have con- non, that stand immobilely facing the future
sistently extended to cover all growing things, all across every village green and "court-house square"
animate objects, and all structures existing on the that existed in '63! There is certain authority for
terrain they have occupied in their advance or the statement that —
in the opinion of many wor-
abandoned in their retirement. Now that they thy people
—
the United States of America al-
must themselves begin to realize that it is only a ready possesses a" sufficiency of "Soldiers' Monu-
matter of time when they will be driven behind ments" of this particular stock and brand.
their own frontier, —
and that it will then be their
They,
with others, are also inclined to believe that those
ouit "Fatherland" that will be open to destruction memorials that are to follow the present war should
and reprisal,
—would seem possible that they
it partake of a somewhat different, and perhaps even
may be inclined to pay attention to some properly more individual and original, character
— possibly
phrased official utterance, calculated to make them with the idea of by this means being more com-
realize that further continuance in their policy of pletely disassociated from the period of our own
wanton destruction will directly react upon their Civil War; perhaps with the thought that
by this
own people and their own land. time different standards of popular taste should be
Architecturally, it happens that all of Germany available to help thus to differentiate these more
contains material of great or indispensable
little recent memorials from those existing from our
artistic value. Alsace-Lorraine would, of course, wars of "yester year."
not come under this decree of reprisal, while the far Already various concrete suggestions have been
western and southern borders of Germany verge made. One is that the construction of Community
upon the picturesque architectural characteristics Centers or Recreation Houses would be appropriate
of the adjoining countries, upon whose natural and desirable; another suggestion is that various
terrain they trench. Save only for some interest- of our historic buildings might be preserved or
remains of Romanesque architecture, and much restored,
—both in this country and abroad, —
ing
later —
and, generally speaking, bad Gothic work, — and arranged to suit the same sort of community
the tourist student of the future would not lose purpose; another suggestion is that modern hos-
much in such a destruction of German architecture pital buildings, of themany types now required in
as would thus be threatened
—
although the more all communities, would be especially appropriate
remote Hanseatic provinces contain much little- and practical structures to serve the purpose of war
known architectural material of some historic in- memorials —
or that college dormitories, gymna-
terest and value. But, granted even a superlative siums, laboratories, athletic fields, school buildings,
artisticvalue to German property, it is unthink- libraries, or settlement houses are all subjects that
able that any more of the precious heritage of would be found appropriate to commemorate the
life values and outlooks of those of our individual
French, Italian, and Belgian architecture should
be lost to the world. The situation has already heroes who have so willingly abandoned and sacri-
been too long endured. ficed their chosen careers to the general cause of
By all means, let the Allied Governments make humanity.
the Germans realize that, for
every unnecessary On all sides, however, is found the general thought
that these years of recently accelerated modern
piece of destruction or vandalism that occurs
in
the future, due reparation must be made; that progress supply so many opportunities and needs
an equal number of Prussian houses, of Prussian for structures that will fulfil practical purposes
—
churches, cathedrals, and monu- and at the same time most worthily serve as in-
villages, cities,
ments be destroyed, burned, or razed to
of art will dividual or group war memorials —
that it is hardly
the ground, in retribution and reprisal for each necessary nor desirable to revert to the lonely
needless instance of similar wantonness on their warrior on his village pedestal as an inevitable
part in France. The historic monuments and form of war monument to the memory of the
records of past civilization must be preserved to lives that will be lost in the great crisis through
the world and civilization of the future. which our world is now passing.
40
U6e
ARCHITECTUPAL REVIEW
YolMN
Volume Old Series Number
VII SEPTEMBER: 1918 3
THE ORIGIN OF THE PLAN OF WASHINGTON, D. C.
By FISKE KIMBALL
While our leading article this month may by some readers as an almost exclusively academic sub-
at first sight be regarded
ject,we have yet ourselves gladly welcomed the opportunity to feature publication at what we conceive to be a particularly
its
timely and doubly appropriate moment! It may, in one direction, serve as a reminder to those who have heretofore struggled zeal-
ously to preserve the future of the V
Enfant plan of Washington, that even the lulling etherization of war-time industry and excuse
is not in itself to be unquestionably accepted as justification for the many atrocities that have been perpetrated upon the Washing-
ton plan during these recently unwonted aiul hustling months. Even in "the piping times of war," the easiest and most obvious
solution is not always the best!
It also seems to us a neither unimportant nor insignificant matter to be able to disclose, in the midst of these stirring days of
world politics, another suggestive and inspiring bond linking us with the European civilization we are struggling to help preserve,
— that the plan of the National Capital of our United States was derived from the one-time Capital city of our co-ally, France!
— Ed.
plan of L' Enfant for Washington, a be added to the number of plans of European cities
—
indeed the masterpiece — loaned to L'Enfant by Jefferson, as specified in
THE masterpiece of
monumental civic design, has long presented
and Whence
Jefferson's letter of April 10, 179 1. In this line
of reasoning, of course, he overlooked both un-
a riddle to architects historians.
came its inspiration? Was
modeled on some it executed projects such as Henry IV's Place de la
single existing prototype, or subtly and independ- Nation and Rousset's Place Louis XV,' and the
ently combined from scattered suggestions? rond-points of theChamps Elysees and of the Etoile,
To these questions very various answers have been already laid out and planted in anticipation of
returned. In most of them attention has been con- future growth of Paris, shown on the plan of
centrated on the scheme of radial avenues leading Verniquet in 1791. That of the Champs Elysees,
to points of interest, the models for which are gen- indeed, is shown, already partly surrounded by
erally sought in the avenues of Paris, in the allees buildings, on the plan of Jaillot, in 1775, the
of the gardens at Versailles, or those of the great standard plan of Paris at that time, and thus prob-
French forests. Mr. Glenn Brown, in the fullest ably the one which Jefferson sent. Thus if the focal
discussion which has been given to the subject,' arrangement of avenues were truly the fundamental
has discounted the influence of Paris so far as the feature of Washington, it would certainly seem that
radiating avenues are concerned. Supposing Na- the model could indeed be found in the Paris of
poleon I to have begun the radial system of avenues, L'Enfant's day.
he concludes that "the Paris of 1791 had nothing The essential character of the plan of Washing-
in the arrangement of streets which, judging from ton, however, lies not merely in the possession of
L'Enfant's design, could have appealed to him." radiating avenues, but in the combination of these
Furthermore, after an examination of the plans of radial avenues with a rectangular network of minor
other European cities of that date, he comes to streets. For this feature, indeed, Paris did offer
the conclusion, emphasized by italics, that "the no prototype, and Wren's plan of London, in spite
most unique and distinctive feature of Washington, of the rectangular arrangement of one portion,
its numerous focal points of interest and beauty, likewise offers no real analogy. In this respect no
from which radiate the principal streets and avenues, one of the plans which L'Enfant requested on April
was not suggested by any city of Europe." Instead, 4, 1791,
—
London, Madrid, Paris, Amsterdam,
he finds its suggestion partly in the garden of Ver- Naples, Venice, and Florence,
—
or those which
sailles and partly in Wren's unexecuted plan for Jefferson actually sent,
— Frankfort, Karlsruhe,
the rebuilding of London, which he assumes must Amsterdam, Strassburg, Paris, Orleans, Bordeaux^
"The Plan of L'Enfant for the City of Washington," Co-
'
'Patte: "Momnnens eriges en France d la gloire de Loiiis
lumbia Historical Society "Records," vol. 12 (igog), pp. 1-20.
XV," Paris, 1765, plates 55 and 56.
41
•THE AP^C H ITE C T U RAL- RE V E W-
•
1
Lyons, Montpellier, Marseilles, Turin,

and Milan, naturally have suggested itself from a study of
— could furnish any suggestion. The reiterated the Champs Elysees and of the more beautiful
preference of Jefferson for an exclusively rectangu- garden approach to Versailles." The position of
lar plan, which L'Enfant characterized as "in its the President's house in relation to the Capitol,
of some cool imagina- at the extremity of a cross axis, has usually been
origin but a mean contrivance
tion." has therefore made it seem hitherto as if accounted for merely by the topography. Knowl-
L'Enfant's own preference might have been for an edge of foreign examples and of the lay of the land
exclusively radial plan, and that the
scheme adopted had indeed already suggested both these features
had been the result of compromise. to Jefferson. As has been pointed out by Mr. W.
For the other principal features of Washington B. Bryan, both of them first appeared in a sketch
which, besides the street system, give it its specific plan by Jefferson which Washington sent to
character, the precedents and explanations have L'Enfant on April 4, 1791. All previous writers,
also been sought, not in a single prototype, but in a including the writer of this paper, have hitherto
combination of examples and circumstances. Thus agreed, in any case, that L'Enfant's design was a
the Mall, or formal park, with cascade and canal, new combination entirely his own, for which exist-
extending along the main axis of the Capitol to- ing cities "supplied him with only isolated sug-
ward the west, Mr. Gleim Brown realized "would gestions for the treatment which was adopted." .
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ODDD?/
The Original Plan of the City of Washington

Made by Major L'Enfant
42
•the'Ap^chitectukal-m:vieW'
Whether there were perhaps in books cxistin<; reached from various quarters. Thus it is needful
at that time any imaginary or ideal projects which that several streets should open into it like the
might have inspired L'Enfant, or served him as dices of a park into a great rond-poinl" "il faul —
models, is a possibility which has not yet been can- rcgarder line ville comme un
foret."^ So, too, in
vassed. The planning of cities, which had engrossed regard to the situation of buildings, a writer in
theorists and writers on architecture ever since the Mercure de France for July, 1748, says: "A
the Renaissance, had been specially discussed in tine building is multiplied for the adornment of a
the eighteenth century by the French writers city just as many times as you create different
whose books were standard from which to see instead of which one
Laugier" and I'atte,^ points it;
works at the time of L'Enf ant's artistic and engi- that is seen only from a single point remains always
neering education in France. We do indeed find but a single building."^ Rectangular street plat-
them full of ideas which L'Enfant followed in ting is recognized as the most agreeable arrange-
Washington. Thus on the question of avenues ment, but not as the sole basis, for the city plan,
since its monotony should be varied. Neverthe-
radiating from focal points, Laugier wrote, in 1753:
"In order to be beautiful a city square should form less, although the fundamental ideas of the plan
a center from which one may easily pass to differ- of Washington, including even the combination of
ent quarters, and which conversely may be quickly radial and rectangular streets, were thus current
in French books of the period, none of the schematic
'
"Essai siir V architecture," Paris, 1753; "Obscrvcilioiis sur
plans of cities there unite the various elements in
I' architecture," l,a Haye, 1765.
"Memoire sur LauKier: "Essai sur I' architecttire," pp. 189, 259.
'
' Ics
''Cours (V architecture," Paris, 1771-77;
*
objets les plus iuiportans dc /' architecture," 1769. Cited by .\. E. Brinclcmann: "Plat: und Monument," p. 138.
C5P
-W
The Plan of City and Parle of Versailles, France
43
•THE'AILCHlTECTURAL-RiVIEW-
a way which could have served as a model for the ing cities, which Congress had suffered at the hands
plan of Washington. of the troops in Philadelphia in 1783 as the French
There is. however, an existing older city not — King had from the mobs of Paris in 1648. Thus
included among those of which Jefferson sent plans in establishing the seat of government on a new
— which combines in its single self all of the es- site in the wilderness Congress was already follow-
sential features of the scheme
Washington. of XIV.
ing the example of Louis
The town, out from the beginning as a monu-
laid The correspondence in the plans now becomes
mental ensemble, the capital of a great nation, is unmistakable. The Capitol, occupying the high-
dominated by a vast building which was the seat of est ground in the center, accords with the palace,
its government. About this building are grouped the mall with the park, the White House with the
the ministries of state; beyond them are the Grand Trianon, East Capitol Street with the Ave-
minor streets of the town, running at right angles. nue de Paris, Pennsylvania and Maryland Avenues,
To east and west, cutting across the rectangular on the east, with the Avenue de Sceaux and the
street plan, are wide radial avenues, giving superb Avenue de St. Cloud. For Pennsylvania Avenue
vistas of the focal structure. To the west, along on the west we find the analogy, less close to be
the main axis, extends a broad park with a central sure, in the Avenue de Trianon. The avenues
mall ornamented by fountains and cascades and a from the minor circles of Washington accord with
long canal. At a distance of a mile, this main the allies and avenues from the great rond-points
axis is by an axis running north and south,
crossed in the park. The points of identity between Ver-
at the northern end of which is the feature second sailles and Washington are indeed so numerous as
in importance, a relatively modest but elegant to establish the relation to a certainty. The truth
This town, moreover, in addition to is, therefore, not merely that the park of Versailles
dwelling. its
intrinsic beauty and splendor, possessed, in the suggested one or two individual features of the
eyes of L'Enfant, another recommendation: it scheme of Washington, but that the ensemble of
was the capital of his native country, then in alli- Versailles forms by itself a single model for the
ance with the United States. For a hundred years whole design of Washington. ^
the capital of France had been not Paris, but
— It is still pertinent to inquire, of course, whether
Versailles. the imitation was an intentional and conscious
To appreciate the analogy we must recall that one, or whether L'Enfant, having the remem-
the chateau and park of Versailles, which we are brance of Versailles in the back of his head, followed
accustomed to consider alone, are but parts of the it intuitively. His own reports, and papers, to be
stillvaster composition which Louis XIV had in sure, give no hint of an intentional imitation. In
mind when he transformed his hunting seat into asking the plans of European cities he disclaimed
the seat of government. At the doors of the pal- such an intention, observing, in his characteristic
ace is the town, consciously designed and regularly English, "I shall endeavor to delineate in a new
laid out, for the nobles, officials, clerks, artisans, and original way the plan," but adding,"the con-
and furnishers, to the number of fifty thousand templation of what exists of well improved situa-
in 1 789. The palace forms, not the head of the plan, tion, even the comparison of these with defective
as we are wont to think, but the center. It was, we ones, will suggest a variety of new ideas, and is
must remember, not merely the luxurious abode of necessary to refine and strengthen the judgment."
a splendor-loving monarch, but the capitol, the When sending his first draught of the plan to
seat of the most highly organized national adminis- the President, June 22, 1791, L'Enfant thus de-
tration which had been known since Roman times. scribes his procedure: "Having first determined
From 1684, the date of the transfer of this admin- some principal points to which I wished to make
istration to Versailles, and of the marriage of the rest subordinate, I next made the distribution
Louis XIV with Madame de Maintenon, the official regular with streets at right angles north-south
character of the palace was dominant, and the and east-west; but afterwards I opened others
domestic side was largely transferred to Trianon, on various directions as avenues to and from the
which was then built. We must remember also principal places, wishing by this not merely to con-
that the whole practice of establishing a capital de
novo, distinct from the metropolis, began precisely
with Versailles, which anticipated St. Petersburg
(1703), Karlsruhe (17 15), and a host of others.
Some of these cities, like the two mentioned, fol-
lowed Versailles also in having three or more ave-
nues radiating from the chief focal point. One
trast with the general regularity, nor to afford a
greater variety of pleasant seats and prospect as
'
One previous writer, G. A. Townsend, in his "Washington
Outside and Inside," 1873, has assigned the "City of Versailles"
as the source of inspiration for the radial avenues in Washington.
He, too, however, failed to realize that Versailles was the proto-
type in completeness, and still supposed the scheme a compromise
of 1/ Enfant's own making: "It is the city of Philadelphia griddled
1
across the city of Versailles" (p. 52). Francis E. Leupp, in his
of the chief motives in the founding of such new "Walks XhauX. Washingt9n," following Townsend, also alludes to
capitals was to escape the turbulence

of exist- the town of Versailles.
44
•THE-AP^CHITECTU1\AL-RXV1EW-
will be obtained from the advantageous ground omitted to ask Jefferson for a plan of Versailles
over which the avenues are mostly directed, but along with those of other cities of Europe may well
to connect each part of the city with have been because he already had one in his pos-
principally
more if I may so express, making the session. At all events, he undoubtedly knew the
efficacy by,
real distance less from place to place inmenaging town quite adequately.
of sight, and, making them It is indeed possible, one must confess, that the
on them a reciprocity
following of the great French prototype, which
thus seemingly connected, promote a rapid settle-
was
ment over the whole."' He then explains the ad- had become the ideal of every foreign state,
largely unconscious. At least it was not artificial.
vantages of the sites chosen
for the "Congress
House" and the "President's Palace," giving L'Enfant was too much of an artist to have forced
solely topographical
reasons. any preconceived plan on an unfavorable topog-
Although in all this there is no reference to Ver- raphy. In his reports he gives constant considera-
there were, of course, powerful reasons why tion to the nature of the ground. But with the
sailles,
would not have mentioned it even if it numberless possibilities which the area of the city
L' Enfant
had been uppermost in his mind. The very name offered for the many features of the plan, — the
of Versailles smacked of monarchy and extrava- relation of the Capitol and the "President's Palace,"
that the seat of a lavish royal the mall, the radiating and connecting avenues, —
gance, and the idea
government was being imitated would have been
it isinconceivable that a disposition corresponding
of the so exactly with that of Versailles should have been
instantly seized by the many opponents
whole federal city project. Moreover, L'Enfant reached by accident. Aminimum statementwouldbe
that the topography of the Federal City suggested,
himself, whom M. Jusserand
has characterized so
and sympathetic study, was or proved to permit, the adoption of a scheme like
truly in his brilliant
not the man to reduce the credit due him for his that of the French official capital. The obvious
plan by calling attention

to its resemblance to any prominence and the recognized artistic preemi-
In his letter to Washington solicit- nence of the model, its patriotic appeal to L'Enfant
existing model.
he had emphasized that it as a Frenchman, its inevitable presence to his im-
ing the commission,
"offers so great an occasion for acquiring reputation agination as the supreme embodiment of his own
to whoever may be appointed," and that his ambi- insistent tendency to see things en grand, all justify
to become a useful citi- us in going beyond this minimum, and in believing
tion, as well as the desire
led him to wish a share in the undertaking. ^ that L'Enfant had in his mind's eye, or actually
zen,
The mere testimony of silence thus does not ex- before his eyes, the plan of Versailles.
clude the idea that the imitation of Versailles was Our knowledge that there was such a prototype,
a conscious one. while destructive of certain exaggerated claims for
That L'Enfant had sufhcient knowledge of Ver- L'Enfant's originality, neednotdecrease in theslight-
sailles to have followed its plan, even though it est our admiration of his genius. The far-sighted
was not included among those furnished him by boldness of selecting such an ambitious precedent,
Jefferson, cannot
be doubted.
say nothing To in a wilderness, for a country sparsely populated
of his professional studies, a youthful acquaint- and poor, the wisdom of choosing just this model
ance with the town and the royal park is surely to from all those existing, the skill in adapting it to
be presumed from his father's standing as an the ground, the radical extension necessary to pre-
Academician and a "Painter in ordinary to the pare it for a population and commerce equal to
King."3 A fresher memory of L'Enfant's was those of any great metropolis of its day, and the
that of his "abode at the court," as a representa- supreme artistic merit of the result, all remain.
tive of the Cincinnati during his visit to France L'Enfant's creative contribution is still to be counted
after the Revolution, in 1784.4 Moreover, he had as great as that of Michelangelo in adapting to St.
books and engravings of his own, which may well Peter's the scheme of the great dome of Brunelles-
have included the chef d'cBuvre of all European chi, or of Shakespeare in paraphrasing Plutarch.
architecture. In the trunk which disappeared Such building on great and relevant models of the
after his dismissal in Washington, there were, he past
—
remote or immediate —
has been the basis
states, "collections of very costly engravings of every free and vital artistic growth. To recog-
models of architecture, "S and in the pitiful inventory nize the prototype is not to depreciate the new
of his effects at the time of his death were still a work it has suggested. There is no need of blind-
few books and maps.^ Hence, that L'Enfant ing ourselves to the existence of a further item in
'
The whole is printed in the Columbia Historical
report our debt to France, which is as patent as it is hon-
Society "Records,"
"
vol. 2 (1899), pp. 32-37.
Letter of September 11, 1789, quoted by Jusserand in his
orable. Amere glance at the maps side by side
"With Americans of Past and Present Days," 1916, p. 163. shows, to him who has eyes to see, that in the ex-
» *
lb., p. 140. lb., p. 148. of Versailles lies the origin of the plan of
^
Columbia Historical Society "Records," vol. 2, p. 122.
ample
'
lb., p. 123.
our capital of Washington.
45
AN UNUSUAL SUMMER HOME ON LONG ISLAND
THE RESIDENCE OF GEORGE E. IDE. ESQ.
JAMES GAMBLE ROGERS, ARCHITECT
it is a proper and appropriate living-room being so arranged that entire wall sur-
use of the term to apply the word "unusual" faces are completely removable (when desired), or
CERTAINLY
to a house one hundred and fifty feet long as easily transformed into walls of
transparent
by one room thick, for rarely is a plan of this pro- glass, through which the out-of-doors is as intimately
portion published in the professional press. Yet, near the observer as when —
in milder weather and
granted an appropriately level site and the proper with a temperate breeze —
this barrier of
glass
selection of exposure, who can question the entire itself may be folded back into the pockets
planned
appropriateness of such a plan to the conditions of to receive it, and the whole room opened up into the
an ideal summer home. As it has been adapted to outer world.
meet the especial conditions imposed by the owners, The planting, too, has helped to complete the
it seems, in Mr. Rogers's solution, to provide a com- harmonious union between house and outdoors,
fortable, informal habitation that should make the existing trees appearing to have been removed
summer life healthy and enjoyable. only barely enough to fit the walls of the structure
probable that many persons have started
It is into its appointed site, leaving the remaining trees
out to obtain for their summer home a house as and shrubbery closely surrounding the building.
different as possible in t)T>e, arrangement, and in- On the second floor, of course, the necessity for
terior fitting from that in which they spend the ma- corridors, and the customary closets, bathrooms,
jor portion of their time during the winter months. and other conveniences, has somewhat affected the
This variation in their immediate surroundings is, openness of the plan. Yet, by slat doors between
indeed, most important in obtaining the proper communicating rooms, the prevailing breezes are
amount of variety necessary to the vacation season permitted to pass across the house with nearly as
— and the owners of this particular house evidently little interference as on the floor below.
desired to take full advantage of the opportunity, The interior treatment, as shown in the photo-
during the summer months, to live as much "out- graphs, consistently carries out this same feehng by
doors" as possible. The first floor is obviously the use of appropriately informal furniture, simple
aimed to obtain this end — both dining-room and hangings, and attractive color-schemes.
FiR^T' Floor^ Plan at the scale of Iwenty-Jnur jret to the inch

Hei)roducM
Firet and Second Floor Plans, House for George E. Ide, Esq., Locust Valley, L. I.
46
IN MAINE
THE TOWNSHIP OF KITTERY. PART II
THE BRAY AND CUTTS HOUSES, KITTERY POINT

Bray at first survey be
now classed as an alter-
THE house
owned 13y
the Pepperell Asso-
is
ation of the period
of 1840. Such ex-
ciation, who have amination as is pos-
leased it for a term sible does not re-
of years, and it is veal that it was an
being remodeled alteration, though
and repaired t)y the such an inspection
future tenant. It as I was permitted
was larger, evident- tomake is not to be
ly, at one time than taken as any defin-
it is at present, as itive indication. A
Bray, in his will, small and rough
dated 1689, gave sketch by Edwin
to his unmarried The Cutts House, Kittery Point, Me. Whitefield, in his
760- 176,-,
daughter "the lean-to and book "The Homes
1
of Our
the chamber over it," an Lf^.'V. Forefathers" (1886), shows
early instance of divided that the house and door
ownership. "These bound- existed then as now. Curi-
aries are now lost, for the
ously enough, the Pepper-
house originally ran back ell house
(its near neighbor,
toward what is now the though of later date) has
street, with a long roof slo- two entrances of similar,
ping nearly to the ground."* though a little more classic,
The present altering in- detail. This same Greek
cludes an addition made on feeling prevails in the en-
the northern end, with an trances of the majority of
extension to the west, form- the small houses in the vi-
ing a partial lean-to on the cinity, and the Bray house
street side. The exterior is
may have been the model
without especial
being in good condition
interest,
— for them; indeed, the
mouldings may have been
though it has been without stuck with some of the
a coat of paint for years. same ship's planes.
The entrance, on the The most interesting part
ocean side, is a puzzling of the house is the room I
affair, and though well have called the Parlor, in
worn, and seemingly as the southern end, possess-
aged as the rest of the house, ing a neat fireplace, a
is of such a ditTerent char-
paneled dado with plain
acter from all other detail
plaster panels above and
throughout that it would a trim little corner cup-
*I'>om "Some Haunted Houses board. The
walls are of a
and Their Ghosts," by .\nnie M.
L. Hawes, in "The Trail of the
thickness to allow for pan-
Maine Pioneer. "Lewislon Journal, eled window-shutters and
IQ16. Detail of Entrance, Cutts House seats beneath, and a curi-
47
•THE'AB^CHlTECTURALfVEVIEW-
ous thing is the lowness of modern reproductions of old
the window-heads, leaving 5-inch by 5-inch tile could
quite an amount of bare be used around the opening
wall surface above the shut- — being informed that itwas
ter-tops I to be "black plastered," as
Fluted pilasters project such was "always the case"
slightly on each side of the in old Colonial houses.
fireplace and continue their Another mural master-

break through the cornice, piece,probably from the
without more than a neck- same hand as the uniden-
mould for introduction, as tified landscape, adorns the
the builders, happily, must inside of the upper cup-
have seen that the conven- board door, a cherubic af-
would have been
tional cap fair of head and
wings,
too awkward and heavy rather gloomily remindful
for use here. of the skull-heads found
The cornice — as is often
the case with early work
— atop early gravestones.
The balance of the in-
is of rather heavy appear- terior, with the exception of
ance for such a small room, the staircase, of which I
and its large scale is still present a drawing, is not
more apparent in the worthy of special mention.
Chamber, directly over the The Cutts House
Parlor, which is finished in The Lady Pepperell
the same manner, but has house, better known in Kit-
a somewhat lower ceiling. tery as the Cutts house,
Back Hall, Second Floor, Cutts House
An ancient pic- was built for the
ture, pairited by widow of Sir Wil-
unknown hands on liam Pepperell, who
the large panel over died in 1759. The
the fireplace, is said period of construc-
by some to be a tion was from 1 760
view of Kittery to 1765, which
Point in England; length of time may
others think it is a be accounted for
picture of Louis- by a legend told me

burg. I frankly ad- by the present own-
mit that it inter- er to the effect that,
ested me solely be- no local workmen
cause of its evident of skill being avail-
antiquity. able.Lady Pepper-

The mould about ell brought two
the fireplace sug- carpenters from
gests itself as a England, who were
frame for the tile the only workmen
facing usually on the building.
found in similar There is a story
types; but no signs that the woodwork
of tile are to be and carving were
found here now, and also brought from
the fireplace l)ricks England, but this
have been plastered I was unable to
over. During my verify.
examination of this The house is sit-
work I was very uated just across
promptly squelched the road from the
when I suggested church, which I
that some of the Detail of Front, Cutts House have previously re-
48
•THE'APoCHlTECTURAL-RXVIEW-
<
I
in
D
<
2 -
5 o
H
z
o
a.
a!
i4
w"
D
O
X
D
u
u
<
I
49
•THE -AP^C HITE C T UPvAL- PJ: V E W- I
ELEVATION OF FIREPIACE 51DE OF PARLOa

' ^ -
tnl l ii f I 1 ! 1^'
WINDOW-JEAT
Details of Parlor Finish
The Bray House, Kittery Point, Me., 1662
ported, on ahill that overlooks the junction
ofSpruce Creek with the waters of Portsmouth

Harbor. The principal fagade faces toward
the southeast and the road, and the building is
a rectangular hip-roofed affair, with the cus-
tomary ell added at a later date to the rear
on the western corner.
The front is heavy and pretentious in design,
lacking the delicacy of other houses in the

neighborhood, showing what was no doubt
the influence of the English workmen. The
central feature is most dominating, boasting
two large pilasters on imposts, with large
Ionic capscarrying a bellied friezeand cornice,
which unites with the enriched cornice of the
main structure.
The plan is conventional, having a central
into rear
hallway through the house, divided
and front stair halls. Under the entire build-
ing is a very high cellar, unfinished, showing

the hand-hewn bearfis, stone retaining walls,
and brick piers supporting the floor
girders. There is the unusual clear
THE CHAMBER. ABOVE PARLCR. 13 FINISHED IN SAME MANNER., PLA3TIJI. height of some fourteen to
ceiling
VVr WITHOVT CVPBOWID 4 WITH CEILING HEIGHT OF 7-4'4".
5°
•THE-AP^CHITECTUPvAL-IVEVlEW-
turned newels and balusters of the "P" type,
and this is continued to the attic floor,
where a railed balcony looks down under

the slope of the roof to the second floor.
The rear entrance door at the end of the
central hall is simple and well propor-
tioned, of a dignity quite in keeping with
the rest of the exterior.
The Parlor, at the right as one enters the
house, is a large, high-studded room, pos-
sessing a cornice with modillions, doors

whose casings are crowned with a bellied
frieze and cornice, and a large projecting
fireplace that rather spoils what might

otherwise be a wholly charming room.
The window-seats and shutters add to the
dignity, being wide and high, but the ro-
mance is unfortunately spoiled by modem
sash of large lights.
The Dining-room, across the hall, is
simpler, though with similar window-seats
Elevation of Elevation and fireplace, but without as ornate a cor-
Window >3£at e,
li^ nice, or the frieze and cornice over the
Parlor Cupboard and Window doors.
Details, Bray House The room in the rear of the Parlor
small
fifteen feet in this cellar. was, I am told, finished by a local carpenter
The main staircase is named Pelatiah Fernald at a later date,
wide and easy of ascent, which is unknown. The fireplace end is
and the first run gives onto paneled and finished flush, with closets on
a landing on which a door each side of a fireplace which has been
leads to a smaller landing bricked up. This room I liked best of all,
of the rear stairs. The new- in spite of its plainness.
el-post of the front stairs is Q:5RNER,0/PrOAfiD in PARIDR. The other rooms in the house possess no
the most interesting in Kittery. The balusters are particular interest requiring their special mention
all preserved, and an interesting comparison
may or consideration here.
be made between these and the balusters of the For what little history of the Lady Pepperell
three other more important houses, namely, the there is, I may refer to"The Life of Sir William
Bray, the Sparhawk, and the Pepperell. Whereas Pepperell" by Usher Parsons (Little, Browne &
the Bray house balusters are the simpler, the Cutts Co., 1855), and the article previously reported in
house balusters are similar (except for the addition the preceding instalment by Mr. Stackpole.*
of another turning The house was
in the lower part);
bought about 1800
and the Sparhawk by Captain Cutts,
balusters resemble a rich ship-master,
the Cutts, with the and is now owned
exception that the by Chester Cutts.
type I have desig- The article pre-
nated "P" is oct-
viously referred to,
agonal; and the by Annie L. M.
"P" baluster in the Hawes (see foot-
Pepperell house is note, p. 47), gives a
similar to the short and some-
Cutts —but the what romantic
eight sides are hol- sketch of the Cutts
lowed, as in the
occupancy.
Greek _ Doric flu- *"01d Kittery and
ting. The rear Her Families," by Ever-
ett S. Stackpole. Lcw-
stairs have simpler The Joan (Bray) Deering House islon Journal Co., 1903.
51
STEVENSON'S MONTEREY
A GLIMPSE AT A VANISHING PERIOD ON OUR WESTERN COAST
Accompanied by photographs illustrating many of those very houses that have served as
the author's
the inspiration for most of the so-called "Mission" dwellings that have been so popular in recent years
By WILLIAM WINTHROP KENT
Monterey oi 1879, that Stevenson knew New

HP!1HE
in the few months of
I sojourn here, has
his
local connection with England shipping
ests, or at least to the frequent visits of north Atlan-
inter-
JL not yet wholly passed. The wharves, the tic vessels; but one has only to look closely at the
fishermen, the mingled English, Mexican, Spanish, houses of the town to see that this Yankee influ-
ItaUan, Chinese, and other nationaUties, still help ence was never great enough to much affect its
to make up the individuality that distinguishes it architecture. The strong character of the Spanish-
from all other Cahfornia towns. As for the Mexican town house, with its overhanging balcony
natural beauties of sea, forest, and hill surrounding on the front, prevails in most of the larger dwellings;
it, those have changed little, if any, since the while the remaining smaller houses are mostly
weary Scotchman recognized their charms, and, very plain adobe affairs of one story, with a covered
with their help, fought illness, while writing "The porch across the front, prudently shut in at each
Pavilion on the Links" and planning other stories. end from the prevailing sea breezes.
In his day, to be sure, there were not so many The sunny, windy streets are generally fairly
fishing boats, with free from dust,
crossed trolling owing to those
poles for salmon, same constant
riding at their winds, and there
moorings in the is in them the gen-
bay. The salmon eral air of bright
fishery has been cleanliness and of
building up the cheerfulness which
business of Mon- belongs also to so
terey of late, and many northeastern
the motor-boat has Atlantic seaboard
all but driven out towns.
the sailboat of the The beautiful
nineteenth cen- park at Del Monte,
tury, here as else- close by, has also
where. Pacific undoubtedly in-
Grove, too, the ad- creased by the
joining settlement, growths of inter-
has since grown to vening years, and
considerable pro- by cultivation of
portions, and a itsnatural [and ac-
trolley line now quired attractions,
connects the two and is now one of
places. the most remark-

To the New Eng- able collections of
lander there comes noble trees, odd
the ever-recurring and rare shrubs
resemblance of and flowers, in the
Monterey to cer- world, and all the
tain coast towns more striking be-
of Maine or Massa- cause the approach
chusetts, especially by rail alongshore
about the
water- is of such a barren
front. This is due and uncompro-
j)ossibly to an early House to the South, Near Bend in Alvarado Street mising character as
52
•THE -APoCHITECTU I\AL- REVIEW-
to greatly heighten ing porch jutting
sudden, un-
its final out over the busy
expected charms. sidewalk, and next
to it once stood
Along the coast,
and around toward the Central Hotel,
Carmel and Punta
— of a similar but
Lobos, the twisted, larger design,
—
storm-defying cy- now torn down.
presses show little At the south end
change, they say, of Alvarado Street,
from year to year, just beyond the
on that wonderful, turn on the road
long shore drive, to Carmel, is a
through a district A Bermuda-like House in the South Part of the To yellow building
Spanish
which ought to be overlooking, as do
set apart and maintained as a State reservation. so many Monterey houses, a court or yard on the
Stevenson must have also known and liked the south with a tile-capped adobe wall and picturesque
aristocratic old dwellings of Monterey proper, and gateway. Although apparently closed now, the
those of its quaint business buildings which still house retains the dignity of good design, and ex-
remain. On Alvarado stands, prim and
Street presses, as do all of its class,the open-hearted,
neat in its freshly coated whitewash, the Sherman open-handed life of its former owners.
"Rose Tree" house, which he certainly knew, for Around the corner to the right, across the street
here stayed Mrs. Osborne and her son and daughter which leads to the building where was held the
a month during Stevenson's life at the other old first United States Federal Court in Monterey,
house in a quieter street, which now bears his name stands a large, white adobe house, with the hanging
on a big sign, "R. Stevenson House." porch found on dwellings of the period. It was
This "Rose Tree" house, the former house of probably built in or about 1824. In certain cases
Senorita Ignacia Bonafacio, is used in summer as it would seem as if this kind of porch was added
a tea-house, and it is not hard to imagine Stevenson to the original plain structure of adobe, — possibly
passing slowly through the gate in the whitewashed built in hanging form when a tiled roof gave place
front yard wall, past the "Cloth-of-Gold" rose and to a lighter shingled one, —
although in an early
under the low pergola that leads to the unpreten- view of Monterey, in 1842, a first-and-second-story
tious front door, for his afternoon cup of tea. This porch supported by columns from the ground is
is the house to which has been attached the senti- Evidence of this sort, however,
distinguishable.
mental, but baseless, story of the affection of is not always a safe guide, because of the frequently
William Tecumseh flighty fancy of the
Sherman for SeRorita draughtsmen of these
Bonafacio. early prints! The
It is to be hoped rear of this house is
that there is no truth fully as attractive as
in the rumor that this the front, and its neg-
attractive dwelling lected yard is easily
will soon be torn seen from the "House
down, as others have of the Four Winds,"
been, to give place just across Main
to a business building. Street. Whence the
Generals Hallcck and Sherman's Headquarters, just at the Left of this View
The destruction of a latter house derived
few more such houses its name the writer
in Monterey would cannot say, but it
surely rob it of much was General Halleck's
of its present charm and also W. T. Sher-
and historical and man's headquarters,
architectural interest. and opens in the rear
Nearly opposite, on on the beautiful old
Alvarado Street, is a garden of the Thomas
simple, small house O. Larkin house, to
with the characteris- which it belongs.
The Thomas O.
"
Larkin House, built 1824. A Glimpse of the
tic balustraded hang- House of the Winds" Is Shown at the Left This latter adobe
53
•THE-AFLCH1TECTUJ\ALI\£V1EW-
structure, with its house is ever empty
walls three feet which has held
thick, is one of the good men and
most charming of made good history,
the old Monterey as this one has.
dwellings, and dur- The plan of the

ing the winter of Larkin house is the
1918 it has been usual one, of a cen-
occupied by the tral hall with a
granddaughter of simple stair on its
Mr. Larkin, who left side, and open-
was our first and on- ing from each side

ly consul at Monte-
of the hall a large
The First Theater in California, 1847
rey, before Califor-
room of fine pro-
nia joined, and became one of, the United States. portions with a fireplace at the further end. The
Thomas O. Larkin "came from Boston in 1832 construction of the wooden ceiling is open, and the
intending to manufacture flour," so an early jambs of the windows are cut on the slant, which
account states, and was evidently one of the solid invites sitting on their window-seats to look out on
and popular citizens of Monterey in those stirring sunny street or garden, or to read away a rainy
and interesting days, inasmuch as the account afternoon, conscious of the glow of odorous wood
states also that he did more than any one man to in the quaint fireplace. The windows are many-
bring California under the United States flag. paned, and might have come from the Eastern
Even today, although the interior detail is simple States, so closely do they resemble our Colonial
in character, it is in quiet harmony with the excel- houses of Salem and Marblehead, or "down on the
lent lines of the exterior, and retains its air of dis- Cape."
tinction, which is increased when the lovely old To the south, along Main Street, and facing its
garden is seen. end on a cross
This nestles against street, is a difTerent
the southern and t>-pe of an adobe
western sides of the house, to which the
house, screened by end chimney and
the adobe wall from big palm in front
the passer-by, and give more the air
is rightly a "place of a Bermuda home.
o' dreams," a half This looks across,

formal, half wilful too, to the build-
growth of flowers, ing, now a pleasant
trees, and shrubs,

tea-house in the
that bespeak the garden, where the
refinement of its first Federal Court
former owners as Rear of the House Opposite the Larkin House was held.
strongly as the care

The theater of
of its present occu- 1847, where Jenny
Stevenson Lincl sang, is not of
pants.
would have loved great architectural
to sit here and interest, but it has
think out a tale — been put in decent

and perhaps he did. condition and is
An old stone oven used as amuseum,
and a huge stone guarded by a de-
well-top still re- voted British resi-
main under the dent. One can still
willows and fruit see the amusing
trees;
— while the solid wooden drop-
"House of the curtain, like a barn-
Four Winds" now loft door, which,
stands empty, if a Old House Near the Larkin Place hinged at the ceil-
54
•THE •AB.CHITE CTUI\AL-R£ VIEW-
ing, was raised and Larkin house and the
lowered by cords, and house first described.
must have seemed It was Commodore
like the suspended Sloat who raised at
sword of Damocles to the Custom House
poor ])crformers. the first United States
The home of Gov- flag in California, on
ernor Alvarado, 1836- July 7, 1846.
42, the first governor If there are wise
of California, is a and influential citi-
little
one-story zens in Monterey to-
pretty
adobe building, with day
— and there must
a long covered porch Old Whalii ig Station be such — who love
their city and appreci-
'
across the front, back Mentioned by R. H. Dana in Two Years Before tl M.ist"
of and near Colton Ha the first capitol of Call- ate these old buildings at their real historic and
fornia. picturesque worth, they will surely never let them
On the corner of Decatur and Pacific Streets, be destroyed heedlessly. Indeed, the Hotel Del
toward the Presidio, and in the north part of the Monte might profitably take up the question
itself
town, the old Whaling Company's building, and stave off the hand of the wrecker, because,
mentioned in "Two Years Before the Mast," stands these structures once removed, the old Monterey,
next to its walled yard, with the usual arched gate the Monterey of our fathers' and grandfathers'
in the adobe wall. The rear slope of the roof is days, will quickly become a thing of the past a —
quite picturesque, and the tiles in the front walk, place where the historian, the traveler, the artist,
the tile-capped adobe wall, and the hanging front the author, and the tourist, maligned of man, will
balcony are all interesting. look in vain for the beauty of its youth, for the
The restored Custom House on Alvarado Street charm which Stevenson found, and which so many
was used by Spain in 1814, Mexico in 1834, and thousands before and since have loved and praised
the United States in 1846, and is the most pictur- by pen and brush.
esque, and, in general, the most peculiar and inter- But if Monterey has no citizens who are able to
esting, building in the city. This is due to its odd accomplish this, cannot the great State of California
design, tile roof, stretch out a pro-
and general good tecting hand? Let
color. The end us hope one or the
balconies, as well as other can and will,
the long one on the for the historical
side toward the monuments that
water, are today are here described
very inviting, and are only a part of
the building has all those that still
served as a model rema in — and
for a dwelling, and
that, once removed,
more than once for can never again be.
general inspiration, replaced Perhaps
!
to architects who Old Custom House. View troin Southwest

Where United States Flag Was First Raised in California, in 1846 this great war,
have seen it. the
among all
Diagonally across blessings which we
from this, and are told may come
about where Main from will finally
it,
Street runs into Al-
bring to us all what
varado, stands the the average United
"Old Pacific"build- States citizen now
ing, of which the 'WQ so clearly and so
long, quiet lines
entirely a lacks,
—
and hospitable bal- reverence
proper
conies around the and regard for the
second story are
beauty and dignity
in the same class
of age-old records
as those of the '
Old Pacific" Building, : in 1832 such as these.
55
UNION PARK GARDENS
WILMINGTON, DEL.
A GOVERNMENT HOUSING PROJECT FOR SHIP- WORKERS
By M. S. FRANKLIN
Park Gardens, Gardens

Union Pafik
the newly laid out sec- WlLMrNOTOM Oeu/UVARE.
UNION tion of Wilmington,
JOHN NOLCW LAN09CAPe ARCMITCCT HARVAnO S«, CAMDRIDOC MASS.
Del., that is now being devel-

oped for the United States
Shipping Board Emergency
Fleet Corporation, through
the Liberty Land Company,
for the purpose of ship-work-
ers' homes, is one of the many
housing projects forced upon

the Government by the con-
ditions under which the ex-
pansion of war industries is
necessarily being undertaken.
The section selected for
improvement consists of
about fifty acres of naturally
attractive and rolling land,
about one and a half miles
from the center of the city,
with one corner coming on
the intersection of Union
Street — the main highway to
Baltimore and Washington —
•THE -APoCHITECTUPvAL- REVIEW-
.SIDEELEVATION K. Fednt- Elevation K-^- K-^-

Rt produced at the scale of sixteen feet to the inch
Principal Elevations, Typical Block Design Center House

Ballinger B£ Perrot, Architects
ing the selected site across these two principal tion of the principal
streets —
a far-sighted and wise move to avenues of approach
conserve to the company the profits from —the isolated lot
the added land values that will be created by providing a practical
the operation itself. Mr. John Nolen was and appropriate place
given charge of the landscape development, for the location of a
and Messrs. Ballinger & Perrot appointed as block of stores to
architects and engineers. serve the inhabitants
The
plot of land is happily selected and — of this tract, as well
it was also fortunate in that the Grant Avenue as those in the near-
Parkway could be naturally and easily ex- by surrounding sec-
tended diagonally along through tions. Thirty-four
the property, taking in and incor- apartments are pro-
porating a small waterway as a vided in the stories
considerable part of its naturally over the shops, which,
attractive opportunities. Another with the Community
section of the property is thor- Building, are supplied
oughly wooded, while the existence Second Flocc pian.s with steam heat. The
of the Cathedral Cemetery grounds K.-3 latter structure con-
along the northwestern side gave tains the administra-
the designers a chance to vary the tion; an auditorium
direction of the streets connecting with and seating 600, with
continuing the thoroughfares to the south- stage and dressing-
east, so that they could be better adapted to room, on the first floor ;
the contours of the land, and gradually a sewing room, read-

merged into and linked up with the crossing ing, writing, and chil-
avenues that bound this property along its dren's play room on
further margin. the floor above and —
The accompanying plan explains the prop- in the basement a
erty situation quite fully, and shows that the smoking bil-
more remote end of the land —
situated actu-
room,
room, and a gym-
liard
ally within the boundaries of Elsmere is — nasium, with locker
left undisturbed in its wooded char- and showers available
acter,and can, of course, if it later for children in day-
becomes necessary, also be devel- time and their parents
oped. at night.
The company was very fortunate On the corner that
in being able to obtain and build forms the apex of the
upon the property on both sides site is the location set
of Union Street for a large Com-
part of aside for the
itslength, and also to control three Roor Plans of End and Intermediate Row Houses munity Building, op-
of the four corners at the intersec- Ballitiger 6C Perrot, Architects the
posite village
57
•THE'APoCHITECTURALRiVlEW-
small park; the
approach on
the street lead-
ing to the
schoolhouse be-
ing strength
ened by the ar-
rangement of
the houses at
the corners of
its intersection
with Union
Street.
The
total
D-i Front-Elevation sroU'ELEVATio: number of
Reproduced at the scale of sixteen feet to the inch
houses com-
prised in this development is 506, of which 399
(practically four-fifths of the total) are grouped into
rows, averaging seven houses each. Of the remain-
der, 104 are semi-detached — and there are three
single houses. The houses average six rooms, three
on the first floor and three on the second, with bath
and laundry tubs in the basement. Gas and electric-
ity are provided, with good modern plumbing and
hot-air furnace heat — and brick is used for the
walls, with slate roofs.
The contracts were let on the seventeenth of June,
ground was broken June twenty-fourth, and many of
TIRST FUbB. & 5ECOND FljODlR the houses are already under roof, it being the in-
tention to finish all well before the first of the year.
Floor Plans and Elevations, Double House Type
The accompanying plans and elevations represent
Ballinger 8c Perrot, Architects
the type adopted by the architects. As usual, the
green, which interposes between the end of the
plans are subject
—
with slight variations to alter- —
present formal parkway and its continuation in native elevation treatments, making it possible to
the more informal character adopted for the new
development
—
a transition further helped by the
vary the otherwise monotonous composition of the
block designs. The total amount of appropriation
fountain, capable of a formal treatment on one side for this development was $2,500,000.
at the same time that it screens a more informal
treatment toward the new, and more natural, park.
A school site and playground, along the quieter
and naore isolated northwestern verge of the prop-
erty, have been established, in close relation to
the wooded portion —
that part set aside for the
better-class houses, with larger and more attractive
lots. It will be noticed that two of the blocks
contain a central reserve area, and that the major
portion of the development is planned for narrower
houses, arranged in blocks, on lots of eighteen to
twenty feet width.
Where the curving streets themselves do not
provide sufficient variety of outlook, the houses
are planned with deeper setbacks toward the mid-
dle of the blocks, or the locations of the house
are staggered — groups
arranged en echelon, in the more
current military phrase —
to achieve the same result.
Finally, the entrance to the property on the south-
em corner is given greater importance by the dispo- Reproduced at the scale of sixteen feet to the inch
Plans of Typical Block House

sition of the adjoining houses and the insertion of a
Ballinger & Perrot, Architects
S8
GOVERNMENT WAR HOUSING. PART V
RECENT HAPPENINGS IN THE GOVERNMENT PROGRAM
A List of Additional Housing Developments. Author- the output of the department literally in half!
ized and Allotted by the Department of Housing At the time of the reorganization, in June, it was
and Transit, of the United States Shipping Board, admitted that there existed no excuse for the
Emergency Fleet Corporation, since June last absolute ineffectiveness of the department's
Savannah, Ga. —
Terry Shipbuilding Co. Branch record up to that time. What, then, is to be ex-
of Design, Housing Division, Emergency Fleet pected now in the way of explanation or excuse?
Corporation, Archts.* What Follows an Analysis of This List?
Wyandotte, Mich. —
American Shipbuilding This official list of the total Housing operations
Branch of Design, Housing Division,
Co. undertaken to date, by the department of the
Emergency Fleet Corporation, Archts.* Shipping Board having that work in charge, from
Manitowoc, Wis. —
Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co. which the above list of new operations is taken,
Earl F. Miller, Archt., Manitowoc, Wis. cannot but arouse certain queries in the mind of
Pensacola, Fla. —
Pensacola Shipbuilding Co. the thoughtful professional reader. Received at
Branch of Design, Housing Division, Emergency so late a date that it is only possible to substitute
Fleet Corporation, Archts.* it forthe material already in type for this Septem-
Chester, Pa. (Extension).
—
Sun Shipbuilding Co. ber Government Housing page, we are unable to
Branch of Design, Housing Division, Emergency obtain any additional information to assist us in
Fleet Corporation, Archts.;* Bissell & Sinkler, assuming any definite editorial attitude as to the
Asst. Archts., Otis Bldg., Philadelphia. probable causes or reasons back of the actual facts
Groton, Conn.
—
Groton Iron Works. Eugene disclosed. We
are, therefore, confining ourselves
J. Lang, 477 Fifth Ave., New York, Asst. strictly to the statement, and an analysis, of these
Archt.f facts, so that our readers all be in possession
may
Newburgh, N. Y. — Newburgh
Shipyards, Inc. of the necessary information from which to develop
Ludlow & Peabody, loi Park Ave., New York, their own conclusions. In order to accomplish
Asst. Archts.; Branch of Design, Housing this, a brief resume of the situation is necessary.
Division, Emergency Fleet Corporation, Archts.* The Shipping Board, Housing Division, received
The above seven allotments are in addition to not only fifty million dollars in February, but has
the list published on this same page numbered — since been given an additional forty-five millions,
94
— in our issue of June last. or ninety-five millions in all. At its present rate
In effect it means that the Housing Department of speed it is obvious that it has not yet
appropri-
of the Shipping Board, during the three and a half ated a half of its available total. It makes haste
months that have elapsed since the date of the exceeding slowly. Let us pause a moment to
earlier list, has determined on undertaking a total examine the record of its brother board.
of screen new developments (one of which is, actu- The Record of the Labor Housing Board
ally, only an extension of a project already begun) . The Department of Labor Housing Board re-
How
These Records Compare ceived an initial appropriation of sixty millions
Our previous Hst, made up to the middle of June, (ten millions of which was for Washington Hous-
contained fifteen allotments, on which the de- ing) in June last, and is since reported to have
partment's appropriation had been available since received an additional appropriation of forty million
the last of February, this year! The total of dollars —
one hundred million in all, available
Housing developments undertaken to date is thus only since June, ox three months ago In less than
twenty-one! three months this department has undertaken,
This averages a total speed of almost one devel- and started, some seventy developments, an —
opment a week during the earlier period, and of — average of about one a ivorking day!
—
and they have
about one in two weeks for the second
period to already actually started work on developments
date,
—
and at that time we were recording, with that will require a final total expenditure of over
anticipated hopefulness of better speed for the three hundred and sixty-five millions and are —
future, the then current reorganization of the now before Congress applying for a further appro-
Shipping Board Housing Division! priation of one hundred ninety-five million dollars.
This reorganization —
instead of obtaining better our shipping and munition program depends
progress
—
has then, actually, but served to cut in
I]
any degree on our housing, which department
*The italics are ours!
fThcre is evidently an omission here of the "Housing Division,
is
working with the Allies and which is hand in
Hranch of Design," etc.! hand with the Kaiser here?
59
EDITORIAL' COMMENT'
ON -ARCHITECTURE -<&"THE TIMES
was be expected that our entire
of course to — architects, promoters, builders
—
most con-
inexperience in the application of any form of cerned have received no direct official notice^ of
IT Government control over industry would be the any determined Government policy to these effects.
cause of mistakes and loss of momentum when For that is the foolish way our American mind
we first attempted to confront its many problems. works publicity first, at all costs; afterwards, if at
—
Government restrictions on the building indus- all! — constructive
:
thought and, perhaps, intelli-

tries of this country were first imposed in the most gent action!
indirect — though, probably, the most widely in-
jurious
— manner, the public being kept constantly at last, the War Industries Board
informed through the press, in the of frequent seems to have taken a more
statements, of the new
way
restrictions being imposed NOW, possibly far more drastic, stand.
— The
definite, and
onbuildingproducts, ofhow steel was being curtailed announcement is made and once again to the
for construction purposes; that brick manufacturers American public through the press, instead of
were being required to cut their product in half; to the individuals and organizations most immedi-
that all the lumber of the country was being req- ately concerned
—
that the Board has ordered
!
uisitioned for military training camps, or for air- that matters of building construction be con-
all
plane construction; that embargoes placed on trolled by the regularly appointed mayors' com-
transportation of building material and lumber mittees of the Council of National Defense. Sur-
were making impossible to secure needed material
it veys of local building activities are to be under-
for building, etc., etc. Undoubtedly this public taken for the benefit of the chief of the "Non
—
agitation almost invariably published under added War Construction Section of the Priorities Division
editorial garnishment in the form of misleading of the War Industries Board" at Washington,
scare headUnes, intended thus to make the news D. C, being the generally announced intention
it
more appeaUng and sensational to its readers — to discourage all building projects, new construction,
has done more to discourage the public generally or alteration to existing buildings, over $2,500 in
in considering or undertaking building projects cost — and, unfortunately, this is again the single
than any amount of more properly imposed and aspect of the case that has been most prominently
definite Government control or legislation. Per- featured in announcement? in the public press!
haps just such a result as this was the exact inten- As a matter of fact, the actual wording of the
tion of responsible for this Government
those order appears to be intended to have a beneficial
policy; nevertheless, it has wreaked entirely unnec- effect upon the building situation, rather than to
essary and injudicious injury to many business act as a further deterrent. It is true that, as first
interests concerned with the real-estate and build- announced, the actual process of obtaining action
ing development of the country,
—
and by that seems slow, ponderous, and in itself so unwieldy as
much also served to reduce the prospective wealth, to be calculated to delay or slow down results.
building prosperity, tax and Liberty Bond resources Nevertheless, in execution, it should serve to con-
of the country, as well! centrate responsibility —
and, apparently, author-
During most of this time the only actual restric- ity
—
in one body, instead of distributing it among
tion imposed was through a hint to the banking the five or six more or less amateur and volunteer
interests —
calculated probably originally only to boards or bureaus which have previously been pre-
help in forwarding the sale of Liberty Bonds
— sumed to exercise a vaguely understood and unde-
to hold up, or refuse to grant, loans of $100,000 fined jurisdiction over building construction and
or over on projected real-estate improvements. material supply. It appears calculated actually to
Nevertheless, the amount of general publicity help make construction more possible in those cases
given the subject undoubtedly served to prevent where actual necessity or need exists, once its work-
much actually necessary, and some vitally needed, ings have been tested, understood, and speeded up.
building, in some cases of hospital structures, in It will possibly considerably assist in stabilizing
other cases of storehouses or dwellings; and in the whole situation in the building trades, and, if
very many instances it has actually made it difficult the heedless, hurtful, and constant publicity of the
or impossible for the farmer properly to house or past months only can in future be prevented, it
preserve the crops which he has been strugghng will alone be of material assistance in changing
to increase in accord with a patriotic desire to the pubHc's attitude in what is becoming a real
"do his bit" to help in the present emergency! — and critical economic problem for a fairly large
and during all this time the actual individuals portion of the population of the United States.
60
b*
U6e
ARCHITECTUPAL
VolMN
REVIEW Old Series
Volume Number
VII OCTOBEPcl918 4
THE ADVANCE OF HOSPITAL PLANNING AND EQUIP-

MENT DURING THE LAST THIRTY YEARS
By RICHARD E. SCHMIDT
All text drawings of Hospital Details from work of Riehard E. Schmidt, Garden & Martin, Architects
havo occm-red in
(levclopiiients that auxiliaries to the wards, and in the i)rovisions for
and detailing of hospitals (hir- a variety of treatments and examinations of the
TIIOSK ing the
tlie
plamiing
last thirty years and most ini- — patients and diseases, than in any i-emarkahle
that are of any interest to >is now change or improvement in the ))lanning or arrange-
jirovenients
have heen made dnring that period have not — ment of the hnilding itself. The different types
at any sharply defined intervals, l)nt of plans, such as the block, the pavilion,
happened cottage,
they can nevertheless be allotted fairly definitely connected pavilions, etc., were devised and tried,
to its three ]irincipal deeades. That is. it can at and their respective faults and virtues were
least l)e said that different general features appear known, prior to the late eighties of the nineteenth
to have pre<loniinated In the planning of hospitals century; and all of them arc still in
use, but a
in these three particular type
periods. but is
rarely adojit-
tliey a r e only ed today for
roughly claasiti- the whole in-
al)le, for there stitution, a n d
w (> r e pioneers certainly no one
and laggards in
type greatly pre-
the use of each dominates.
feature ;
s o me The lines
hospitals were which strictly
m a n y years d e m a r k the
ahead of others,
types have now
while (|uite as
been partially
many more were obliterated i n
tliemselves ac-
most ])lans, and
tually built well a combination
after the time
of the best fea-
in which their
tures of several
<l(*niinaiit fea-
t y ]i
e s instead
tnres o f plan-
has been gene-
ning were most
rally attempted.
iicnerally in use.
The develop- l"\)rinerly, the
ments w 1: i c h non- or slow re-
li ii \- e taken covery pa- o f
p lace d uring tients was often

this time have blamed o n the
been consistent- I. e\-ils thought to
Fig. Chicago Lying-in Hospital, Chicago, 111.
ly "greatest in Richard E. Schmidt, Garden & Martin, Architeas be due to faulty

the number of Copyright, i<)i8, liy J'/ir Aichitcctural Kevieiv Compiiiiy plainiing; b u t
6i
•THE -AP^CHlTECTUfÂL- PREVIEW'
today such poor results
are rarely laid to the ar-
rangement of a huilding,
— and there are equally
good records of recovery,
in point of time and de-
gree, in hospitals of wide-
ly differing floor plans, in
which the same principles
govern the general design
and in which the hospital bOILEt. U LAUNDtY tOOM PLAN
technique are equal,

— DECATUt ^6''*AC0^ COUNTY H05P1TAU
DECATUK. ltLIMOI6
wherever the importance MHITaCTa, •a • vieai^Kn ava. aavaa^ tLkinaia
of the orientation of wards,

with an attending abun- , transported a short distance from home or shop to
s^StH *'^® hospital relatives and friends could call con-
dance of sunlight, air, ;
veniently; and the surgeon or physician would

cheerfulness, pleasant sur-
lose a minimum of time in traveling to and from
roundings, window outlook, mnEo his case, or could arrive quickly when an emer-
coloring of wards, orna- anmo —
mentation, artificial illum-
ination, access to and pro-
T gency required it, but all of this has since been
changed by inijirovements in public service trans-
visions for outdoor and portation, such as the trolley lines, elevated
railroads and subways, and especially the
part time open air sojourn
are understood and pro- gasoline-driven automobile. These have per-
mitted the use of
cheaper property,
with a consequence
that hospital trustees
can now afford to buy
large areas, furnish-
ing spacious grounds
and permitting the construction of lower and
of the most de- larger groups of buildings.
8 ib 1 e arrangements
r a First aid emergency hospitals and the
can no doubt be ob- company liospital
—now
a part of almost
tained in any of the every large manufacturing establishment —
several types, and it is have also helped to make possible the build-
now recognized that a ing of general hospitals at distant locations
type which is best suit- and among pleasant and healthful surround-
able for one location or ings.
treatment may not be In recent years, the public has learned
equally suitable or de- that a hospital is the best place for the sick
sirable for anothera
6A5EMENT PLAN
and injured ; better than the average home, —
About twenty years " ^^ at u t^'V aacon'count" hospital and that the hospital is neither a penal in-
L(.INOI6
ago, there was a ten- „ , , , . , , ,

. , stitution nor a reformatory. Not many years
i , a Reproduced thirty -two feet to the inch
at .. , .
,
.
,.
, , , ,
dency towards many pig. 2. Basement Hoor Plan, Decatur & Piist, it lias been considered almost degrading
—and
storied hospitals, fol- Macon County Hospital, Decatur, 111. to he scut to a liospital, tliis idea prob-
lowing the development of high office buildings, ably helped in the former general view that such
on account of the high cost of centrally located 1111 institution must have the appearance of a re-
property. For the same reason the block plan f'ormatorv, with whitewashed walls, and remain
appeared to be in the ascendency. In speaking absolutely barren of everything which would be
of a "block plan" in this instance, a pleasant to the senses.
crowding to-
gether of rooms and spaces is meant, with a The use of judiciously selected color decora-
minimum of light and exterior exposure. At that tion, the reduction of the number of beds in the
time, it was considered necessary to have every wards, the tendency to increase the proportion of
in the most densely single-bed wards, and the introduction of many
ho.spita] populated portions
of cities, in order to be close to the source of their home accommodations, are probably the greater
work,
— so thatpatients would only liave to be improvements that have thus far been made in
62
•THE'AR.CHITECTUPvAL'P^VIEW'
have there were chart rooms;
helping to overcome that prejndifc, and they
been more developed in recent years than any but they were not then
other one addition to, or constituent element of, placed as they are today,
the hospital structure. in locations where the
]\Iany hospitals were designed with an extended supervising or floor nurse
periphery, in the form of projecting l)ays, fur- can o\ersee the entire sta-
( nishing tlie largest possible exterior wall and win- tion; a place where the
dow surface, an abundance of sunlight and air; nurses, the medicines, rec-
but extensive warmed air supply devices were in- ords and the signals of
stalled, with the intention of keeping all windows patients are all centered.
closed in all weather conditions except the mild- The nurses wrap locker
est, thereby indicating that the real reasons, or, room, toilet, rest rooms,
at least, those accepted today for building an ex- for
tensive periphery, _
were not then ap-
preciated.
U U D
In 1887 few
hosjiitals contained D n D
special separate
rooms or accom-
modations for the many necessary spaces re- special nurses, had also
(piired for good housekeeping; utensils for not arrived.
the patient were kept with mops and brooms; In this connection a
linen and medicine with patients' clothing,
comparison is offered
carts and wheel chairs. These accommoda- between Fig. 11, which
tions have been gradually added, so that illustrates a pavilion of
modern hospital now has special and sepa- a large hospital that
rate places for everything the patients bring was considered c o m-
to the hospital, as well as for everything that
plete thirty years ago,
is
re<piired for his or her comfort, winter or and Fig. 12, taken from
summer; for treatment, excretions, analyses, a more recent and mod-
records and supervision. FItST FLOOR. PLAH
' ern design. It will at
At that time (about thirty years ago) there "catul « acon county hospital
"f , once be apparent that,
was hardly a hospital in which supervising „ :i^.v.5,vs.V:sl^^-'.v!../.K,.^l^»:"
while the ward area re-
'
Ill
.
Jiurses stations had been

1
planned,
-,
— ^
it is true
^
Reproduced at thirty-two feet to the inch
Fig. 3. First Floor Plan mains substantially un-
Richard E. Schmidt, Garden & Martin, Architects
63
•THE-AB.CHITECTURAL-PJBVIEW-
changed, tliere has been a ments, the general advances in the equijiment
great increase in the anionnt of hotels, apartment houses, and in all otiier
of space occnpie«l bv the aux- classes of buildings, have been
quickly adopted
iliarv conveniences for tlie and adapted to conform to hospital
patients' treatment and care. ments, —while refjuirc-
many other items of improved
Efficiency in operation for etpiipment have been espwially de\ised by hos-
the patient's benefit lias been pital designers.
continnonslv b y
iniprovetl For signalling from the patient to a corri-
more tlionght l>eing given to dor, a cord wire with a pear push at the IkmI-
providing food in a more side, connected to an old fashioned an-
attractive and palatable con- nunciator, was considered a wonderful
improvement i n
n signalling in the
D D early nineties. Hi-
WAtD
lent
n n light signals
D D u came next; then a
development o f
these, having lights
dition, dne to better and located at several places and
operated by
quicker delivery from the same switch, and
the kitchen to the bed- today the patient can
signify his want to the supervising sta-
side. Electricity has
tion, and as many supervisory general
helpwl greatly in this
stations as may bo desired, by flashing
resj)ect by the introduc- words, such as "Xurse," "water," "bed
tion of automatic ma-
chinery, such as push

button dumb waiters.
fn tliese matters, and
in other new arrange-
SccrioN 'r r-Ti!Rrt- ;Nctf"-c--ONc-fiALr- wch- scalc

- DtTAILb- or .')01LtD-l'<LtA>l- DlStt • -
C«viUM*W9 Ae^KTi** CAoMTM- 1*0 • J ^T

-T=+
Rel^toduced at four feetto the inch. PLAN or SOILCD PISH CbUI^tCP- .
Details (tt one foot to the inch
Fig. 6. Standard Details, Soiled and Clean Dish Counters

64
•THE-AB.CHlTECTUP.AL-RiVlEW-
pan," "remove," etc. At that time
artificial illumination was wholly
by
exposed lights, which were annoying
to the patient; indirect ceiling illum-
ination, which was first used about

fifteen years ago, was only less so, — •
while today we have all tlio arrange-

ments for concealed wall, base and
fioor box lighting for night use.
Mechanical ventilation, i.e., the
introduction of fresh warmed air by
fans and ducts, was considered an
a b s o lute
necessity
in the best
buildings
of a b o u t
twenty
years ago.
The inlets and outlets were dis-
tributed with great care in tlie en-
deavor to make the movement of
air practically unnoticeable, and
those buildings in which this
arrangement was most successful
were considered perfect in respect
to air conditions and the health
and comfort of the occupants in
all seasons.
Heating by direct radiation was

not considered proper, unless
pos- ^ __^__^
sibly by the use of low pressure DECATUL Y^^^^^^

hot water systems, used as an aux- sif.v.f.i. r..v:".i?;-..«:.v!.,.-4.':..::.v."'
iliary to the heated

notWlthstandmg that
r et,
air supply. XT^^ZJ:^.^"'
Decatur & Macon County Hospital
such systems were sometimes
supplemented by ther-
mostatic control of the radiators and air
supply,
x..„^ patients and nurses found it
necessary for their comfort
to open windows, althovigh
the design of these
systems was predi-
cated upon the un-
derstanding that
they should not be
opened. Therefore a free
passage of air through the
windows in some rooms af-
fo(«ted the operation of the
whole apparatus to such an
extent that the installations
did not operate in the nuui-
ner intended a n d caused
.„. much dissatisfaction, al-
though the quantities of 5CCTlOAi"Q-C,

Reliroduced at two inches to the foot ^^f m0Ve<l Were Reproduced at four feel to the inch.
high per IJclads at one and one-half inches to the foot
pig.S. Section Inclined Sanitary Terrazo Base pCrSOU. Fig. 9. Stanclard Details, Infants'
Dressing Table in Nursery
65
•THE- APoCHlTECT URAL- RiVlEW-
At about the same diation and the in-
time, some one dis- stallation of electric

covered that patients outlets at numerous
and other persons points in ceiling and
were in a happier walls for the connec-
state of mind when tion of portable elec-
they could feel mov- tric fans.
ing air. We all ap- The use of larger

preciate that we are pieces of
property,
more comfortable in better planning, ade-
a mild breeze in quate fenestration,
warm weather than the improvement in
in still air; also that steam heating, such —
we are more com- as vacuum and mod-
i n
fortable moving ulating systems with
air, although it may the attending lower
be slightly tainted temperatures in ra-
than in motionless diators —and the dis-
good air. The writer covery by the public
does not know if the that the little danger
psychology of this there is in cold air
discovery has been can be minimized by
fully explained, but ordinary means, has
it already appears to
radically affected the
be so sufficiently real- methods of ventilat-
ized that it has in- ing hospitals.
fluenced many build- Special arrange-
Fig. lo. View in Corridor, Benjamin Stickney Cable Memorial Hospital
ing committees i n Ipswich, Mass.
ments for the intro-
the omission of elab- Edward F. Stevens, Architect duction and diffusion
orate heating and ventilating apparatus, and of outdoor air without causing appreciable or
return to a simpler arrangement. annoying drafts are now generally favored. They
The complaints of the occupants of buildings consist of glazed transoms, small transom panels
equipped with elaborate heating and ventilating or louvres, which introduce the air into the room
devices, and at some dis-
the new tance from
knowledge of the patient,
air effects, permitting it
have also also to b e
been the t e mp e red
cause for a either by
return to the mîxing with
use of win- the warmed
dow ventila- air already in
tion, heating room or by

by means of passing over
ordinary ra- radiators.
rUursc'i Toilet;
Reproduced at thirty-two feet to the inch
Fig. 12. Twenty-four Bed Ward, Typical Arrangement of Modem Hospital

66
•THE -ABoCHlTECT UKAL- REVIEW-
Double glazed transoms and small
transom panels of this kind are showr
in tiio illustrations, Figs. 13 and 14.
Arrangements of this kind, with

the addition of numerous oscillating
wall and ceiling fans, have
given much more satisfaction
and lun'e caused less com-
plaint, than the complete
pi e num
type of
heating and venti-
>v
lating. They per-
mit of graduating
the air speeds and
temperatures t o
satisfy the will
and condition of
the individual pa-
tients.
The heating and
ventilating appa-
ratus, both of the
old and new type,
must unquestion-
ably be assisted by
amechanical sys-
tem of air exhaust "^^W
from the toilet
rooms, labora-
t o r i e s, kitchens,
large wards, and
some of the spe-
cial wards, from
which foul air and •EXTEEI OR- li^TERIOK-
5ECT1 0>i. •E LEVAT10^.S.
odor must be im- Reproduced at two feet to the inch
mediately removed Fig. 14. Arrangement of Ventilating Hospital Window with Double Sash
and rapidly replaced b y only left there to deteriorate still more and served
fresh air. only to enhance the fire risk.
Formerly, poorly lighted JS'ôwthat almost e\ery hospital is also a train-
basements were often vised ing school for nurses, the necessary means for the
for kitchens, laundries and education of these students has added several
other service rooms. This —
requirements to the planning of a hospital, such
practice has now become ob- as lecture rooms, laboratories,
teaching kitchens,
solete. etc., while a separate building for a Nurses' Home
Many of the old hospitals has become a very necessary part of hos-
every
have large unfinished spaces pital group.
PLOOX. Ll<4B
created by high The management of hospitals is now generally
U- 4.
roofs, and
other conducted on ordinary business principles in the
such spaces o c- buying and distribution of all kinds of supplies,
curred in the base- so that no modern hospital is without store rooms
ments but the in charge of store
;
keepers ; clothing rooms in
omission of these charge of a tailor; general store rooms for the
is now general, for linen supply, in charge of a seamstress, and a sys-
StCTIOM rHLU ooouc they were only tem of daily supplies distributed in places con-
MUAlQ WINDOW WITH Tt-AflsoM for cast
catch-alls venient to the attendants. Before provisions were
Reproduced at two feet to the inch
Fig. 13. Section, Double Hung Win-
off furniture, made for the regular and systematic daily or
dow with Ventilating Transom material which was weekly supply of goods and materials of all kinds,
67
•THE -AILC HUE CTUPvAL- PREVIEW-
51DC- TLrvATioN or beaoxts t.
the stores of linen in all de-

,,,,,, . ITEONT rLr\/AT!Oi
partments were formerly at
,
Reh nduced at three , ,
inches to ,
the foot bRA.CKrT
iiî^thc disposal and the mercy Fig. 16. Details, Adjustable Wood Shelving
of anyone. middle of the nineties. The arrange-
Practice in the ment shown in Fig. 18 is a modem
arranging of the ope- arrangement for a moderate sized, but
rating department not an elaborately finished or equipped,
has not become settled hospital operating department.
for some authorities
Fig. 19 illustrates an arrangement of
still prefer to have
waiting room, ambulance entrance and
the Doctors'
elevators, which is designed to
wash-up screen the operation and service of
rooms c n- the hospital from the scrutiny of
nected to the visitors or the curious, by separat-
o p e r a t ing
ing the working portions from the
rooms, and parts intended for visitors while
others prefer held in the waiting rooms or
to have the J
_, passing through the building to
anaesthetiz-
T_~ visit sick relatives or friends.
o ing rooms oc- Operating Department
arranged about 189^
as commonly This development has led to the
cupy these lo-
installation of separate corridors
cations. and elevators, also special chutes for
Formerly, the disposal of soiled
immediate
n o accommo- linen; the latter device also realizes
dations were a means of rapidly conveying soiled
provided for linen to the laundry.
the conven- Considerable study is now given
ience of the to the prevention of noises, and the
\ opera ting deadening of unavoidable noises, by
nurses. T o- the use of resilient flooring for the
yt^HX. tTLtiVMIQN
day, large most traveled glazed cross cor-
floors,
pleasant work ridor partitions, pilasters and arches
rooms for the or beams across long corridors ( Figs.
-7
mert wai xalc and pre paration 10 and 39), foundation pads for ma-
rwi. azr inAiLS or f vaults for
ABJUWABLr WOOD SHtLVWO operating .
chines and soundproof
jHwrMfS^^ysss/ss!!?' 8 11
p p 1 1 e s, elevator controllers.
Reproduced at three-quar. dressing Social service nurses, who
tert mch to the foot , . -i i.
and toilet the history and home
Fig. 15. Section Through
study
Adjustable WcKxl
rooms for conditions of a case, and ad-
Shelving the assis- vise after convales-
patients
tants, and cence and returning home,
an office for the chief operat- are a comparatively new ad-
ing nurse are provided in all dition to hospital service and
— TFT — —
oiêrating departments.
Corridor- they require newrec-offices,
Tatiert,ts Qua.rte.rs
The operating department ord and consultation rooms.
'
shown in Fig. 17 was con-
"1 r
The technique now in use
sidered a model at the time Reproduced at twenty-four feet to the inch in the hospital treatment of
when it was hiiilt, in the Fig. 18. Operating Department for a Modem Hospital of
of moderate size communicable diseases is
68
•THE 'AR.CHITECT URAL- REVIEW-
comparatively recent origin The kind and extent of

and requires considerable the mechanical equipment
space, which must be pro- has kept pace with the in-
vided by law in the metro- vention of these details,
politan hospitals, and is and we have many helps
very useful in every hos- today which were not
pital. Special provision thought of for hospital use
for psychopathic and al- a decade ago. Refrigerat-
coholic cases are also much ing machinery, ice mak-
needed, most particularly ing tanks, water cooling
in small communities. and its distribution to
Provisions for accommo- drinking fountains, are
dating apparatus for the
now in general use. Me-
sterilization of water, ope- chanical refrigeration of
Offixs. all kinds of food refrige-
rating supplies and uten-
sils, pathological labora- rators, for laboratory speci-
tories, hydrotherapy, me-
mens and cadavers is also
ehano-therapy and Roent- common.
genology have each brought Vacuum cleaning sys-
new problems to the archi- tems, sanitary chutes, the
tect, and attending diffi- choice of many forms of
and details in the
culties
Reproduced at twenty-four fee, to the inch
elaborate plumbing fix-
arrangement of the plan, Fig. 19. Hospital Entrance Plan arranged to screen tUrCS, Water filters, stills
service portions from public and Sterilizers, piping of
requiring his sohition in
an appropriate, proper and safe manner. distilled water from a central
plant to the operat-
Hospital detailing is now considered as distinct ing rooms, dressing rooms and at many other
from the detail of other classes of buildings. Air points in the hospital, including the individual
borne or infection by dust is recognized, conse- —
ward a portion of the drinking fountain appears
quently lodging places for dust are avoided as from behind the screen in the view of a private
much as possible. This has resulted in the use of ward at the bottom of Plate LIV sanitary metal —
flush doors (Figs. 30 to 38, Plates XLVIII, LIT, cases (Figs. 32 to 37 incl.) medicine cabinets
LIV, LXII, et al.), flush steel trim, coved cor- equipped with running water and special illumi-
ners and angles, nations, are some of
the omission of the items many
projecting mould- which are now con-
ings, and the use sidered a necessity,
of impervious and ?A£T EAJP CLeVATlo^ and have been fac-
jointless floors. tors in advancing the
A number of il- cost of hospitals
END rLCVATIOH 5IPe CLEVAJlOyil
lustrations of such within the experience
special details are
presented with this
article. Special at-
tention i s called
to the high sloping
base as an im-
provement on the
coved base, which
has been in use for
a long time; the
sloping base, Fig.
8, is equally sani-
tary, and a much

better protector of
the walls from
damage by furni-
ture, rolling chairs
5CCTI0W. PLAN or HlNGro WOOD SfiCLT PLW< WEU CUPBQMiDi.
Re/'rodiiicd at four feet to the inch. Details at one inch to the foot
and patients' carts. Fig. Standard Details of Movable Table in Laboratory
69
'THE -AB^C HUE CTUFkAL- REVIEW-
of many architects,
twice and threefold
beyond their fomêr
cost per unit.
LAM'S H>W
The special study \
TOi^Tli-T)
which must now be |
given to the design

of lighting fixtures i
for a hospital is an
illustration of the
changes which have
'-^
5tcTio>( T*ieu Teou^+t

taken place in hos-
SPCClAL--LlQHTlMQ' ARI5AA*QCMt«T5
pital planning and rOR COOM
OPtCATly^Q
equipment during re-
cent for dCM-AICO '
t. 5C«MIDT QACDtAJ 6»' Maiexim/
years; •Ac
,
C H T t CT a
where, some years •C ^ I CA <^ O/
I
.» U I- I *-« O 1 *•
ago, every article -:=:

Detail section shoztm at one and one-half inches to the foot
used in the hospital
Fig. 21. Arrangement and Details of Special Lighting Scheme for Operating Room
was about the same
-TttEEE' WW ANP'
WCtt 5c-,VLt~ Otit -ttALf
'
-PETAIL5' OfOFEtATI/iG'tOOM-Wl/iPOW -
£.^^^m.-rm KIC«M15.-p
'
EL 6CHMIPT -CAtPEAl - MA-tT.rt.- AltCHlTECTS
<lx^m^ d,
CHlCHqo-ILLI/IOIS"
•»> i"' JT »» ». fi
'
SECTIOl) BE J"S»S*bW.
5CALE DET/ÎLS Of
OPEE,ATlH(^ 200M WlMOOW-
/foTt: COiSTRACTOlt To £UBMIT JShop PTtAWrHîa P-OR-
AfTRov/M. Or ARCMiTCc-Ta ^troite. &LtiiNHiM<n
Reproduced at four feet to the inch. Detail sections at one and one-half inches to the foot.
Fig. 22. Details of Window in Operating Room

70
•THE -AR-CHITECTUPvAL- REVIEW-
tr"
•THE-AP.CHlTECTUi\ALRiVIEW'
^
_*£ J
iircTioN mssi woop stooL?

-THREE -WCH -AND- ONE • HALE i:>ICtt -~ •
CMP nxvATicw PLAN AT B-5.
~6CAI:e • DETAILS • OE • WEANIb • DATO ~
''Table -ATO-sitXiL-wûRSEKy " • -
eiCHAEP C. SCiiniBT, G*,EDCN 6- MARTIN AEOtlTCCTS.
104. a. mCHJQAX Avt CMICACrO* iLLJTloIS.
Reproduced at four feet to the inch

Details at one and one-half inches to the foot
Fig. 25. Infants' Bath Table and Stool

in Nursery
pitals per patient, but the steadily

Ji'ScAuc tlA» or wr»jcr» BMfH
-
Bko
Kta^ « STOOL increasing reqtiirements for the
care and treatment of patients
have themselves been the greatest factor. The average
cubic contents per patient has also gradually increased
during the three past decades. <
In hospitals of a moderate size, and equal to the average j

finish and equipment of that time, the cost per patient
was slightly more than $1,000 thirty years ago, about
$2,000 twenty years ago, and is approaching $3,000 per
patient for buildings of moderate size, and the
average finish, at the present time. For very
^''-'
large institutions the cost per bed should un-^^^'°^
doubtedly be less.
When designing a hospital thirty years ago to ^
l>e built at a low cost price, the plan was com-
^^^j^^^^JA^ i
pressed to one of small periphery, wooden floors

and trim were commonly used, much wood was
utilized in the construction, the wards were large;
most of the special rooms required today were
missing. Those which were provided were often
small, or merely closets. For instance, the dark
slop-sink closet formerly installed (Fig. 11) must
now be a large well-lighted room (Fig. 12).
There were no rooms for X-Ray treatment or
examination, and laboratories did not exist or
were very small. As these, and rooms for many
other purposes, were found necessary for the
proper conduct of a hospital, and gradually be-
came incorporates! into these buildings, the cost
per patient has been gradually and steadily in-
creasing all the time.
The use of especially impervious material, and
more durable materials, in forms more conducive
to low cost of up-keep than to initial cost has also PAET TKWT tXtVATlQN.
Details at one foot to the inch
done much to influence their increase in cost. Reproduced at six feet to the inch
A part of the constant increase in the unit cost Fig. 26. Serving Room Table
72
•THE -AP^CHITECTURAL- REVIEW-
(5C-CT10A) C-C
•THE •AB.CHITECTUPvAL- REVIEW-
HOOKS IH CUDtHS^ LOCKE-KS.

-îK-
1 e«.rocATi
^ VfcAITI. AT«> lOC ^ .5
\H nt'» Type. Oda «jtV *M«i-r
V
5E<naN tmv »A
J
B-Ji.
btCTlOK 5H0WINO HK-T SffCU" &rtANai/(G

nppnpna IN CLOtHCS LOCKtKfi
nnppn
npppppp
KO0
ppppppp
» fc,-H-»l, KK, L-L. rt/l. rR. t-X-X npppppp
APpL-y TO T«c CASe Aftove ppppppn
rjrr th^t 3>oo«s arc tb
npppppp
fipppppp SECTION bffOWWG ri^bTENING Or TyPJCAL
SIXTJOMAKT DRAWl SltfL JHCLf
3" SCALE tLevATjoM or-
, I PEAW/I STEEL fSAMt

S-E&I5T6KS 1)1- POOE5. -f i-^ 1-1 1^
Reproduced at four feet to the inch. Details at one-half full si:e
Fig. 29. Detail of Doctors' Coat Lockers, etc.
+T^
n n n n r.
roETiQN or xircHEN CAses tYc.

/":
D n n I
n S n t
nnnpn
nnnnn
n
.-
ppnnn
[ pnnna
^^
pnnnn
B-AJI 'riiE.U WOOD DEAWE-ESOf-
ELevATlo/1 5ecTio/l -S'SCALE- E-tcVATIO/l Of CLorffES LOCKtBS
Et&isTE-jis iaI Poors.'
±t
m
.4VM0O <l4eu^
OAW<*e O B> Wrt ST*'
m^-
kSTlSAl t P COttLS TO
KewM>e P ToCKjUS- r-ol-TJ.
-Ji f ^
'-
^
r-f:
-iHW
'mnu SIU- o^ CA-srs wmcff
5t!-criON _
n
cnuf
PO Not EUN 10 rLOOR-.
.
_ ,
oil Mkrr ;<vM»eK at one and one-half inches

'
A#rLt T* Tw' Ca>c .
Reproduced
to the foot
Reproduced at inch
four feet to the
Details at one and one-half inches r^ftcAi-
to the foot =»*'' 1 Typical Details.
Cases with drawn
Fig. 3 .
steel sub-jambs, wood doors and plaster

Fig. 30. Detail of Nurses* and
back and sides
Patients* Lockers
74
•THE'AK.CHITECTUPvAL-IVEVIEW-
~ T—
1 'd-d, 'HH/J-J.* 'K%l-L','M-M',>r, !r-R C-V-T*
"^^ *Bove HuMiBiCtteO »eCT10N» A3
I
SECTJON 5ffOWT/lG DiVIDim EAJL Of-
Reproduced at one and one-half inches to the foot
Fig. 32. Typical Details. Cases with drawn steel
sub-jambs, wood doors and plaster

back and sides
75
•TH E APoC H ITE C T URAL- fV£ V I E W-
•
uenr enough correct

for fireproof build-
ings of average fin-

ish of the present
time. If the struc-
AiUnTk«M U
ture were to be built
of the most desir-
able materials i n
everv respect, con-

taining all of t h e
most modern arrange-
ments and equip-
ment, its cost now,
a 8 compared with
those of thirty years
ago
—a n d allowing vJboB o»«B3 ^.M^ To ee omrrno- V" ¥^
for the normal ad-
vance in the cost of Linen Case with Wood Doors
materials and labor,

—would probably be
Ir
foLi3*tcD Katb OLas* 5»«1vb»
ilPC tLrVATION or
A
#1« G*
^-,
&
•THE -ABoCHlTECT URAL- REVIEW-
of the use o f preparation o f
little medicine the necessary
and the placing materials.
of more depen- Pavilions o r
dence on dietet- wings, with
ics and natural rooms on only
remedies in f>i- one side of the
ture, will n o corridors ( Fig.
doubt soon b e-
39), as built in
gin to demand Europe for

new chaftges in many years,
even our pres- will probably
ent methods of soon be gene-
planning. rally adoptetl in
The demand this country ;
for more pri- and it will be

vate rooms found that such
(Fig. 39) will an arrangement
no doubt in- will afford the
crease, the in- patient more
s t a 11 a tion of
privacy, quiet,
equipment for better air and
the enlarged sunlight, and
medical treat- Fig. 38. Service Room in Birth
Department, Chicago Lying-in Hospital, Chicago, 111.
be pleasanter in
Richard E. Schmidt, Garden
ment of p a- SI Martin, Architects
ever y
distinguished from the surgical
tients, as which — than the ordinary corridor type of building.
respect
—
now predominates will no doubt require greater Porches or terraces adjacent to every ward, so
space and new arrangements for open air treat- that the patients while in their beds can be moved
ment, solar
t h e r
apy,
mach i n e
rooms for
mechano-
h e rapy,
t
all kinds
of baths, such t r,Le
a s carbonic
acid gas, oxy-
gen baths,
volcanic
earth, mud
and peat, salt
water sprays,
sand baths,
vacuum
chamber and
compressed air
chambers, a r-
rangements for
t h e inhalation
of balsam and
other beneficial
properties, each fRONT ELEVATION
of which' will or- BEACKtT.
require space
for machinery
'k' XM.K. rip.* !
Re[^rodttced at
the
twenty-four
inch
and the proper Reproduced at four feel to the inch. Details at two inches to the foot
Fig. 39. Plan, showing "Private operation and Fig. 40. Standard Detail, Infants' Basket Rack in Nursery
Room and Corridor" Type
of Hospital
77
•THE -AILCHITECTURAL- REVIEW-
^FPi-V ItjJfc&C-R BUMPCB. AT Top
&dTTO« ^F bASei^tNT DOCK,*, —
t- and alterations
in the planning,
n s e ami ar-
rangement o f
practically a 1 1
build-
hospital
i n g s — and
especially with
x"-= those devised
for the treat-
- - —*^ a par- ment of
_
ticular or special type of disease or
njurv.
The planning of hospitals is some-
times regarde<l as being almost stan-
dardized, as though there remained
ittle latitude for originality in that
direction, -unless methods of treat-
ment change radically; yet certainly
their exterior design or style of
architecture is not hemmed in by
the practice of medicine or sur-
gery, or by the accepted rules of

hygiene.
Inasmuch as a hospital is a work-
shop for the reconstruction and re-
pair of the human body and mind,
special arrangements and mechan-
ical equip-
.v.r -..
î^
....-^
ment nee- j
essary t o
pro duce v.
^"
those r e-
secTioAl
so-Lr a', i-o' SCALP t/z"' i-O* )^' SCALE DETAILS
'or CHEMICALHOOD
lAl LABOB.ATOR.Y
AloTe
CACM 3*T or- EL«VA-mR X^>orS Si4ALL BB
ne0v<pe» wim. >.uroMATic cLoîmq jjeyiae.
A|CA\ Of ct-«3ir4<^ pevise ifi ©Aie^\c/«T DoîttA
T*» tUv» ^ftCAHc
irt SAMr WMe/^ cLo&vo 30 that
TUt»» PO«RA CaW »E (UrC^tO r*OM oUTÎOr op 44ATC# .
rWVlOB KjUSM HA^1> WOLPs of* D*>JM SipeS OF »A3BAie/*T

txyotA
Reproduced at four the inch.
feet to Details at
one and one-half inches to the foot
Fig. 41. Details of Two Speed Elevator Doors

outdoors and yet remain under the super-
vision of their respective nurses, are a grow-
ing requirement and may soon become
general.
It is also further inevitable hut that the
experience and discoveries of the present

war must result in making great changes
T* AkVLKMrtL *fOHi
and improvements in nearly all types and ftl«M »»I.T»>
methods of treatment of injuries and dis-
eases, so that
it is
already extremely prob-
able that the end of the war will dower
us with many greatly changed and im-
proved methods of treatment that will, in iLCTlON FRONT LLCVATION
Reproduced at four feet to the inch,
their turn, require equally great changes
Fig. 42. Details ot Chemical Hood in Laboratory, Gary Gen. Hospital, Gary, Ind.
78
•THE-APoCHlTECTUfkAL-RiVIEW-
suits must bo provided, and so phuied that they exterior must be developed —
is definitely fixed,
will function in the most effective manner. It is without deviation and without regard to symmetry.
obvious that they must be the controlling factors If all ground plots were alike in situatiort, out-
in the dimensions of the various rooms, their look,contour and orientation, a typical plan and
grouping- and the general circulation, the fenes- style for each type of hospital could be conceiv-
tration, etc., consequently
these will always dic- ably developed
—
however undesirable this hypo-
tate the general form and exact dimensions of the thesis might be. As these conditions" always pro-
frame woi-k, in so far as they are not elastic. This vide variety, however, each hos])ital must be con-
ispossibly
more the case in hospitals than in many sidered as a new and separate proidem.
other kinds of buildings. Hospitals must be The serious work of a hospital should be masked
architecturally pleasing, as well as properly as much as possible from those who arc within its
aiTanged, to produce a satisfactory output in the walls for the first time. The surroundings should
shortest time consistent with efficiency and quality. 1)0 made pleasant and endurable for the nurses,
The wards should face east, south and west; and other well people, who work in the hospital
the operating rooms north, while laboratories are day after day; for their continued health and
also best served if they face the north. There is, cheerfulness cannot but be reflected in the rapid
no choice in these — and so a progress and reco\'ery of their charges.
therefore,
considerable portion of the plan —from which the
matters,
This is, in itself, but one more reasoTi that the
Kefnnluccd at four feet to the inch. Details at one and one half inches to the foot.
Fig. 43. Typical Details, Elevator Cab
79
•THE -AP^CHITECTURAL- REVIEW-
exterior design can. and should be, good architec- or municipality for their continued use in the
benefit of humanity!
ture! Unquestionably the exterior should be in-
viting, not repelling by sternness or baldness.
The reconstruction hospital may not at first
Meanwhile we must recognize that the tech- appear to be nearly related to the structures which
are the subject of this article, but almost every
nique of present day surgery may be so altered by
the war. where the surgeiin is testing his theories hospital graduates or holds human material which
and niethotls on a vastly gi-eater number of cases is susceptible of
being reconstructed into happier
than in civil work, that new devices or different members of society. Consequently, hospital build-
special arrangements than those

which are now ers should recognize that they will soon be con-
our standards may be required. At present, little fronted with new problems, which no one is better
—
can bo predictetl hut already we can recognize able to solve than the profession which is so closely
the importance of one new phase, reconstruction and intimately in touch with every phase of
work, whose effect on future institutional build- human life as the Architect. He should not allow
ings may already be at least partially realized. the opportunity to be the pioneer, the leader, in
Such new and specially designed buildings will this movement, to pass out of bis field of endeavor,
have to Ih) built,
— —
and once built they may even by any failure on his part to recognize its signifi-
finally pass into the permanent possession of state cance and grasp it at its very beginning!
Ctip^.^Si'SAl fcoLT» With 6*3

co/<c«eT« a- ct^^M 9Tei.u
r.^.TU.ii or^lrwEL.
•~ INCH -AND O^C iNCrt

TttECE • • • • • • • ~
- 5CALf AND -rULL-illE- -PrTAIL- or • - •
^
A
- -HOSPITAL • STAIRWAY WITH • - • •
- PLASTIC • OR - MAGAirSIA. - TEEAD5- & • EISCK) "

Richard c. ScrfniDT. GACutN 6 jârtin AecmitecTS.
lO* S. WICHIOAN Ave CHICAQO, ILLlXOlS.
?LAN AT GrO.
SrtEtT Xe
r:5, DeTîL of-?JEVrL
*Âf>fc »^ W* J.L.
Reprorliiced at two feet to the inch. Details at one and one-half inches to the foot and one-half full sine
Fig. 44. Typical Details, Hospital Staircase

80
THREE TYPES OF GENERAL HOSPITAL PLANS
By WARREN C. HILL
selections published herewith embrace

examples of three distinct and general
THE tjpcs of hospital plan.
lage hospital," sometimes
First -The "vil-
referred to as the "cot-
— WlNCHLvSTLR.
II
HOSPITAL
MA/r
<rcl.ll<c«/
T-yi'
is exemplified by the Winchester .1 »
tage hospital,"
Second —
The "Symmes-Arlington"
Hospital.
Hospital is of the "pavilion" type. Third The —
"Stevens Clinics" at the Union Hospital of Fall
River, is of
the or
city
"block" type,
the inevitable
result of the
Third •
Floor.- Plan-
communities in which they are located,

and by the income from becjuests of vari-
ous donors.
The Wincliester Hospital Corporation
is composed entirely of women, and the
Hospital was constructed imder the direc-
tion of an imusually able building com-
mittee of the same sex. There
are two buildings thus far
6r,coND Plan
—
• •
Floor.-
restricted areas usually available in cities. built the main building,
All three are general hospitals as differen- — shown herewith, and a two-
tiated from special or mental disease
hospitals
— ^ j
story nurses' home, the latter
and care for all sorts of physical ailments and all
classes of patients, from
private pa-
tients to charity cases.
They are also
quasi-public, operated by public spir-
ited men and women,
withouti
r e m u n -
eration, as-
sisted b y
t h esup-
port of the
twenty-four nurses. The hospital it-

self has a normal capacity of fifty
patients and was opened in 1917.

On the ground fioor of the main
building are kitchen, laundry and
boiler rooms, which it is
hoped will
ultimately be relocated in a service
building to the north, connected by a
timnel with the hospital. This will
make available space necessary for
These plans reproduced at the scale of thirty-two feet to the inch. the development of X-ray and labora-
Floor PLins, The Winchester Hospital, Winchester, Mass. tory work.
Kendall, Taylor dc Co., Architects When planning the liuilding, the
8i
•THE AILC H ITE C T U PvAL
• •
PJ: V I E W-
and out,
—but no detail of planning or equip-
ment was omitted that would be required for
the effectual care of the people who come
there for
treatment. Although small, the
phint as complete as nuiny a larger one.
is
Considerable thought was given to the

placing of beds, wall colorings and artificial
lighting, that eye strain might be eliminated.
In the Children's ward are interesting
"Mother Goose" decorations, that relieve the
monotone wall color and please the unfortu-
nate "kiddies" who have to come there.
The building is entirely fireproof, and cost.
including architects' fees, a fraction over
thirty five
cents per
cubic foot.
Symmcs Hospital, General Plot Plan
architects endeavored so to arrange the

various departments that tliey would be
as remote from one another as the limi-
tations prescribed would permit. The
patients unable to walk come in at the rear
entrance on the ground floor and are easily O
conveyed to the elevator. Andmlatory pa- I t
ilCOllD •*THIIi. l) flOD t-8
tients and If
visitors ar-
Arlington, although adjoining Win-
In
rive at the
chester, an altogether different problem pre-
sented itself. Arlington is within the single
unit of carfare from Boston, on one of the
main arteries of travel radiating from
the Cambridge svibway. The town has
grown rapidly and will continue to do
so. The pavilion plan, therefore, per-
mits of adding building units as the de-
mand increases. The present hospital build-
ing will then become the center or Adminis-
tration building of the future.
Originally,
main entrance on the opposite side, where the Nurses
the reception room and office are located. and help were
The Operating department is at the north
or left hand, the children's department
directly opposite the entrance, and
the wards for men and women, to
the south. All are separated but
entirely inteidependent.
The second floor is similarly di-
vided, with the private rooms at
the south and a small Maternity depart-
ment over the Children's department.
The third floor is for special and isolation
cases or opportunities for growth.
The building is extremely simple inside These Floor Plans reproduced at the scale of twenty-four feet to the inch.
Floor Plans, The Symmes Hospital, Arlington, Mass.

82 Kendall, Taylor SC Co., Architects
•THE -APoCHITECTUPvAL- REVIEW-
quartered
on upper
tlio
floor ; but new development

soon presented the neces-
these peo-
sity of placing
and the
ple by themselves,
Nurses' Home here illus-
trated therefore became

the next logical step. This
building is located part
way down the hill, with
tlie parapet walls far be-
low the vista from the

main building, and is con-
sidered by the architects
about as complete as any
building they have yet
planned.
The front faces the
roadway and the older

building, the rear over-
looks the country for miles
around, and presents the
unusual feature of contin-
uous balconies for recrea-
tion and out of door sleep-
ing. The beds usually re-
main on the balcony dur-
ing the day, but can be
rolled into the
rooms — and,
easily
across the
corridor, the front
to
rooms. The doors are
made extra wide for the
purpose^ Casement sash
and screens protect occu-
pants of the balconies from
the elements or insects.
Thirty-five nurses and
sixmaids can be accom-
modated many more
;
than are needed with the

present size of the in-
stitution. It was deemed
to fin-
prudent ^^^^^
ish the upper |
TUNNLL
stories,although I
this was not at^^ûutr'

first intended,
in order to be prepared
in case of Government-
al demands.
An atmosphere of do-
mesticity is created by
the color treatment, fur-
niture and decorations These plans reproduced at the scale of twenty-four
feet to the inch
in the entrance hall, Floor Plans, The Stevens Clinics, Union Hospital, Fall River, Mass.
and living and sitting Kendall, Taylor 6i Co., Architects
83
•THE'AB.CHITECTUJ\AL-R£VIEW-
set a building far enough
away for best conditions
of therapeutical treatment.
In England, and one
other continental country
whose name is not now
mentioned in polite circles,
the terraced pavilion or
"stepped house" has been
in successful use for some
time. In Paris, apart-
ment houses on the Hue
Vavin, near the Boulevard
Raspail, have been built
in this way to meet restric-
tions ofbuilding heisilits
which operate to limit the
height of abutting bviild-
ings.
These successful pion-
eer efforts lead to the adop-
tion of this "hanging gar-
den of Babylon" idea, and
the garden effect is en-
hanced by placing plant
boxes along the outer rail-
ings, which ser\'e to screen

the balcony in a measure,
as well as the one below it.
After a year's use, the re-
sults, so far as occupation
is concerned have been
eminently satisfactory.
The entirely different re-
quirements for each story
should be noted.
The ground floor has X-
ray, hydriatic and other
rooms, for both in and oiit
patients. The first floor is
Third Floor Plan
entirely for out patients.
Floor Plaiu, The Stevens Clinics, Union Hospital, Fall River, Mass. The second floor is for
Kendall, Taylor dc Co., Architects
medical and surgical ward
rooms. Particularly adequate toilet, linen, teach- cases,male and female, is used as an overflow from
ing and other accommodations are available, to the main building, and the connecting bridge is at
add to the happiness of the young women prepar- this level. The third floor is for private patients.
ing to dedicate their lives to the care of the sick. The fourth and the fifth —
except the In-
The building was completed and occupied this terne's quarters
—are
floor,
for children's cases of all
spring, and the cubic foot cost, exclusive of -fur- characters. Even contagious diseases might be
nishings, was a fraction under 37 cents. cared for temporarily in the small glass enelosc^d
Tlie Stevens Clinics presented an entirely dif- isolation rooms, by proper nursing technique.
ferent phase. In both Winchester and Arlington The Nurses' Stations are unusually complete,
there was plenty of land. In Fall River there — as in fact are all the various rooms and equip-
—
was not, and the main building, planned by the ment, electrical, mechanical, sanitary and culinary.
same architects,had been outgrown very soon The cubic foot cost was about the same as fpr
after itsoccupancy. The only land available was any fireproof building, although it was not a
to the rear and nortli and was not deep enough to profital)le undertaking for the contractors.
84
GOVERNMENT WAR HOUSING. PART VI
THE NEW POLICY OF THE SHIPPING BOARD
fact that apparently six out of scvoii
A BeUer Way
10
by war urge
—Even
uii<lci'tal<cn
new nousiiif; devobpitieiits granting, however, all possible
Til the Department of Housing and Transit
of tlic Emergency Fleet Corporation,
between the
and must, of course, be recognized that
it
necessity often overbore all

other
this
considerations
dates of June last and the end of Septendier, 1918, of design, construction, and cost in those ventures
have been allotted to a so-called "Department of — it is, nevertheless, from the point of view of
is undoubtetUy the most important

and the profession; granting even the nwiessity for
Design"
in
speed, granting that a common draughting
that has thus far arisen force
regrettable incident
the experiment of Government War Housing, in in closer contact and relation to the construction
and future relation to the division would help make this possible (and
its possible present
architects of the United States. granting that a considerable part of the difficultira
Two Allenwlives of architeots, in previous developments, narrowed
Oidv two alternatives to warrant down to this particular point) we
yet Ixilieve a bet-
appear
in
this unexpa^ted—and unexplained— change ter and more professional solution was available.
One of these would seem to be that the
policy.
with A Constructive Suggestion
expeiiencc of this government department, be sug-
th(! architects they had selected to co-operate
with To be definitely constructive, it might
them on the earlier developments, had, in some gested that such a common draughting division
them to believe could have been organized, and then placed at the
way or other, been such as to lead who might
they could get along in these later ventures equally disposal of those individual architects
without their assistance. This still with advantage have been selected to control
well professional
The
other alter- individual Housing developments. (A similar
is in itself regrettable— if true!
that invoked for
to this has already been
native would appear to be that having, by arrangement
time, obtained a certain number of definitely de- certain government buildings in Washington, and
believed they could with adequately successful results.) This would
velope<l "typo plans," they
well—and at perhaps some saving in time have made available to each architect all the data
e(iually
ami —
money continue to reproduce
these house and information now known to the anonymous
it would have
plans themselves in
the future: a wholly familiar departmental "Branch of Design";
and recognizable departmental point of view! retained the highly desirable individual relation
The first of these alternatives opens a broad of members of the profession with Housing work,
are at least two sides- and would have avoided all danger of establishing
(piestion—to which there —
hut that is altogether "another story," the time for a precedent, apparently approved or, at the very
the telling of which has not yet quite arrived! least, acquiesced in by so !
— many architects asso-
'{'he second alternative undoubtctlly contains

some ciated with the department who, insofar as they
part of the reason for the Shipping Board's were also selected from within the group of officers
attempt to handle their
more recent Housing de- and members controlling the Institute, rather too
the profession.
through a draughting force organized represent that part of
velopments
witliin the department,
—
and, in all due justice to
officially
An Precedent
be said that probably Unfortunate Profession/it
those concerned, it should
this seemed to them advisable under the circum-
The precedent thus establish etl is most regret-
stances,
—
which undoubtedly were largely moti- table it tends to destroy what is, at least, an un-
;
written law as to the preference for individual

vated by the pressing need for haste, and the
endeavor to get these new developments well under ratlier than responsibility for architectural
group
ob-
way before the coming winter intervened. To design it disregards all experience previously
;
view of as well
tained from the of economy
offset that concession, however, it should be said point
from work in municipal or
experience of those architects who
that, in the had as design, produced
offices, as well as the very notable
|ire\ions]y l)een most successful in completing state draughting
failure— except for a brief period of time
—
of the
government war buildings expeditiously and satis-
the delay in ini- Supervising Architect's office to produce executed
factorily, a cxinsiderable part of
with- work of professional competence and merit. It is
tiating every Housing development occurred
in the Shipping Board offices
—
it often requiring also a matter of record that the cost of this Fed-
two months after plans and estimates were com- eral draughting department amounts to about twice
before final contracts could be obtained! the fee charged by the individual architect!
plet«d
85
EDITORIAL' COMMENT'
ON ARCHITECTURE—-^'THE -TIMES
since tlie tTnitetl States entered the tion upon which our entire industrial fabric had
war, the Government has been rather less been reared —
was being gravely undermined and
EXÎi considerate of the building industry than of unsettled.
mm\\ other among the conntrv's equally important
In more forward-looking empires — came our own entrance
resources.
—then the into
and why that a republic need always be less
it is
foresighted and prepared to meet the unknown

future than a monarchy wc know not, but such
AXU
came
war
which found
unready and impreparcd.
wholly
And with
— immedi-
us, of course,
it
deluge of new conditions

a that
has ever been the experience of the world !— the revolutionized our entire industrial
fallacy of this standpoint would long ago have
—the amount and extent of which wesystem
ately
full even
l>een recognized and the tendency corrected. We, yet quite fail to comprehend !
in America, wait until the emergency confronts Wehad formerly believed in individualism and
us; and then strive, at great wastage of energy democracy we were immediately forced to change
and financial loss, adequately to meet it —which, :
to the practice of absolutism, and conform to

gov-
eventually, we have generally been able to do ! ernment tax and control of our fonner indulgences
In order for us to prepare for the situation that and luxuries. For the previous government policy
will be disclosed bv the end of the war it is first of separation of business enterprises, we imme-
necessary to comprehend and analyze what has diately substituted combination on a scale never —
— —
happened and is now happening in the build- before dreamt of —
and for individual we as un-
ing industry of this country. murmuringly accepted governmental control and
The fall of 1914 found North America with — direction of our largest public utilities
the exception of Canada —
in the midst of a grow-
Labor,
immediately realizing its power imder an unre-
!
ing recovery of the building industries from the stricted and absolute democracy and drawing its —
slack years that had immediately preceded. At own deductions from the success of the Kerensky
the outbreak of the war
in Europe, building in and Bolshevik Regimes in Russia began to set —
the United States hesitated, slackened —
and then, up and establish claims and demands which have
as the current of gold shipments began to set already reached a point far beyond the bounds of
steadily in our direction, largely recovered and probable acceptance in normal peace times, and —
went ahead —with somewhat diminished impulse now begin even to indicate another and much —
—but still it went ahead and only the most sensi-
;
—
more dangerous form of impending absolutism,
tive of the fingers held on its pulse realized its likely, in the hands of a feeble and hesitant vote-
distinctly more febrile character. buying administration, to bring on another chaos
As the war progressed, two definite currents of industrialism —
perhaps another revolution!
—
were found setting in within our borders in the ;
and this time in North America.
one direction, the gathering tide of war industries Therefore, we are, for the future, facing a most
genera te<l a certain feverish prosperity that grew uncertain and unsettled situation. No one can
unsteadily, unevenly, excitedly, in certain local- venture to predict what will happen now that "the
ities and sections while, at the same time, the set
;
end of the war" impends. And the present in-
of this very current was causing eddies here and dustrial situation seems certain to continue to
there throughout the country that were creating develop in this country presaging grave and even
;
slack backwaters,where normal growth and pro- anarchial prospects for the future of America!
gress were being arrested or slowed down. Yet We can now be certain only of one thing, and
the total of biiilding reports —
the country over — that that the United States of America will,
is,
averaged fairly well in bulk when contrasted with of countries in the world, be the Jpasi prepared
all
the month and year preceding! When intelli- and the least ready to meet the changed industrial
gently analized, however, their unhealthy charac- conditions that must arrive with the war's end.
ter became apparent. The sum total was main- Yet that meet them we eventually will is equally
tained by abnormal expenditures, in certain lines certain —but again only at a financial cost out of
— —
and in certain localities that showed at once due
all proportion to the need and the situation
the unstable character of the whole basic indus- —and a cost thatwe are commercially most un-
trial condition. And, meanwhile, the labor situa- ready and ill
prepared to meet !
86
U6e
ARCHITECTURAL PfVIEW Old Series Vol. XXIV
Volume Number
VII NOVEMBER 1918 5
THE NEW SAN FRANCISCO

PART I. RESIDENCES
By WILLIAM WINTHROP KENT
FRANCISCO to- would have been pleasanter

day not only a mon-
is to have shown him this as
SAN ument to the uncon- a guest, but unless the doc-
trine of probabilities is false
querable spirit of her citizens,
but a valuable object lesson lie is, as our foe, in a fair
to all our United States in way now to have this brought

what courage and faith can I'orcibly to his notice.
do in the very wake of dis- Of all the perceptible
aster. It has been said that products of the driving force
ifthe present head of the of American energy in our
German nation could have great cities, none are more
been personally conducted conspicuous than the achieve-
through the greater cities of ments in architecture and
our country before he began engineering; and architec-
this war he would have had ture comes first because
clearer ideas of what an tlierein are seen quickly and
attempt to Pan-Germanize comprehensively the results

the world would cost him. of our effort to advance.
That is to say, that, although And this is so, not because
undoubtedly scorning our :irchitccture is the last word
lack of military preparation, to 1)0 said, but because the
which he already know, he liest architectural work in
would have had forced up(ni A House on a Hillside Street
c o m
any niunity generally
even his un- may be safely
willing consid- taken as a fair
eration the tire- index of its civ-
less b u s i ness ilization.
energy, the un- Looking out
remit ting in- over San Fran-
d u s t r y ,
the cisco from the
sheer and al-
driveway over
most incredible the Twin
a r c h i tectural
Peaks, the ob-
and engineering server is at first
audacity of
impressed b y
twentieth cen- the beauty of
tury America, Ilie entire scene
which he little !{ city, bay and
real izod the liills, and then
danger of an- A Group of Houses on Russian Hill a maze d that
tagonizing. 1 1 Willis Polk ac Co., Architects Charles M. Call, Architect such a new city
87
•THE-AB^CHlTECTUrkAL-P^VIEW-
House on Broadway near Baker St. I Iou.se on i^Lis.sia
Willis Polk 4: Co., Architects
could have arisen on the ashes of the old in the the older parts of the city it is usually a greater
brief space of twelve years. or lesser improvement on what was destroyed,
The general color effect from these according to the character of the district.
tops is light in In the newer
tone, so many outlying parts, be-
bnildings being of yond Twin Peaks,
painted wood in and notably at St.
which white and Francis' AV o o d ,
gray predominate. the plan by Pro-

Wood was the fessor John Galen
logical material Howard and Louis
for the necessarily Christian M
u1-
rapid construction gardt is a most
of homes after the attractive one, in
fire, and it met which Mr. Olm-
the demand ;
but sted too
by his
with what a sad landscape d e sign
arc hitectural re-
House ot A. B. Spreckels
has most ably
sult in gen eral brought out the
McDonald Sc Applegarth, Architects
only he can real- work of Mr. How-
ize who on the average street studies the endless ard, Mr. Mulgardt, Mr. Farr, Mr. Gutterson and
rows of inane houses of no character whatever. others. New houses here are very properly obliged
But the citizens generally seem to have realized to meet the approval of a supervising architect.
this, for when a new building goes up in any of The dwellers in Berkeley, Claremont, Pied-
House on jaduon St., opposite Alta Plaza with Basement Garage An Apartment House with Double Garage
Simpson Wood, Architect
88
•THE'AR.CHlTECTUPvAL-K£VlEW-
J. D. Crane Home, Broadway 1 ill' Ncwliall Residence, Broadway
Hiss ac Weeks, Architects Bliss SI Faville, Architects
mont, Oakland and other beautiful neighboring more durable and more costly construction hna
towns and cities across the waters of the Bay, taken the place of the old work, owners evidently
have early taken in hand the architecture of their have become more particular, and entrusted their
and possibly profiting by the homely
localities, building to more talented and experienced de-
and non-homelike results of hasty and unconsid- signers. Taste has improved by travel in the
ered house building in San Francisco, have east and abroad, and in the existing rows on rows
made a great of bad designs, good
already '
advance over the ones now more and

~^
more
planing-mill d e tail regularly ap-
of the smaller dwell- pear as the entire
ings of the greater neighborhood gradu-
ally takes on a more
city.
But there is in attractive and per-
San Francisco manent air. This is
itself,
as especially noticeable
in its residence
well as its
on upper Pacific,
business^
Broadway and Wash-
portion, a great andji
ington Avenues,
growing evidence of_;
sound arc hitecturalj while out near Lin-
coln Park and the
taste; and while this,
ismanifested in sep Presidio, even the
smaller dwelling is
arated districts and] Home of James F. Walsh, Broadway
in many styles orl rapidly changing in
Bliss dc FaviUc, Architects
character, and a
periods of design
it is a most few really good
yet
and inter eating
encouraging sign
houses are
for the future. large
now to be found
Wood is giving
there.
way to
fireproof
construction which
On Russian
in San Fran- Hill, at the high-
is,
est part and on
c i s c especially, >ome of the neigh-
commendable and
lioring streets, a
safe, because the
distinct general
present prepond- i s
improvement
erence of wood is,
as long as it lasts,
—
apparent one of
the most notice-
a great menace to
able examples be-
this city of
con-
ing a group of
stant strong sea
picturesque dwell-
breezes and winds. F. E. Booth Residence, Broadway and Baker St.
Bliss ec Faville, Architeca ings in the Span-

Then, too, as the
89
•THE-APoCHITECTUPvALRiVlEW-
ish style at nearly ccpt in a few in-
the liighost part of stances, tiic attempts,
this hill and eoni where made at all,
manding a beaiitifnl are extremely disap-

view of the CJoldoii pointing. Yet this
Gate, the Bay ami would seem to prove
islands and the east- that only a small but
ern shore. The talented part of the
higher parts ot architects of the city
Broadway and Paci- are men who ha\'e
fic Avenue are real- been attracted by the
ly as tine sites for study of the pictur-
beautiful outlooks as esque. Perhaps it is
the city can offer, Two Houses on Broadway and Baker Streets not in the blood of
and that many citi- Bliss QC Faville, Architects Americans generally
Willis Polk SL Co., Architects
zens believe this, is seen in the character of many to feel the possible and sometimes latent beauty
of the more recent houses erected there. To be of a hillside site; and yet, in the neighboring cities
sure, there is no one distinct local style. The and towns across the bay, San Francisco archi-
Italian, as usual in a climate like this, holds its tects and others, certainly have produced some
own fairly well over French and Spanish and really charming hillside designs as are those —
English Renaissance and Gothic of different of My. Mulgardt. Unfortunately, the suburbs are
stripes. rather outside the scope of this writing altho' —
We shall never have a distinct style anywhere they must, in a sense, be considered the offspring
in the United States for, in these days of news- of San Francisco.
papers and rapid transit, no part of it will ever In the city itself, it is noticeable that the good
be left isolated long enough to allow the develop- designs are found not in one or two localities or
ment of any strong and marked individuality streets, hut widely separated, as though to leaven
arising from indi- the less interesting
vidual choice, local groups of buildings.
necessity or natural This, h o wever, is
causes. The best only natural in a
we can hope for is city where a sudden
that our archi-
all improvement begins
tecture will be based sporadically in vari-
on sound and logical ous places. One
principles of design, feels that San Fran-
secured by the per- ciscans feel deter-
sonal zeal of the mined build only
to
architect striving to temporary homes, of
solve his problem in good fronts and
each case to the ulti- Himsy main parts,
mate a r t i s tic and Pacific Ave. Entrance Front of J. W. Bradley Home as if ill dread of a
practical bene- r p e t ition of
fit of his client the great fire of
—and usually 1906 and losses
the first quali- therefrom (and
cation embraces possibly there is
the latter. a grain of truth
Few cities in in this), and
the United that, at length.
States have as CO n fidence
ever given the returned, they
architect such felt it would
chances for pic- 1)0 safe to build
turewpie design more substanti-
as do the hills ally and better,
and slopes of but this im-
San Francisco, J. W. braaicy Home, Broadway Front pression is not
but so far, ex- Charles Peter Weeks, Architect strengthenetl by
90
•THE -APoCHITECT UKALP^ VIEW-
a study of tho busi- in it a little western
ness build iugs, wbicb quality aw well!
are evidently built this is im-
Perhaps
to last. possible, but then
That the reeent would it not he bet-
Exposition has had ter to revert to f'ng-
its effect on local de- lish or Italian mod-
sign is also evident — els and envoi ve a bit

as indeed it and the of \vest((rn colonial
one at San Diejio ex- or Uenaissaiu-eeven —
ercised an iiitlueuce though of quite dif-
on all of California, ferent form and de-
but had there been tail ? Is this why so
no world war raging, House tor Mr. J. K. MofFatt, Piedmont m a n y, when the
the influence of the -
Louis Christian Mulgardt, Architect
i)uilding is outside
architectural beauty of the Panama-Pacific fair New England or southern states, design
the
would, ere now, have made even a greater and frankly in the Italian style rather than use the
more admirable improvement evident on these fonn and detail of Eastern Georgian Colonial ?
dwellings by the Golden Gate. If it bo objected that the s<>-<'allc!<l American
Tho strongest impression obtained from close Colonial was evolved by reproducing English
study of San Francisco's best domestic architec- Georgian, the answer is that Eastern designers put
ture is the natural one that its designers are men their personal imprint on the (Jeorgian, whereas
who have been trained elsewhere. Iliis is indi- all American (\)lonial the writer has seen in the
cated by the mingling of Eastern Colonial (Dutch west reproduces witli (^hinese exactness, the char-
and Yankee), Italian, French, Koman, Greek acteristics of New England and Southern Colonial
and a faint, almost timorous, though not
styles types as if no difTereiicea existed in climate, cu.s-
unpleasing, Spanisli toms and life. An-h-
Colonial influence. It itects are nowadays
^^^^
cannot be said that a •
_ too given to copy-
Massachusetts brick ing, the result, per-
house of the period haps, of the mere
of the old Boston abundance of photo-
State House is quite graphic reconls. Pos-
at home on the hills sibly, too, the new
near the Golden woman who desires
Gate; yet there it is, just such a house as

and well done, too ! she saw
in last
In fact, so well done month's "Helps for
that we wish the Ilousebuilders" is at
spirit of the style fault, but it is cer-
could have been pre- tainly desirable to
House of Joseph Musto
sented in a less exact give some Califor-
H. C. Smith, Architect nian (|uality to Cali-
reproduction. It
would have fornia houses!
been interesting This is felt by
to see how an many travellers
architect could and its truth is
express in brick provetl b y the

his client's wish interest of the
for a reminder public in the
of the old successful ven-
Bay
de- tures in Spanish
State, by
(^ o 1 o n i a I or
signing a house
which should Spanish e n- R
aissance. modi-
suggest that
but fied to Califor-
influence,
also lead the n i a conditions
Front ot House for Mrs. M. L. Phelan and needs.
observer to feel
that there was Charles Peter Weeks, Architect (End of Part I)
91
AN UNUSUAL HOUSE ALTERATION AT GERMAN-
TOWN, PA.
MELLOR, MEIGS & HOWE, ARCHITECTS
ten years ago, the owner of a corner English cottage feeling, with our own Colonial
property in Germantown, Philadelphia, detail, and made, withal, a livable and convenient
SOilE
wished to change the stable at the rear end home.
of his property into a dwelling-house for his son. In time, the family demanded still more room.
The original structure, built in the style of As the lot was restricted on the sides, the only
architecture popular some seventy or eighty years direction that remained open was to the front, and
ago, presented a difficult problem. The first floor so finally a plan was devised that, without disturb-
was divided into a large ing the wonderful old
^
carriage house and a maple, permitted the
horse stable, with an addition to be built
open porch in front
— around the tree.
used as a carriage wash. Half the old porch
The second story was was added to the stair
merely an open hayloft. hall, including a coat
In front of the build- closet and new entrance ;
ing was a magnificent in front of that was
old maple tree, which built a playroom, 17' 6"
could not be sacrificed, by 24' 0", a beautifully
— so the carriage house proportioned room, with
was made into a large a large bow window at
living room, the stable the end and deep win-

into a dining room and dows o n either side,
stair hall, while the with a fireplace next to
open hayloft was read- one of the side win-
ily divided into three dows. This room its —
small bedrooms and a windows hung with
bath. An ell was then bright yellow silk cvir-
added to the rear, con-
The Original Stable
tains —
is a blaze of sun-
taining a pan- lightfrom early

try, kitchen, morning to late
laundry, back- in the after-
stairs,two ser- noon, just such

vants' bedrooms a room as a play
and a bath, — room should be.
and the so-called The porch
carriage wash was extended
was easily toward the west,
turned into a thus providing
very presentable space in the sec-
porch by the ad- ond story for
dition of four two large bed-
columns and a rooms, with
brick floor. plenty of win-
The finished dows for cross
product still draft in warm
portrayed no weather, a large
special style of bath room and
architecture but good closets the ;
it was possessed whole making an

House, as Altered in 1909
of a comfortable attractive home.
92
•THE-APoCHlTECTUPvALRiVlEW-
It was impossible to alteration, c a r o
obtain stone like tbat of was taken to keep
the original stable, and the front entrance
so a Chestnut Hill pro- separate from tlie
duct was used, dressed living (piarters. In

smooth, with flat rough- most American
cut pointing of the same houses situated on
general tone as the old restricte<l proper-
stone work, matching it tv, the visitor is
in texture and color, if introduce*! dirw^t-

not in actual material. 1
,v onto the porch ;
The front entrance, in this ca.se, these

with the flanking toilet have l)(!en
kept dis-
room window together tinctly divided.
with the columns One of the
of the porch, are charms of this
framed with Indi- house is duo to the
ana limestone. fact that the first
of
tion
All the windows
the
are
last
metal
addi- J floor is practically
on a level with the
stirrounding
with Second FiajR,!
casements, ground, giving an
leaded glass set in
Plan
intinuxcy between
narrow oak frames, the liouse and its
given a coat of Kn-
AddttLDni of IP17 al-
surroundings,
seed oil, the oak w a y s found in
soon taking on a
The Floor Plans
England but sel-
natural grej tone. dom in this coun-
In planning the try.
The Entire House, Seen from the West
93
IN MAINE
THE TOWNSHIP OF KITTERY. PART III
THE SPARHAWK HOUSE, 1742
Sparhawk V n plan is somewhat similar to that in the

House was !
'Et-U EVIDtNTLV
Cutts House, with the exception that the
THE
i
built, accord- back stairs are narrow and tucked into the
ing to several histo- i:[
rear hall in such a fashion that it leaves
rians, in 1742, by Sir
I
I one in considerable of a quandary as to
I
William Pepperell, just how they must have been arranged

for his son-in-law. before the addition of the ell.
Col. Xathaniel Spar-

t.- The stair-case i s
hawk. It is about a well done, and, as

half-mile distant toward has been pointed out,
Portsmouth from tlie possesses its similar-
Pepperell house and an ity to the others in
avenue of fine trees Kittery, with just a
once led from one to the few distinctions,
—
other. It is not far enough to warrant
from the Cutts House, its being shown by
and the o 1 d Kittery drawings. The newel
church is but a stone's- is plainer and of a
throw away. type common through-

The long approach to out the county, but
the house from the road it bears a pineapple
is still bordered by not possessed by oth-
trees, and the vista up
FLOOR, PIAN ers I h a v e seen,
this avenue with the at- though the carving
it looks like a
tractive doorway at the upon
end is very charming. comparatively m o d-
The house stands just ern attempt.
about as it was origin- The main attrac-
tion of the interior
ally, with the exception
that the is the large Parlor,
usual ell on the right as one
has been enters. It contains a
a d ded, mantel o f unusual
as well plan and one much
as th e admired, it having
lantern been sketched by Mr.
on th e Little in his book
roof, (Early New England

and the Interiors,1877) and
blind 8 photographed by Cor-
were ner and Soderholtz
put„ on (Examples of Domes-
by the tic Colonial Archi-
present tecture in New Eng-
FRONT ELEVATION
owner. land, Boston, 1891),
The P~"* Elevation and Fiist Floor Plan, The Sparhawk House, 1742 tliouiih tliov have er-
94
•THE-ABoCHlTECTUPvALPXVlEW-
roneously called it the
the present restoration.
Pc'ppcrell maiitol. The
The original's bull's-eye
opposite wall of the
glas.ses are still retaine<I
parlor i s wainscotted
in the tran.som alwve the
ami panelled to the ceil-
wide, well pan('lled door,
ing, with a panel mould
one above the
which i)ears a knocker
like the
of a type very common
fireplace. The windows
hereai)out8.
are high and
possess
In 1848 the liouse
seats and folding shut-
ters similar to those in
was occupied by Roger
the Cutts House. Dec-ring, and has since
The room I h a \- e
become the residence of
called the the Hon. Horace Mitch-
Reception
Koom ell, the present owner.
is plainer, and
has a mantel of the Bi-ay Some interesting d e-
house type, this side of scriptions in connection
the room being panelled with the house are giv-
where not taken up en in the story*
it is pre-
with doorways to uu- viously mentioned,
by
meroiis closets. Annie L. il. Ilawes,
The exterior was dif-
from which I quote:
ficult t o "This home is still de-
photograph,
having some fine but lightful. The
front
bothersome trees planted door still keeps its iron
in such fashion as to knocker" (I question
make a picture the author as my exami-
of the
front impossible except
nation reveale<l that the
in the winter time. The kn(M-ker was anything
but iron) "and the bull's
entrance is easily the
most interesting feat- eye glass gleams alx)ve.
The broad hall ends in
ure, the rest of the fa-
cade seeming all out of
an arch under which one
harmony with the deli- •".Some Haunted Houses

cate charm of the door- itnil Their Glltjst.s." by
Annie M. L. Hawes. In "The
It is in Entrance Doorway TraU
way. good con- of the Maine Pioneer."
Lewi.ston Journal. 1916.
d i t i n,
though the ->a»«

bases to
the beauti-
ful Corin-
thian pil-
asters have
been re-
stored b y
a careless
hand.
They nev-
erthe less
seem orig- .^MiJ^m.
inally t
have been
set upon
pedestals,
as the flut-
i ng stops
General View, The Sparhawk House Entrance Front, The Sparhawk House
just above
95
•THE -APoCHlTECTUKAL- REVIEW-
show the houses as they
a rear hall where
passes into existed on Kittery Point in
Colonel Sparhawk's leathern 1775, shows the Joan (Bray)
firebuckets still hang. Half-
Dcering House, occupied
the wide easy stair-
way np then by John Deeriug and
ease is a landing on which a
according to Stackpolo.
Iniilt,
tall clock stands and a win-
for Dcering's grandmother
dow on this landing opens on It is in
in the year 1700.
a broad step in the back stair- condition and has
very good
case. The upper half of this doubtless been often repaired,
window opens and the lower
so though to what extent it may
sash drops to a foot-stool have been changed 1 am \m-
that Mrs. Sparhawk's silken informed. The entrance is
shoes might trip over the sill
only momentarily interesting
when she chose to steal slyly and 1 present a picture of
down the back stairs to catch the house (reproduced, in the
the maids flirting with the at
September installment,
fishermen whose boats were
the bottom of page 51) show-
drawn up on the shores of
ing its characteristic leanto.
runs be-
Spruce Creek which There is nothing of mterest
hind the house."
on the interior. It is now
The Joan (Bray) Deerivg owned by Mr. George W.
House.
Detail of Staircase
Blaisdell.
An old to
map, purporting
Me.
Parlor Mantel and Cupboard, The Sparhawk House, 1742, Kittery,
96
THE TOWN OF MARK, INDIANA
A MANUFACTURER'S HOUSING ENTERPRISE
By RALPH F. WARNER
eousidering the housing, thanks to

progress that has the lessons which the
IN been made, since war has taught.
the outbreak of the It is also peculiar-
war in 1914, in meet- ly gratifying to find
ing the extraordinar- that, where the archi-
ily pressing demand tect lias been entrust-
for industrial housed with the drafting
ing, certain interest- of the town plan, a
ing and significant work requiring a
developments are to broad appreciation of
be found by glancing the interrelation of
over a list of the a large number of
names of architects factors not all direct-
or architectural firms ly related to architec-
who are, or have been tural design, that he
engaged in the actual has, generally speak-
planning of homes ing, shown the same
for industrial work- grasp of essentials
ers. It will be seen HABKtT PLACE. -
NORTH HAKBOB l\P and the same thor-
that h
surprisingly Plan of Central Square and Market Place ough understanding
large proportion of of the fundamentals
thpin are architects of good design, that
whose names have characterized his efforts in the regular
h a V e hitherto
i practice of his profession.
been associated In the town planning work of ^Nfr. Howard
only with the Van Doren Shaw, we have a peculiarly fitting
design of illustration of these points. Mr. Shaw entered
larger and the field of community development about three
more preten- years ago, with the drafting of the general lay-
t i u s struc- out and the de-
tures. It is, signing of the
however, t o buildings for
the credit of the the ^Farket Square
profession a s a forming the entrance
whole, that in most to the town of Lake
cases the archi- Forest, 111. In many
tects are measur- ways, the Lake For-
ing up to the o s t ^farket
trust placed Square deyel-
in them, aid- o p m 6 n t,
ed, it is true, which was
by a better c o nip 1 eted
understand- and publish-
ing of the ed last year,
meaning and ?1R5T trJ FX-OOR. JecondTuoor is the most
importance of Single Six-Room Cottage Plan of Town Site Single Six-Room Cottage attractive and
in d u s t rial Howard Van Doren Shaw, Architect
complete
97
•THE*ABoCHITECTURAL-R£VlEW-
scheme of its kiiul buildings about
that has yet been the square.
realizetl in tliis Xot the least of
eountrv. the difficulties
In the develop had to be
wliicli
nient of the town met and solvetl in

of ^lark, a cora- the development
ninnitv for wage of this scheme, was
earners, built by the fact that the
the ifark Manu- entire site of 190
facturing C o ni- acres was, for the
pany (now the most part a swamp,

Steel and Tube and had to be filled
Company of Amer- to a height of from
ica), located a t four to seven

East Chicago, In-
""
through-
feet
diana. Îr. Shaw out. The work of
has brought the filling is still going
Diagonal view between buildings, showing spacing apart of ho
same careful and the photo-
on, as
conscientious study to graphs taken before the
l)ear on the solution of H n-J'l i i^LJ^k-^: iLLJl was com-
I
development
his problem. In fact, E pleted show. Due to
it is apparent from a Jl In I rl h ! R "hil' rr'H.J. this condition, it is
comparison of the Mar-' n-woTM necessary for the reader

rwujt
.,
ket at Lake^'' to exercise his imagina-

Square
Forest, with that for
k
nuj" \VJ tion in order to fully
what the con-
the new town, that the
former has strongly
fluenced the design
in-
in
M .
'
fPi L ffl.' ffl

. . r .
, . flfc
visualize
ditions will be when
the streets and lot <le-
the latter development,

— both of which, it
\ly''WMff^ velopment
ing are
and
completed.
plant-
may be said, show the When that time arrives,

effect of English exam l-i> we feel sure that the
TYPICAL Lftrofr or irta/sreiAl TInwl ar'V\Mx'. ro* rww Mfc CO
pies combined with a development will com-
certain twang of conti-
nental origin, notice-
Typical Arrangement of Block PlansJ
pare most favorably
with any similar enter-
1
nblo particularly in the prise in America which
View Down Lane. House at end closing vista. Back of Boarding House at riglit
Howard Van Doren Shaw, Architect
98
•THE-AP^CHlTECTUPvAL-RiVIEW'
View of JiuaiuiUi^^,
1 uniM-
I loward Van Doren Shaw, Architect
is governed by the same conditions. tions for approximately eight thou-

The task of devising a town plan sand persons, including male and
on a filled and levelled site, which in female employees, and their families.
outline is rigidly geometrical in They will be housed in detached,
form, has been solved by creating a semi-detached and row or group
modified gridiron system of streets, houses, of from four to seven rooms ;
based on a framework of major di- in boarding houses of forty rooms;
agonal thoroughfares focusing on and in a number of smaller board-
the market sqiiare.
ing houses, where
Facing on or adja- one family on the
cent to the square first floor will
are the community board eight or ten
a n d recreational single men, with
buildings, such— bedrooms on the
as the school, li- second floor.
brary, club house, The houses are
stores, public gar- generally of two
ages, and the like, stories in
height,
the effectiveness with cellar and, in
of which is
vastly some cases, an at-
increased by their tic. All the houses
proximity and or- have running wa-
derly grouping. ter, toilet with
The new town bath, gas and elec-
of Mark will pro-
tricity, hot air
vide accommoda- wash tubs
heat, set
Double Six-Room Houses. Parking between shown, still

unplanted
Howard Van Doren Shaw, Architert
99
•THE-AR.CHITECTURAL-R£V1EW-
Quadruple Four and Five-Room Houses (at left) and Double Six-Room Houses (at right) Howard Van Doren Shaw, Architect
J
First Rcdk.- 6- ^KOnd Twdr Pian j TiRST Floor. 6-. 5EC30ND Floor-
Plans of Quadruple Four and Five-Room Houses Plans of Double Seven-Room House
ill kitchen and sewer connection. The houses are connected with
The houses have tile walls, bush hammered concrete walls
which will be covered with va- three feet high.
rious tints of cement wash to The most cases
streets are in
give variety, color and gaiet^'. thirty-two feet wide, with six-
The woodwork, windows and teen-foot roadways, so that the
other frame portions are also houses are in proper scale, and
being given various treatments the whole effect is very similar
in color, having the same end in to the streets of English vil-
view, such as red and black, lages, or the old continental
orange and l)lack, green and towns, such as Prague. The
black, blue and white, etc., etc. architect has thus avoided a
While the houses are located feature unfortunately charac-
on a uniform building line, teristic of many of our Ameri-
generally about forty feet apart, c an develop-
town-planning
and cover from thirty-five to ments, where small four, five
forty per cent, of the lot, they and six-room houses are on
are nevertheless disposed
upon broad streets wide enough for
a somewhat unusual
"pattern" the Chicago Loop District, with
of arrangement. The lots are, an unescapable loss in propor-
in most cases,
square, and the tion and scale. The six-room de-
Three Elevation Variants of Double tached houses are
buildings are "staggered" on
Six-Room House Plans
each block, on op- to cost from $2,-
posite sides of the 000 to $2,500 ;
the
street, so that double or semi-de-
windows of houses tached houses of
look out into the four to seven
gardens of their rooms from $2,000
neighbors, rather to $3,000 and the
;
than into their rf>w houses of four,

windows or the five and six rooms
blank walls of ad- TiRj,T FLOOR. £ ÊccjND FLOOR.- FiB-StFIjOor. Second Fude. from $2,000 to
Plans of Double Six-Room House Plans of Double Four-Room House
jacent buildings. $2,500 apiece.
Howard Van Doren Shaw, Architect
100
the urgent need of a new nation and put into rhythmic form; for original
department, the Bevieiu enters, with this work is accomplished only by an attempt to
REALIZING month's issue, a field devoted entirely to satisfy curiosity.
interiors; and it is our purpose to open by way
of a series of articles on certain early types of
This and has been from the early ages
is so,
interiors.
when the art of creating interiors tempted the
In order to refresh the mind this issue is artist, both barbarian and civilized, to strive for
the individual expression of some emotion which
devoted to a number of primitive type interiors
of different countries and, as the early wood cuts
would attract and gratify the vision as a result,
;
;
we see various peoples improved and refined in
plainly indicate, a sim]de yet true form of art
taste, rejoicing in an appreciation of the beauti-
prompted by individual expression.
ful. History has left us an adequate record of
The ensuing numbers will reveal the potent
the work of these men, not alone by the descrip-
influence the primitive or early examples had
tions of contemporary writers, but through the
upon the succeeding generations. Therefore, it medium of many drawings, paintings and engrav-
is with the intent of an for the
making appeal
ings; while many interiors fonned centuries ago
expression of individual taste in creating in- have been preserved to the present day. It is thus
teriors of turning with pity from the placid and
;
fortunate that we have abundant material to
uninspiring mediocrities planned by ironclad serve as an inspiration in our own work.
formulas, that we record these impressions.
Too many of our American homes are As we know, any country which has reached
adorned, not with a main idea of original deco- a state of advancement has gone through a long
ration, but rather, let us say, disfigured with units siege of evolution, and in this instance, the begin-
to fill certain blank spaces, designed according to ning was the primitive hut the hut interiors here
;
fixed and mathematical rules. Admittedly these shown, although of rude appearance, reveal good
rules are essential, but they should be filtered organization to this extent, that they contain the
through the mind until something in the nature essential elements by which later work was greatly
of a new arrangement is conceived by the imagi- influenced.
lOI
•THE -APoCHITECTUPsAL- REVIEW-
111 contrast to this interior of woodwork is
the other distinctly Anicriean interior exemplified

in the ^lexican and Indian adobe honscs of the
sixteenth and seventeneth centuries, whose char-
acteristics were similar to those jilanned l\v the
Interior ot Hillsman Hut

Angora, Morocco
Ground Plan and Sections of Indian Hut, High Bank, Paeblo
The hut was the abode of the savage man, and

the log cabin that of the primitive white man;
and we can easily follow the advance from the
hut to a home such as the Fairbanks house, our
earliest still standing.
type An abode such as this
is typically American
and finds its parallel in
the rural English type of cottage so familiar to
tlie traveler. The interior of such a home is of
wooden construction, with a low beamed ceiling,
char-
large brick fireplace, and a decidedly quaint
acter upon which much of our later work was
based. As a background for antique furnishings
such a house is unsurpassed and consetiuently
very popular today.
POW^HATAN
when
j/'eld tJiisJtau 6Ljiyji/o/i Q^t.Smth
was (lelittfnri /o /i/'iii
J)ri/d/ia-
1G07
Interior of House of Virginia Indians

East Indian Interior
102
U6e
ARCHITECTUPAL REVIEW
Volume Old Series Vol. XXIV Number
VII DECEMBER: 1918 6
RECENT GARDEN ARCHITECTURE

By RALPH F. WARNER
I{AX(^TS EACOX, whose wisdom seems to one has the vista of the Circular Garden from
F
;
have heen as comprehensive as his writings, the library one sees, to the south, the Aphrodite
lias defined a garden, with his navial
per- Temple, and from JNfr. Rockefeller's office, the
as "a place where one spends both ends windows oi)en onto the enclose<l gai-den.
s])ic'a('ity, Here,
(if liis life." It offers, certainly, the simplest and in the winter, terraces reflect the sunshine, in
'
purest of all human joys. Just as a jewel is in- bright color schemes, and in the summer are seen
(•oin])lete without its setting, so a country house the softly colored awnings shading the terraces,
loses \astly in effectiveness without a garden. It while fountains standing in the terraces make
sound of splashing water and cool the air with
^
is very essence of the country that it ex-
the
presses, and, whether one has a large garden with their moisture. And, the great John of Bologna
many flowers is not of so much importance as fountain is a constant
companion to all the com-
whether there is some treatment that enables one ings and goings from the front door of the house,
to feel the life of the flower kingdom. An effec- never failing to strike the majestic note with a
tiveand truly beautiful grandeur and poetry
garden is an ideal place that only sculptural art
for an artist to paint, coml)ined w i t h the
and such a garden near- beauty of
atmospheric
ly always conveys that effects. —
of foreground,
thought to those privi- middlegi'ound and re-
leged to enjoy its dc- mote distance can give. —
lijjlits. Ideally, a gar- According to an
den should be a sort of Oriental idea, a garden
radiation of the house should appeal to all the
itself. Its views shoidd senses: first, the eye.
extend, as it were, the with color and form ;
rooms of .the house. then, the taste, through

riie gardens at Gi-ey- the enjoyment of fruits
stoiic, by Îr. Welles (which are found in
ISosworth, described in nearly all Oriental gar-
this number, do not for dens) then, the sense
;
reasons noted perfonn of smell, by means of

tliat function, bnt in flowersand shrubs. The
tiio garden of Îr. .Tohn ear charmed by the
is
1>. Rockefeller, at Tar- sound of bird notes and
rytown, X. Y., for ex- running water; and.
ample, also by ^fr. finally, the nottouch,
liosworth, one actually only by handling the
has to look ont various flowers but by
upon the
garden from the interior caressing breezes and
of the house, to the comforts atForde<l in
really
appreciate it
thorough- resting places and shel-
ly. J'rom the dining ters where physical sen-
room, looking north. An Interrupted Balustrade at Greystone sations are catered to.
103
•THE *AR.CHITECTUKAL- REVIEW-
Just as in a simple house we find that the arclii-
tectural foruis re-who the palace, so in a vcrv
small garden, the prini-iples of composition should
l»e drawn from the same theory of accent which
«ovorns the design of an important garden. In

other words, a formal path or axis should always
terminate in an accent of interest — in some form
of climax, whether it he a piece of statuary or
merelv a vase, or, in the case of the important
sr.irden. in a fountain or a niche. Then again.
the theory of surface as opposed to complicated
form remains the same — in the simple case it may
Ik? merely greensward with a grouping
a piece of
of flowers and shrubs against a wall, whereas in
the inifKirtant garden it would he a series of par-
terres, carrying the eye onward to a wall deco-
rate<l with rich architectural colonnades or other
features. principle of color contrasts and
The
harmonies, of course, never changes, and this is
where the amateur is most likely to succeed better
than the owner of a highly pretentious and formal
garden, because she (let us say) is usually guided
and
by intuitive feeling for color arrangements
C4in transplant and remove with her own hands,
offending units, whereas the great owner
must
trust to a gardener, usually more preoccupied with
the thought of the health and vigor of his plants
than with the subtlety and charm of color arrange-
ments. He falls into the unavoidable nit of the Lattice Nidie, Terminating a Vista
— The Garden
of Mr. Rockefeller
Statue by Rudolf Hvans

i
professional gardener, and if he is not closely
watched, will put salvias, mahogany red begonias
and the like not only in enormous masses but in
the most conspicuous places.
The walled garden is surely the ideal, for pri-

\acy is the chief charm of any garden. In Amer-
ican life today, we fretpiently fail to realize that
this element of privacy is the essential quality
in and about the home and have sacrificed many
things for axes, especially in houses where an
axis of im])ortance cannot be made effective be-
cause the sizes are too small to favor the creation
of satisfactory vistas ("and the only value in an
axis is where a vista is created). In the same
way, with respect to garden design, there has
been, generally, a failure to realize that privacy
is the chief charm of a garden, and instead sacri-
fices have been made to create effects that will

the stranger or casual visitor.
iiHj)re.ss
The ideal
garden one
isthat affords a retreat from the busi-
ness of the world and the walled garden, in most
locations, makes possible the realization of this
objective. Itthis type that the first section
is to
of our discussion of several recent achievements

A Focal Point— The Garden ot Mr. Rockefeller by American architects relates.
104
•THE-AI^CH1TECTU1\ALFL£V1EW-
VIEW FROM THE DOORWA'i- Ol- THE HOUSE

GARDEN OF MR. JOHN D.ROCKEFELLER, TARRYTOWN, N. Y.
WELLES BOSWORTH, ARCHITECT
105
THE GARDENS AT GREYSTONE
locatwi on the east this outer garden he enjoys the views of the Pali-
hank of tlie Hudson
Kiver, overlooking sades of the Hudson, seen across the lawn,
leading
MAGXIFICEXTLY
the linest part of the Palisades of the down to the wooded slopes toward the water. And.
Hmls<in, and about fortv minutes ride bv train as he turns in the other direction he sees the cir-
fif.ni the heart of Xew York City, "Grevstone" cular colonnade with fluted Corinthian columns,
will be renieniberetl bv many as the former coun- of lovely cream Alabama marble. It stands on a
try estate of the late Samuel J. Tilden, philan- high base from which lions' heads carved by Fred-
thropist and candidate for President against erick G. Koth spout water into the pool. The
Rutherford B. Hayes. The main part of the prop- colonnade is open at the top, the circle being some
erty lies several hundred feet above the level of thirty feet in diameter. The ring of the entabla-
the river, whence the ground slopes rather steeply ture makes a beautiful frame for the clouds mov-
to the river's edge. The present owner of the ing up above. Ilamps, reminding one of the giant
estate, whose extensive greenhouses testify to his staircase betweenthe Doge's Palace and St.
fondness for growing things, wanted a scheme to Mark's, Venice, lead on each side of this colon-
provide space for the cultivation of all kinds of nade to the upper terrace. The mosaic in the floor
flowers, fruits and shrubs, with proper adjuncts is of a gorgeous composition, and beautifully
in trees, water and architectural effects. But the executed;
—
a Greek head of Medusa fomis the
only place for a garden of this type was the site center, surromided by vines and various Greek
of a previous garden, i.e., to the north of the exist- ornaments in successive borders.
ing greenhouses, and at some distance from the One notes from here the mosaic in the bottom
liouse. The contour of the ground seemed t« lend of the pool, which is composed of great eccentric
itself to a system of two terraces, one a few feet rings such as the rings that form on the surface
IkjIow the other, and as the east boundary of the when pebbles are dropped into the water, inter-
site is quite near an important artery of travel, spersed with crabs and fish, in mosaic ; and on the
a high wall, to give the garden privacy and to cut walls of the pool at the surface of the water, the
it off from the noise of automobiles, seemed an mosaic forms wave patterns. This upper gai'den
essential point of departure in the determination is planned with great care and arranged to bring
of the architectural treatment. oiit the beauty of the various flowers, according to
The Indo-Persian type of garden suggested it- their seasons, distributed in regular borders around
self as more in the spirit of these special condi- the walls and along the balustrades, and in great
tions than a European scheme which logically formality near the central beds.
calls for a background of architecture. Many of The canals crossing each other at the center are
these so-called Mughal gardens are rectangular supplied with frequent water jets of varied de-
in form with a cross of waterways intersecting at sign, and one of them terminates at its upper end
the center and bordere<] with formal plate handes in a broad basin before the Greek theatre. This
of flowers. They had kiosks and porticoes be- theatre is of a semi-circular plan about sixty feet
tween the levels or around the boundaries of the in diameter, with stone seats. The platform or
gardens, and were nearly always surrounded by stage is a superb piece of mosaic, taken from the
high walls. Octagonal towers, topped with sum- wall decoration at Tiryns, that famous piece of
mer houses or look-outs, decorated the corners. design featured in every history of art.
This form must have come from high antiquity The platform is flanked on either side by two
and seems likely to have taken its origin in Greek Ionic columns of Swiss Cippolino marble which
tradition. The motifs for the formal gardens at support sphinxes sculptured by Mr. Paul ]\lan-
"Greystone" were derived from these ancient gar- ship. On special occasions guests can enter the
dens, and have been detailed in the Greek style. theatre from the north end without coming into the
The high wall has Greek crenellations, the por- garden. All of the mosaics, of which there are
ticoes are monolithic fluted Doric columns, and many, show groat care as to design and color and
other Greek motifs are found in details of the gar- are a great adornment to the garden. There arc
den, as the illustrations show. certain bare wall spaces in the covered pergolas or
The garden is planned to be connected with the porticoes for which IVIr. Edward Simmons
is de-
residence eventually by means of a bridge leading signing the decorations. These porticoes are espe-
to a broad pathway skirting the present green- cially well placed both
for the view and with
This will i)ring the visitor, first, onto the respect to shelter from winds in the
houses. cold season,
lower and outer terrace. As he proceeds along and the enjoyment of breezes in warm weather.
io6
•THE-AB^CHlTECTUPvAL-RiVlEW-
-T^îL_..,.
//
z S
o 5
> <
\
< ^
•*
vV
S //
\
w
I
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.H-41^
P,'-.
^&
Vi^
1-)
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107
•THE-APoCHITECTUPvAL-RXVlEW-
STEPS AND INCLINES LEADING TO THE RIVER

N. Y.
THE GARDENS AT GREYSTONE,
io8
•THE-ABoCHlTECTURAL-FLEVlEW-
Tlie cliief defect of tlie foi'iiial j^'ardens seeiii.s to is SO refreshing as repetition in
terracing of this
1)0 tlio al)sciice of a canal on the ]c)\vei' terrace, kind, with the slight variety obtained by the dif-
which is somewhat meaningless without it. The fercTice in level. As one mounts higher and
owner as wc are informed could not bring him- higher through little stairways in between the
self to the point of executing this canal because walls (paralleling a little canal rumiing down tlie
it necessitated the nnnoval oi' a tree. middle and spilling tlirough lions' heads into a
The doorway, at the river side of the corner at basin on each landing), he finally reaches a
Htoiie
the north end, opens au enchanting view down
great rock cave in the hillsidt; at the top. 'J'his is
what is well termed "The \'ista." Here steps de- the work of Charles Davite, a Genoese rock gar-
scend in short flights, many hundred feet,
dener of international reputation, who has done
toward the river and terminate in a circiilar ter-
work at the Paris Exposition and at the St. Louis
race, ornamented with two great antiqiie Cippo-
liuo columns, some thirty feet high, which were Exposition. Nearer the house and against a ledge
he has createrl an irnmen.se rock garden with
brought from the Orient liv the late Stanford
White. caves, and water-falls and basins, quite fantastic
From various landings access is obtained ti) and marvellous.
gardens terraced into the sloping hillside to tlie These various features nia_\' be clearly traced
north of the out on the
Vista. These architect's first
gardens are sketch plan

dedicated to w h i c h we
a 1 1 sorts of publish h e r e-
flower schemes with. The on-
and color ly significant
schemes. There difference be-
arc tulip gar- tween what
dens, blue gar- was projected
dens, pink gar- in the begin-
d en ning and vvhat
gardens,
s,
— of
yellow
was executed
varying sizes being the elim-
a n d designs ; ination of a
some w i t h water course
fountains aud descending the
pools, others hillside on the
with pans of centra] axis of
colored sand, the gardens.
and at the end This is
hardly
of the series, misscfl at the
parallel w i t h site because
the river, lead- the view is so
northward, a
but
satisfying,
series of rose the canal on
gardens. Pass- the lower ter-
i n
g through race is regret-
this one t a b I y missed
reaches per- in a scheme
haps the uni- which other-
que feature of wise shows the
the place. It architect to
is a series of
have been giv-
walled terraces en gTeat free-
of perfect for- d o m by his
mality similar client, result-
to itsneighbor iug in a crea-
and delight- tion both high-
f II 11 y repeti- ly individual
tive. Nothing Marble Columns of the Circular Pavilion and beautiful.
109
'BOSCOBEL," ESTATE OF H. S. SHONNARD, ESQ.
OYSTER BAY, L. I.
DONN BARBER, ARCHITECT
old and quite famous tract is "Boscobel," the landward side of the grounds, paralleling the
AX the estate of H. S. Sbonnard, Esq., at

Oyster Bay, Long Island, and possessed
of several unusual natural features that gave to
public road referred to. Built many years ago,
the wall stood at the old levels of the surrounding
ground. With the construction of a new and
the architect an opportunity to create some not- modem road recently by the county authorities,
able effects in its development. These are the new grades and alignment were established to
splendid trees of fine proportions planted many which the old location of the wall bore no relation,
years ago by a former owner; its location on one and its removal was an obvious step. The owner's
of the most beautiful of the many bays to be foimd house, built many years ago, occupied the center
anj-where in the waters bordering New York City, As it is intended, in the
of the tract. future, to
and the presence of numerous fresh water springs remove this old house and build a new one, it was
at the south end of the site. The property has an considered desirable to leave the architect a free
area of about fifteen acres, its greatest dimension hand in the treatment of the new house without
lying in a north and south line through the being hampered by the architectural treatment
center. Bordered on the accorded the buildings
west by Oyster Bay and erected in the operation
on the east by a county now under considera-
thoroughfare, there is tion.
about 3,800 feet of The first and most ob-
shore frontage and prac- vious step in the work
tically an equal amount of rehabilitation was to
of road frontage. From eliminate some of the
the bay to the road the many large trees, which
distance is about 800 were crowding and in-
feet. juring one another and
Although, in past congesting portions of
years, considerable the grounds. The im-
sums had been spent in mediate effect of this
the development of the was to give a more open
groimds, from
the development of the
standpoint of landscape grounds around the
design the layout of the house and an opportun-
grounds was almost for the creation of
—
chaos with no group-
ity
desirable vistas imder
ing of outbuildings nor the trees and across
any arrangement or de- broad spaces of lawn or
sign in roads, walks, out toward the impres-
plantations, trees, or sive waters of Oyster
other elements of topog- Bay and the Sound. It
raphy. Its condition led quite naturally to
before work was
the the location of such ser-
begun by Mr. D o n n
Comer of Lily Pool and Terrace
vices as were needed —
Barber, the architect, is shown in a sketchy way garage, stable, boat-house and the like, at the ex-
on the plan reproduced on the Publisher's Page. —
treme limits of the tract north and south.
At the south end of the property, the laud was The next step suggested by the conditions was
quite swampy and there were numerous fresh the reclamation of the swampy land to the south,
water springs and an irregular pond of appreci- by enlarging the pond to put it in scale with the
able size, where, in years past, certain of the landscape features around it and tying it up with
springs had been gathered together to form a the springs. All of the latter were brought into
reservoir to supply fresh water to the estate build- one water feature, which has now become the lily
ings. This latter feature was kept intact in the pond. The arrangement is full of charm and play-
rearrangement introduced by the architect. An fulness and adds greatly to the pleasures which
old brown sand-stone wall ran the whole length of the new scheme affords. This treatment also gave
IIO
•THE -ARoCHITECTUPvAL- REVIEW-
III
•THE -APoC H1TECTUI\.^L PviV E W- 1
opportunities development of desirable

for the
in the
vistas across this portion of the grounds
direction of the Sound.
of
In view of the obvious need for the removal
of the
the old brown wall at the easterly boundary
reasonable on first thought to
propertv. it seemed
but to the architect, the use
cart the stone away,
stone in the of retaining walls
of this building
seemeil entirely advantageous. This was there-
for the
fore done, and the general color scheme
whole development established, in which brown
is
the dominant note. With the stone, it seemed

to use a rough surfaced brick. The
quite natural
two nuiterials, brick and stone, make a very pleas-
iiiff color combination.
As noted alwve, two ends of the property, north
and south, seemed the logical place for the ser-
vices and other buildings. The south end favored
the location of the services and dependents.
This
the for the boat-
left the north end of property
house, dock, tennis courts,
—
the sport features of
the grounds. These arrangements gave opportun-
ities for the creation of picturesque grouping
of
area free
the outbuildings, leaving all the central
and clear for the main house. The service build- End ot Stable Wing
residence for ten-
ings consist of a garage, stable,
has been the architect's deliberate intention to
ants alx)ve, power house, electric light plant and
The stable and garage is quite secure in the entire scheme. The style of archi-
station.
pumping tecture adopted for the buildings is a modified
a large building, but it has that intimate and play-
ful character, in such wise that one is hardly
scious of its size. Tt is not box like or
con-
formal,
English type, of no specific period,
recalling the motifs of modern
but in genera]
English country
^
house work. The buildings might easily be judged
but rather picturesque and of a character which
it
by the casual visitor to belong, to the adjacent

is nothing in
estate or to village, for there
some
their style or in their color that will recall the old
main house.
The entire procedure in the development of the
is a little different from the customary
property
method of attack on a proi)lcm of this character,
and quite amusing in its development. Usually,
the architect has, as his point of departure, the
main house in a fixed and prominent place, ac-
tually or theoretically,
and starts this desigii with
this 'central feature (in color, generally white).
which because of its size dominates the entire pic-
ture. He may, done in many cases, group
as is
around this a white bam, white houses for depen-

dents, and other white buildings, such as are re-
for the various uses of a country estate.
quired
In ]\Fr. l]arber's scheme, the main house stands on
its own merits, as it were around it is a frame of
;
hiwn and trees, and at a distance and out of the

'
concealed
?nS.Srrl;>>y,' wav, the gardens and service buildings,
with foliage.' In this wise, the architect is not
the method of architec-
liampered in the least in
tural treatment which may bo determinwl upon at
some future time for the main house of the
achouse estate.
112
'THE CAUSEWAY," ESTATE OF JAMES PARMELEE, ESQ.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
CHARLES A. PLATT, ARCHITECT
and dig-iiificd, tlic gar-

rostraiiiwl heiisive view of it until reaching the north portico.
(l(!iis designed by Mr. Charles A. JMatt,

On the south front is a terrace overlooking the
ALWAYS like his iiouses, arc usually quite simple

views of
ravine, with planting so arranged that the
from the terrace takes in a fine
vista
sweeping lawn,
ill haiidliiii'-, as is hai)i)ily illustrated by
the estate of Jauios Paruielee, Es(i.. shown here- and, further from the house where the ground con-
with. It is almost trite to say that Mr. Piatt's tour becomes rougher, the natural woodland. The
houses are singularly well placed with reference base of the trees bordering the edge of the wood-
and other appurte- land are broken by plantations of hardy shrubs,
to gardens, views, roadways
nances of the and appear to be a part of which create an easy transition from the lawn to
property,
the landscape itself.' This should, of course, be the woods.
true of every country house designed by the archi- The flower garden, located to the west of the
one might be inclined to ques- a delightful Georgian creation, with old-
is
tec^t, but sometimes house,
tion the placing of some of Îr. Piatt's houses fashioned flowers and clipped box, suggesting
until the somewhat the box-bor-
completed
the ac- dered flower beds at
planting shows
Ît. Vernon,
curacy of his judgment. although
In the case of the Par-
less foi-mal. The gar-
den is walled with
melee house, time has
laid in a
afforded opportunity for brick, very
full realization of land- charming manner, and
and the is reach efl
scape effects, through for-
illustrations show how mal gateways located on
the prob- the east and west axis
successfully
lem has been handled. of the garden, which,
The Causeway is sit- extended, brings the
uated about a mile view in direct line with
north of the terminus of the portico of the house.
the impressive Connec- From this portico one
ticut Avenue bridge, gets a vista through the
spanning Ivock Creek, garden and on beyond
and just off the road through an aisle of ce-
leading to Chevy Chase. dars at the terminus
The house is situated of which is a statue,
in a natural park, over- closing the vista. Just
looking (juite a deep ra- outside of the garden
vine. The estate has enclosure is a garden-
been named the Cause- er's cottage and tool
way because it is house, connected with a
reached from the main row of green houses.
road by a stone bridge There are winding
Vista Through Garden Gate
spanning this ravme, paths through the estate
Mr. Piatt's jilacing of the bridge and the location and a trail suitable for horse-liack riding so that
of the road leading up to the house was really the it is
possil)le for one to leave the stables (situ-
solution of the general problem of site develop- ated to the north of the greenhouses) and ride for
ment. This road enters the grounds from the several miles through the property without cross-
south and after crossing the stone bridge, ascends ing the same ground twice. This is accomplished
a hill, passes to the east of the house, and then more by the clever placing and wanding of the
swings to the noi'tli or entrance front, where was roads than by the size of the property, which com-
laid out the circle shovyn in the view of the en- prehends something less than forty acres. At
trance portico. (Plate XC^VIII.) The road is the foot of the ravine to the south of the house
located at some distance from the house and the is a little informal park, quite intimate and
building is so placed that one does not get a compre- charming in character, an illustration of a por-
"3
•THE'AR-CHlTECTURALRiVlEW-
114
•THE -AR-CHITEC JURAL- R£ VIEW-
which shown a positive expression.
tion of is
herewith. In the Parmelee house,

The main house is Mr. Piatt has drawn
an example of work from the arcliit«ctural
executed in the better spirit of the late 17th

of Georp:ian do- and early 18th centu-
spirit
mestic ries of English archi-
architecture,
though the architect has
tecture — the late Hen-
almost entire- aissance, typified by a
departed
ly from its
specific
much freer and larger
forms. It does not sug- feeling, with a positive-
ness and self confidence
gest any of the exam-
of Colonial or tliat has Ixên the means
ples
Georgian house design.
of preserving some of
The chief merit of late tho imaginative free-
Georgian architecture,
dom which character-
which served as the in- ized the better Renais-
most of sance domestic archi-
spiration for
our Colonial architec- tectura
ture, was a certain un-
As a
whole. The
Causeway is a fine ex-
pretentious good taste
that gave evidence of a ample of co-ordinated
an extreme estate development con-
timidity,
reticence in all its ex- sidering its architec-
which could tural aspects as well as
pressions,
hardly w in the alle- those pertaining to land-
giance of those seeking scape composition.

One of the Walks on the Estate
tJiTiTiTiT.'f ''"'''
"THE CAUSEWAY".
ESTATE OF JAMES PARMELEE, ES(iv
\W\SHINGTON, D.C.
51C0ND FLOOR. PL AW
CHAS. A.PLATT.ARCHI
Plan of the House and Portion of the Property Immediately Adjoining
"S
CROMWELL HOUSE AND BIRD GARDEN FOR MRS. PAYNE
WHITNEY, MANHASSET, L. I.
J. H. PHILLIPS, ARCHITECT
intimate type of garden, in feelinc; every species of wild shrub, attractive to birds,
like a little Dutch jrarden, is that designetl such as wild grape and choke cherry, is planted
AVERY bv ilr. J. H. Phillips, architect, for Mrs. in profusion.
This delightfully restful picture afforded by the
Pavne Whitney, on her husband's estate. Green-
tree, ilanhasset, L. I. It is designed to give the garden, with birds bathing in the pool or enjoying
utmost privacy to the owner and performs an im- the fruit of the shrubs, is made more inviting to
for a the owner by the fact that the view is from a win-
portant function in providing a setting
little building, called Cromwell House, full of dow in an old room of Sixteenth Century origin,
interest historically and otherwise, and used as a where the literary pursuits of which she is fond
rest house and study by the owner. To reach the are carried on in a room suggestive of Shake-
house and bird garden from the main house on spearean days. For the panelling and fixtures in
the estate, one passes by the tennis courts and this ancient room were removed intact from a
through a little copse, until the fountain and pool Tudor house in Stroud, an old royalist stronghold,
is reached, at one end of the somewhat formal in Gloucestershire, England, which was occiipied
walk, whence the approach is along this walk to during the revolution of 1688 by Oliver Cromwell
the door of Cromwell House. The bird garden himself, who used the old room now set up in the
on the opposite side of garden house as a
the house is viewed on- sleeping chamber. The
ly from the old leaded
stone floor in the room
inside window, but can is among the most in-
be entere<l from the teresting of its features,
chimney side of the improvised by the archi-
house after passing tect from old stones,
through an old Six- laid with wide joints,

teenth Century solid hollowed out in places
iron door in the garden to appear as if worn
wall. This wall, about l)y the foot. The Tudor
nine feet high, of hol- fireplace, faced with
low tile and stucco, com- stone, is flanked by col-
pletely enclosing the umns of the original
garden, is bowed out at mantel in the Stroud
its farther end, where house. The panelling
is an area raised abov( on the walls, of a rich
the general level by a red brown hue, is of
few simulating a
steps, wood, cut not by mill-
garden theatre, with ing machinery as in
two leaded bird figures these latter days, but
acting as sentinels to hears the marks still of
the tiny stage. The gar- House
the draw shave and
den itself is laid out possesses a quality found
formally aljout a little
bath, bird from which rarely today, of reflecting light from window, fire-
radiates rough stone walks, with grass growing in place or candlestick, with a rich play of high light
the wide joints between the stones. Grotesque and shadow; most remarkable in beauty and in-
figures of birds and tensity, and adding immeasurably to the
other
animals, of antique fascina-
origin, are placed about the garden, which <vith tion of which the room possesses.
clipped planting representing birds, conveys the No less pleasing is the atmosphere of age that
impression that the garden is essentially a place the
clings to the exterior of the little building,
whore birds may safely enjoy the quiet seclusion result of studied effort on the part of the archi-
of a place shut off from the world. This purpose tect co-operating with the owner. The hitter's
is made more evident
by an examination of the interest in fairy talesand her study of numerous
shrubs growing along the walls, where nearly old engravings of witches' houses finds expression
ii6
•THE-APoCHlTECTUPvAL-P^VlEW-
y. I ^ < .-J '^7. ivjiiâm -^ a'^n
The Garden from the Window in Cromwell House Approach to ( .
in tlic; (Icsiiiii of the of Tiidor days. The

build iiig. 'I'lie exterior, high i-oof is of regular
coniparal)lc to that of Tudor slate, with raked
the small dwelling of line, and random sizes,
Oronnvcllian d a ys, laid thick and far
shows liardlv a straight enough apart in the
lino or a right-angle lower portion of the
joint. The roof has a roof to invite the growth
natural sag formed by of moss.
the old rafters and walls The house and gar-
laid irregularly, but d e n together possess
fireproof material is charm of a rare charac-
used as a protection for ter, with privacy as its
the irreplaceable o 1 d chief characteristic. Se-
jauelled room within. (dudcd and set apart
The story walls are
first from the other activi-
of concrete and the at- ties of the estate, they
ticstory of half timber offer an inviting retreat
and brick work, tho from the day's business,
timber from old barns and opportunities for
on Long Island. Tlie the enjoyment of na-
chimney is of stone and ture in her simplest
brick, the upper part of dress, with birds and
brick, like the houses books as companions.
Comer of Bird Garden at Entrance
' s 10 ly 10 IT îrd &arden/exreMj^s.

'-' âyne Mitneu
'^j.H.Tmii.in, Augur. *îaie.
Plan of Garden
117
•THE -AILCHITECTURAL- REVIEW-
Editor's Note: This page was omitted from the November issue.
Ii8
F=T
I o TERIORS
FURNISHINGS OF THE EARLY INTERIORS

better test can be made of the aesthetic with the charm which these interiors tell of the
NO worth of the feature of room decoration

than to ask oneself the question, "How
would it look in a picture ?" The early interiors
life of the people that lived in them. The pic-
tures of Pompeii restore to our eyes the beautifully
designed beds, chairs, couches and tables also the
;
have that picture quality. The interesting furni- hangings and coverings. The wall paintings and
ture, hangings and decorations have much to do decorations are too well known to need comment.
•THE -ARoCHITECT URAL- RiVlEW-
Û..:..,:. ././
The dining room furniture was quite dif-
ferent from that used today. Reclining couches

were placed about the three sides of a table, each
couch accommodating throe persons. The master's
couch is the couch at the left of the tal)le, the
master's place being at the upper end, his wife
next and the nearest relative at her side. At the
head of the table, at right angles to the master's
couch is the guest couch, position of the guest of
Plan showing the arransemcnt of honor being directly in front of the master. On
reclinins couches at the table for
the opposite side of the table from the master's
dinins.
A The Master's Couch. couch is a couch for additional guests. Another
B Guest of Honor.
feature of the principal guest couch was that it
120
•THE'AICCHITECTUKAL- PREVIEW-
House ot the Tragic Poet
A restoration drawing showing one of the best-known

and most beautiful of the
Pompeian interiors
was placed at a higher level than the others.The had curtain poles with
rings, a precedent and
furniture of the Pompeian house was quite formal, model which has been passed on to our
with the exception of the couch for day.
dining, many Painting and sculpture had a most important
of the pieces being made of marble or bronze. Tile
part in the decorative scheme, as all the
and marble floors, usually square shapes with a pictures
of Pompeian interiors show, and no
other source
small square of darker color laid
diagonally at the has inspired and furnished ns with as
intersection of larger squares. The floors many ex-
being amples of beautiful interiors as have the' wall
very decorative, rugs and floor coverings were not decorations of the houses of
used. Pompeii.
The furnishings of the early interiors of Italy,
Gaily colored awnings kept out the sun in the France and England have aii
atrium and gave a beautiful color tone to the entirely different
character, due of course to the tastes of the
floors and walls. The hajigings at the doorwavs chang-
ing civilization moving in difFcront environments.
121
•THE-AK-CHITECTUPvAL-IVEVlEW-
Lady at Her Writing Table — Dutch -Interior — By Pieter De Hooch
Dutch From Painting by

Interior Pieter De Hooch
122
•THE-AK.CH1TECTUI\AL-R£V1EW-
A Venetian Interior from painting by Carpaccio

A sleeping apartment of great individual fascination. In 1500 A. D.,
the period when Venice was richest and most powerful
In Xortlicrii Italv Venice was the first state in The interiors of tiio early century stone houses
Christian Europe to develop an orderly civic life, of France and England were much alike, stone
and the social amenities of a prosperous tradinj;- and plaster walls, heavy hewn beam ceilings, often
community; the first in M'hich an intimate and elaborately carved. Many of these Thirteenth and
beautiful domestic interior became possible. Fourteenth Century houses still in existence have
Take, for instance, the Venetian interior shown a wonderful quality. Take Iladdon Hall, with
in the picture j)ainted by (\irpaccio. The roman- its time-worn stone
tic charm of Venetian life and the sensitive and pointed arch window and door openings what
—
flag floor, simj)le fireplace,
refined taste is most apparent in the delicate four- artist would not like a studio with its character!
poster, the richness of the bed-hangings, the flower- The restored Xorman lioom is the kind of in-
pots on tlio sills of the arched windows
—
in fact, terior that is bound to appeal to all. Rest and
all the furnishings have a much more intimate comfort is suggested in every detail of its fur-
quality than those found in the Pompeian in- nishings as well as the great charm of the room
teriors. itself, the mysterious shadows of the large beams
123
>THE-AR.CH1TECTUKAL-R£V1EW-
French Interior
Courtesy the Architect Book Publishing Co.
iu the ceiling, its simple walls and alcove win-

dows which throw in the cheerful sunlight.
We cannot speak of the furnishings of the early uted more to the art of beautiful interiors than
interiors without specially mentioning those of the have the people andartists of Holland. By study-
Dutch. Probably no other country has contrib- ing the Dutch pictures we find them suggestive,
Restored Norman Room

124
•THE -AP^CHITECTUIVKL- REVIEW-
A Holland Farm House Interior at Uquert

— i6th Century
A room with a fine mantel and unusual windows, with splayed plaster jambs which are
a relief from the over-trimmed window opening
for they sliow certain qualities of loveliness which to the apparent height of the room and lending the
are pre-eminently desirable in the home. dignity of gloom to the beaming."
"They breathe a sunny cleanness and an air of The wall surface is broken into panels of vari-
well-being, order, refinement and peace. The ous sizes by the lines of window and door mould-
unsurpassable cheer of their flooding sunshine, ings which are always painted in strong contrast
the wholesome calm that springs from order, the U) the tone of the walls. Xot alone in this, but
peculiar emptiness which suggests cleanness rather also in the shapes of the tiled floors, the division
than bareness, —
the Dutch pictures hold all these of the windows, the pictures, hangings and furni-
evident lessons for our disordered rooms that stifle ture, this clear-cut pattern eflêct is very marked,
with fullness and weary with jumbled color. . . . it being absolutely essential to decorative effect.
"The ceilings are, as usual, simply and heavily In laying the floors of Dutch rooms, great stress
beamed, with the flooring above left visible. The is laid upon strong contrast of color, low-toned red
lines are invariably long and emphatic, and when and white, or black and white arranged in rec-
cross beams are introduced they never lireak the tangular shapes, or in a less pretentious room, the
surface into the peculiar pigeon-hole-like coflêr- tiles are set in mortar with a certain width of
ings of the Italian ceilings. The more pronounced mortar showing throughout between the tiles.
the checker-work of the floor below, the stronger Wooden floors are of random widths with no
are these beam lines made as a relieving contrast. attempt to conceal the joints, always interesting
The tone of the Dutch ceiling is invariably darker and with character, for it has been observed
than that of the wall surface below, thus- adding that the effect of a floor is of more importance
125
•THE-AP^CHlTECTUPsAL- REVIEW-
Patio in Studio of Mr. Rudolph Evans
Living Room— Showing end toward mantel— Studio and Residence of Mr. Rudolph Evans
Robert Cowie, Architect
126
•THE APoC HITE C T UfkAL-
• FLE V 1 E W-
Vestry Room — Edom — 14th Century

The beauty ot the furniture is enhanced by the shadows and reflections
it casts upon this interesting floor
than the ceiling and (juite as important as the ings has been interiors where the walls are largely
wall. of plaster. Later, walls of wood, ornamental
The Dutch windows plaster, and a combination of different materials
are a part of the decora-
tion with no "festooiis of drapery looped into
will be shown. That plain plaster walls, beam
ceilings and tile floors make a setting for furnish-
curves, or with curtains joined at the top and
fastenetl back at the waist by a cord, resulting
ings is convincing, not alone bv the works of the
artists we have shown in the old-world interiors,
in an area of light bounded by the ugliest of
but even today their influence is most evident in
devisable lines. Whenever curtains were intro-
the photographs of the Nêw York stiulio and resi-
duced by the Dutch artists they are always strung dence of the sculptor, Mr. Ivudolph Evans. Here
uf)on a pole parallel with the window head, and we have a Ponipeian atrium, a well-proportioned
fall in long dignified folds,longer and
the room with beam ceiling, plaster wall and brick
straighter the better, which emphasize rather than floor. The refined taste displayetl throughout
detract from the i-ectangidarity of the window shows how well adapted such a room is for the
space." arrangement of furnishings, both antique and
In this review, the background for the furnish- modern.
127
•THE-APoCHlTECTUPvAL- REVIEW-
Dining Rcxim Alcove— Studio and Residence of Mr. Rudolph Evans

Robert Cowie, Architect
Below the end view of Living Room, opposite mantel. A

fine background of smooth grey plastered walls
and a waxed brick floor. The French and Italian furniture is well-chosen and arranged
AN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT AT WATERTOWN,
N. Y, FOR THE UNITED STATES HOUS-
ING CORPORATION
response to the urgent need for increased iVfter a careful and thorough study of the
housing accommodations which began to be various sites available, within comfortable reach
IN felt in Watertown shortly after the United of the city and of the various industrial plants,
States entered the war, local interests, represented it was found that the particular site chosen had
in the Chancier of Commerce, began to study the the most points in among the most con-
its favor,
problem in the hope of finding some method of vincing being: first, the lots were available for
relieving the congestion. The increasing prices purchase on a reasonable basis second, about two-
;
of material and labor added greatly to the dilemma thirds of the utilities and street improvements
because it was practically impossible to interest were already in place; third, the locality was
local capital to iindertake a building progi-am practically free from any special smoke nuisance ;
in which it was evident there would be no pros- fourth, the entire area required for three hundred
pect of a reasonable return on the investment. hou.ses is within one mile radius from the center
The Ordnance Department had placed large of the city and
fifth, the tract was a part of a pre-
;
orders with the New York Air Brake Company viously developed section already provided with a
(whose plant is located at Watertown) which was public school, two churches and a few stores, which
doing a considerable business in shell production made the problem of community buildings of negli-
for foreign governments before our country be- gible importance, thus allowing all available funds
came a co-belligerent, and in order to meet the to be applied towards the construction of houses.
needs of our government this company made ex- The accompanying illustrations show to some
tensive additions to its plant,requiring several extent the results of the intensive work on the part
thousand employees. The problem l)ecame of in- of the Committee of Design, working in close
terest to the Ordnance Department with the result co-operation with the Bureau, which culminated
that during the winter of 1917-18 an investiga- in signe<l contracts on September 5th for the exe-
tion and report was made, setting forth the urgent cution of three hundred houses, with a time sched-
need of at least five hundred workingmen's homes. ule established which provides for the completion
At about this stage of the proceedings the prob- of three houses per day after November 1st.
lem was turned over to the newly fonned U. S. While the first study of local conditions indi-
Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transporta- cated that the two-story detached house of from
tion, acting through its functionary, the United six to eight rooms on a fifty by one hundred foot
States Housing, Coi-poration. Davis, ÎcGrath & lot,
—
as a minimum, —
was the rule, for which the
Kiessling of New York City were appointed as workmen were accustomed to pay from $3.50 to
architects; F. Vitale of New York City, town $5.00 per week, still, owing to the extreme pres-
planner; and E. W. Sayles of Watertown, en- sure of economic conditions it soon became evi-
gineer. dent that it would not be possible to maintain
Types 2AR, 3-3R ana 2A, oiocK ivi. Hoard Street— Five and Six-Room Houses
Davis, McGrath Si Kiessling, Architects
129
•THE -APoCHITECT URAL- REVIEW-
these standanls entirely. A
compromise was made, to kitchens and No
winders are used in
cellars.
resiiltinsr in limiting the sizes of houses to five and any staircase. Bod rooms
are arranged so there
six itx)ms. and further introducing alxnit 25% of are windows on two sides, except in semi-detache<l
the houses in the form of semi-dctachod. The groups. A
coat closet is provided in each first
detached houses have lots ranging from fortv-five story; linen closets in the second story, medicine
to fifty feet in width and the semi-detachetl houses cabinets in each bath room and one ample closet
have a frontage for es\ch half. in connection with each bed room. Sjiecial atten-
forty-fixit
The location of Watertown, in close proximity tion has been given to possible location of pianos
to ample stocks of lumber, shingles, etc., together and other furniture and all porches are of proper
with tlie fact that winter weather would be reached width to allow the hanging of swinging hammocks.
before the work was well advanced, led to the For the purpose of introducing variety in plan
decision to build the houses entirely of frame con- and design, live plan types were adopted Type :
struction. The numbers one and

and speci- two having five
plans
fications call for rooms and type
first-class c o n- numbers three,
struction in every four and five
way: Concrete having six rooms,

cellar walls, inte- there being a n
gral waterproof- ecpial number of
five and six-room
ing and founda-
tion drains; out- houses. Each type
side walls above of house has two
cellar sheathed, variations in de-
papered and cov- sign, designated

ered with shing- by the number
les or siding; a n d the letter
double floors in "A," also four
first stories; two semi- detached
coat plaster groups, each
throughout; com-
formed by com-
plete plumbing bining two of the
for kitchen, with above, thus pro-
wash tray viding fourteen
sink,
and different exterior
gas range ;
complete bath designs. In ad-

rooms in second dition to this
stories furnace
;
each design will
heat and electric- be built reversed
in plan about as
ity throughout.
All types in- many times one
clude grade en- way as the other
trance for access and additional
General Plot Plan F. Vitale, Town Planner
Types 4-4, 3-3R and 4R-4R, Block M, Hoard Street —Six-Room Semi-detached Houses
130
•THE'ABoCHlTECTUPvAL-RiVlEW-
'-^^.
m- Str
Types jR, 5AR, ',A aiul >, l.ansin;;
variety is also obtained in tlic wiill materials and

color schemes. Forty per cent, of the houses will
have walls covered with KJ-inch shingles, twenty
per cent, will have 24-inch shingles, twenty per
cent, willhave 6-inch siding and twenty per cent,
will have 10-inch siding. Still further variations
are obtained hv the use of five different shades in
wall shingle stains and three colors of paint for
the 6-inch and 10-inch siding. All roofs are of
16-inch shingles.
The plans have been conceived on the basis of
the simplest rectangidar forms and the designs
have been carried out in conformity with this idea
with roof surfaces unbroken, and all details
treated in the least expensive way to obtain prac-
tical results, not losing sight howovei' of the im-
portance of proportions in the matter of window

openings, porches and other elements. The natu-
ral resultant is a simple cottage type of design in
complete accord with the older farm and village

houses of the vicinity.
Stained shingles will
bo of the silver and
weathered grays, and
white, trimmed with
white, gray or cream
to harmonize. The clap-
i)oard houses will have
solid colors of either
EDITORIAL- COMMENT-
•ON -ARCHITECTURE (S- -THE TIMES
'HE next five years in this country will be works, they would make a splendid contribution
"'-pi the progressive, prosperous and
most in dedicating a part at least of the
money saved
successful of our history'. The results to the works of peace. Such an expenditure
will astonish even the most optimistic today." As should be regarded as a war expenditure. Con-
this is the point of view of the Chairman of the tracts for800 public scboolliouses, totaling some
Board of Directors of the U. S. Steel Corpora- $100,000,000, have been held up as a result of
tion who, doubtless, has exceptional opportunities the war. In round numbers this amounts to an
to sunêy conditions today and visualize develop- outlay of five cents per capita for each of the
ments in the future, they ought to carry consider- next twenty years, throughout the United States
able weight. AVe came out of the war so much —assuming that, as is-
usually the case, the build-
strengthened in all respects that the world recog- ings are financed .
on twentj'-year serial bonds.
nizes us as a moral and financial leader. Yet few This means an installment payment of five cents
among ourselves see it, and there are prophets of per capita per year by the people of this country
woe who may convince the weak spirited. True, if they would have their school
program put
the cost of building materials is high and wages through at this time.
are beyond anything that has been experienced
Assuming that a decrease of 20 per cent, in
before. But there are factors which the wise will
construction costs might develop during the next
weigh carefully in estimating the prospects for four or five years (and this is regarded by many
gradual resumption of normal building develop- as a maximum decrease), the immediate comple-
ment. Our industries had, during the war, to
tion of the nation's school program would involve
develop both the speed of the greyhound and the an excess of only one cent, per capita per year
strength of an ox. Speed requires waste of fuel, over -the per capita cost, even if construction were
and wages Avere the fuel used to increase the
delayed for several years. This nation-wide lack
velocity of the circulation of commodities. The
of public school accommodations is one of the first
inflation of wages lies at the root of the inflation
of the problems in reconstruction.
of all prices and of credit. For this there is, no
cause for regret, for the speed of commodity cir- —
There are others in housing, municipal and
culation was attained and the war was won, as and in every field of private
federal buildings,
otherwise it could not have been. We must grow building. Roughly estimating the rate of build-
up to inflation. The world's possibility of profit ing production to meet ordinary peace time de-
is not exhausted, and if new profits can be made, mands for strictly commercial buildings in 160
labor will have its share. More can be paid for cities in the United States today, there lies be-
sen'ice in proportion as the labor of the country fore those interested in building an actual de-
produces more for general consumption. There mand for the immediate construction of 77,000
is no source of cheap labor to disturb tlie wage commercial buildings. If each one of these com-
scale. Ordinarily the United States would have mercial structures represents an average cost of
received 4,000,000 to 5,000,000 immigrants dur- $25,000, there is here a demand for approxi-
ing the past four years. It has received only a mately $1,925,000,000 for construction work.
little over 1,000,000. Moreover it has lost emi- Added to the $1,300,000,000 represented by the
grants who have gone back to fight for their own dearth of at least half a million private homes,
countries. averaging, say $2,500 each, the
demand today
Too much cannot be placed upon the calls for a total ofapproximately $3,000,000,000
eniidiasis
which the Federal, State and worth of new building. Recalling that the best
responsibility
The construction year in the
ilunicipal Governments bear at this time. previous private building
speedy ending of the war has saved the nation United States developed only $1,500,000,000 in
much, not only in lives but in property and in estimated value, it may safely be considered that
indebtedness. If States and cities could now there is at least two years of actual prosperity
incur debt or increase taxes to undertake public ahead for the building industry.
132
•THE AP^C H ITE C T U PvAL-
•
IVE V 1 E W- PLATR I
VOL. VII, No. I
^/î*
',r. «/f>. '.
...^'''^• XI' r ^'irt.
.^*K-*<
^ *S,.-v- •*«#
«^'««^'*
THE DINING-ROOM WING FROM THE FLOWER GARDEN

ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONS TO "SHALLOW BROOK FARM," THE ESTATE OF
J. C. BALDWIN, Jr., Esq., MT. KISCO, N. Y.

VOL. Vn, No. I •the-ai^chitectu]v^lpj:view- PLATE U
**M
^,:v
^5'^
fj»«'
rtim
i-'".^-
*«!•.'«'
-mm\'^
THE DINING-ROOM WING FROM UPPER GARDEN LEVEL


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VOL. VII, No. I
•THE -ABoCHITECT URAL- RXVIEW- PLATE VI
PORCH AT END OF MUSIC-ROOM WING
ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONS TO "SHALLOW BROOK FARM," THE ESTATE

OF

VOL. VII, No. I •THE-AB.CHITECTUI\AL-K£V1EW- PLATE VII
DETAIL OF MUSIC ROOM DOORWAY

J. C. BALDWIN, Jr., Esq.,
MT. KISCO, N. Y.

!
VOL. VII, No. I
•THE -ABoCHITEC TUI\AL- REVIEW- PLATE Vni
PORCH AND LOGGIA TO HOUSE

J. C BALDWIN, Jr., Esq.,
MT. KISCO, N. Y.
VOL. VII, No. I •THE-AB.CH1TECTURALR£V1EW- PLATE IX
LOOKING FROM LOGGIA COURT OUT TOWARDS ROSE GARDEN TERRACE

ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONS TO " SHALLOW BROOK FARM," THE ESTATE OF
J. C. BALDWIN. Jr., Esq., MT. KISCO, N. Y.

VOL. VII, No. I
•the-ap^chitectui\alpj:view- PLATE X
THE MUSIC ROOM TOWARDS ORGAN GRILLE

BEIVUAMIN WISTAR MORRIS, ARCHITECT
VOL. VII, No. I
•TH E APoC H ITE C T U KAL- Ri: V E W-
•
1 PLATE XI
THE MUSIC ROOM TOWARDS BALCONY


VOL. VII, No. 1
•THE •AB.CHITECTUP.AL- REVIEW- PLATE XII
DETAIL OF LOGGIA DOORWAY IN MUSIC ROOM

ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONS TO "SHALLOW BROOK
FARM," THE ESTATE OF

VOL. VII, No. I
•THE'ABoCHlTECTUPvAL-KEVlEW- PLATE XIII
DETAIL OF ORGAN CONSOL AND DOOR TO LAWN. MUSIC ROOM

J.
C. BALDWIN, Jr., Esq., MT. KISCO, N. Y.
BENUAMIN WISTAR MORRIS, ARCHITECT

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VOL. VII, No. I •THE-AP^CHITECTUPvAL-RXVlEW- PLATE XIV
GENERAL VIEW OF DINING ROOM

ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONS TO "
SHALLOW BROOK FARM," THE ESTATE OF
BEIÂMIN WISTAR MORRIS. ARCHITECT

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GUEST BEDR<X)M

•THE-AB.CH1TECTUKAL-FU:V1EW-
VOL. VII, No. 2 PLATE XVII
THE PAULIST CHURCH, NEW YORK CITY

RENDERING BY MR. HUGH FERRIS
•THE -APoCHlTEC JURAL- REVIEW-
Vol. VII. No. 2 PLATE XVIII
ST. THOMAS CHURCH, NEW YORK CITY

RENDERING BY HUGH FERRISS
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VOL. VII, No. 2
if
VARICK STREET, NEW YORK CITY

A DRAWING IN LEAD PENCIL BY MR. HUGH FERRIS
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VOL.
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ENTRANCE AND TERRACE FROM DRIVEWAY APPROACH

HOUSE OF MR. A. L. SEARLE, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.
TROWBRIDGE sc ACKERMAN. ARCHITECTS
•THE'AP^CHITECTUPvALPJLVIEW-
VOL. VII, No. 2 PLATE XXIV
THE HOUSE FROM THE SOUTHWEST

TROWBRIDGE ti ACKERMAN, ARCHITECTS
•THE •AR.CHITE C T URAL- KiVlEW- PLATE XXV
VOL. VII, No. 2
THE LIBRARY GABLL

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LIBRARY
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VOL. VII, No. 3
DETAIL OF ENTRANCE
HOUSE FOR MR. GEORGE E. IDE, LOCUST VALLEY, L. L
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LIVING ROOM MANTEL

HOUSE FOR MR. GEORGE E. IDE, LOCUST VALLEY, L. L
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VOL. VII. No. 3 PLATE XLV hy
THE STUDIO END
ENTRANCE PORCH
STUDIO COTTAGE FOR MISS LILLIAN M. BROWN, ST. LOUIS, MO.
ROY S. PRICE, ARCHITECT
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VOL. VII, No. 4
PLATE XLVII
LOBBY, DECATUR acMACON COUNTY HOSPiiAi., DECATUR, ILL.

RICHARD E. SCHMIDT, GARDEN & MARTIN, ARCHITECTS
LOBBY. CHICAGO LYING-IN

HOSPITAL, CHICAGO, ILL.
RICHARD E. SCHMIDT, GARDEN a.
MARTIN, ARCHITECTS
•THE -ABoCHITECTUPvAL- REVIEW-
VOL. VII, No, 4
PLATE XLvin
BIRIH ROOM CLINIC, CHICAGO LYING-IN HOSPITAL, CHICAGO, ILL.

RICHARD E. SCHMIDT. GARDEN & MARTIN, ARCHITECTS
De,,n,eRV ano opbrat,ng room, m.tbrmtv „„., , ,m.,s. hox,.o,.ath,c hospital, boston, mass
KENDALL, TAYLOR tc CO., ARCHITECTS
•THE •AP.CHITE CT URAL- PJ: VIEW-
VOL. VII, No. 4
PLATE xux
OPERATING ROOM. DECATUR a. MACON .u. .MY HOSPITAL. DECATUR. ILL.

RICHARD E.
SCHMIDT, GARDEN ac MARTIN. ARCHITl CIS
OPERATING ROOM. WATTS HOSPITAL.

DURHAM. N. C.
KF:NDAU.. TAYLOR tc CO., ARCHITECTS
VOL. Vn, No.
•THE'Af^CHlTECTU]\ALR£VIEW-
4
PLATE L
OPERATING ROOM, BENJAMIN STICKNEY CABLE

MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, IPSWICH. MASS.
EDWARD F. STEVENS, ARCHITECT
OPLRATiNO ROOM, CHICAGO LYING-IN

HOSPITAL, CHICAGO ILl'
RICHARD E.
SCHMIDT, GARDEN ^ MARTIN.
ARCHITEtg-S
VOL. VII, No. 4
•THE-AP^CHITECTUKAL-RiVlEW-
PLATE U
BIRTH ROOM CLINIC. CHICAGO LYING-IN HOSPITAL,

CHICAGO.l^T
RICHARD E.
SCHMIDT, GARDEN Be
MARTIN, ARCHITECTS
OPERATING ROOM, FREEDMEN'S

HOSPITAL, WASHINGTON, D C
JOHN RUSSELL POPE ; J, H. DE SIBOUR. ASSOOATE, ARCHITECTS
VOL. VII, No. 4
•THE-AB.CHITECTURALP^V1EW
PLATE LII
CORRIDOR END OF NURSES' WORK ROOM, ROBINSON

MEMORIAL BUILDING, BOSTON, MASS.
KENDALL, TAYLOR 8i CO., ARCHITECTS
DIET KITCHEN, MASSACHUSETTS

HOMEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, BOSTON, MASS.
KENDALL. TAYLOR & CO., ARCHITECTS
VOL. VII, No. 4
•THE'AB.CHITECTUKALR£V1EW-
PLATE UII
INTERIOR, BAKESHOP, RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL, PROVIDENCE, R. I.
KENDALL, TAYLOR 4: CO., ARCHITECTS
VIEW IN WARD, BENJAMIN STICKNEY

CABLE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL,
IPSWICH, MASS.
VOL.
•THE-AP^CHlTECTURALRiVlEW-
VII, No. 4
PLATE LIV
TYPICAL SINGLE WARD, ROBINSON MEMORIAL

BUILDING, BOSTON, MASS.
KENDALL, TAYLOR Si CO., ARCHITECTS
PRIVATE WARD, BENJAMIN

STICKNEV CABLE MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL, IPSWICH, MASS
VOL. VII, No. 4
•THE-AR^CHITECTUPvAL-KiVlEW-
PLATE LV
TEN BED WARD, DECATUR ec MACON COUNTY HOSPITAL, DECATUR, ILL.

RICHARD E. SCHMIDT, GARDEN & MARTIN, ARCHITECTS
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VOL.
PLATE LVI
VII, No. 4
GENERAL VIEW FROM SOUTH-WEST
DETAIL OF BRICK LOGGIAS ON SOUTH

THE UNION BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION HOSPITAL, GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.
YORK BC SAWYER, ARCHITECTS
•THE -ABoCHlTECTUPvAL- K£ VIEW-
PLATE LVII
VOL, VII, No. 4
DETAIL OF NORTl 1 LN'TRANUi PORCH
DETAIL OF PORTE-COCHERE DETAIL OF ENTRANCE PORCH

THE UNION BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION HOSPITAL, GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.
YORK 4: SAWYER, ARCHITECTS
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•THE'AB.CH1TECTURALPXVIEW- PLATE LVni
VOL. VII, No. 4
SUB-BASEMENT PLAN
Reproduced at the scale of thirty-two feet to the inch

BASEMENT PLAN
FLOOR PLANS, UNION BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION HOSPITAL, GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.
YORK 4: SAWYER, ARCHITECTS
•THE-AP^CHlTECTURALfVEVIEW-
VOL. VII, No. 4 PLATE LIX
J^m^
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
SRAN^D R.APID5. MICHIGAN

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AND5AWYER..ARCHI.-ECTJ
^^foduccd at ,l,c scale

SECOND FLOOR PLAN of tlnrty-two feet to the ,nch
FLOOR PLANS. UNION BENEVOLENT
ASSOCIATION HOSPITAL, GRAND
RAPIDS, MICH.
YORK a.
SAWYER, ARCHITECTS
•THE -APoCHlTECTUPvALPj: VIEW'
PLATE LX
VOL. VII, No. 4
THIRD FLOOR PLAN
PLAN OF FOURTH FLOOR.

UNION BENtVOLLNT ASSOCIATION HOSPITAL-
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GRAND
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MICH IG AN
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YOUK. ANDiAWYtR..AIlCHntCT5 •
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FOURTH FLOOR PLAN
FLOOR PLANS, UNION BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION HOSPITAL, GRAND
RAPIDS, MICH.
YORK ec SAWYER, ARCHITECTS
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VOL. VII, No. 4 PLATE LXI
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GRAND RAPI03 M ICH •
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Reproduced at the scale of thirty-two

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FIFTH FLOOR PLAN'
UNION BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION HOSPITAL, GRAND
RAPIDS, MICH.
YORK & SAWYER, ARCHITECTS
PERSPECTIVE VIEW
GARY GENERAL HOSPITAL, GARY, IND.
RICHARD E. SCHMIDT, GARDEN ec MARTIN, ARCHITECTS
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GENERAL VIEW, MAIN BUILDING
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VOL.
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VII, No. 4
VIEW OF BALCONY, NURSES' HOME
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PLATE LXXV
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GENERAL VIEW
DETAIL OF ENTRANCE VIEW AT REAR

THE WINCHESTER HOSPITAL, WINCHESTER, MASS.
KENDALL, TAYLOR & CO., ARCHITECTS
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VOL. VII, No. 5
PLATE LXXVl
NEW PORTION, FRONTING THE STREET

ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONS TO RESIDENCE AT GERMANTOWN, PA.
MELLER, MEIGS 8c HOWE, ARCHITECTS
•THE-AR-CHITECTUPvAL-RiVIEW-
PLATE LXXVII
VOL. VII, No. 5
VIEW FROM THE SOUTH

ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONS TO RESIDENCE AT GERMANTOWN, PA.
MELLOR, MEIGS Sc HOWE, ARCHITECTS
•THE-AK,CHITECTUKALK£VIEW'
VOL. VII. No. » PI.ATI! I,XXVIH
VIEW AOtOSS UXXJIA HIOKT, FKOM THE WST

ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONS TO RESIDENCE AT CeRMANTOWN, PA.
MELLOR, MEKJS « HOWE. ARCHrTECTS
•THE-AP^CHITECTUPvAL-KrVlEW-
VOU VILNa.* PLATE LXXDC
UXJCNG INTO NEW LOGGIA. HtOM REAR AND NORTH

ALTBtATKX^S AND ADOnXX^S TO RESIDCNCE AT GERMANTOVX. PA.
MOUW. MBGS K HOW^ AKCHITGCTS
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vol,. VII, No. 5
ENTRANCE DETAILS Ma
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MEASURED DRAWING BY FREDERIC HUTCHINSON PORTER
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PLATF LXXXI
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CVPEOARD Mantel in Bûdr, CVPB3ARX)

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FREDERIC HVTCHINSOK PORTER.
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PARLOR MANTEL AND CUPBOARD WITH DETAIL-S

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VOL. VII, No. 5
PLATE LXXXII
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DINING ROOM
MUSIC ROOM
"GREYSTONE," WATERFORD, LONDON COUNTY, VIRGINIA
THE RESIDENCE OF E. M. CHAMBERLAIN, ESQ.
FREDERICK C. KENDALL AND DELOS H. SMITH, ARCHITECTS
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PLATE LXXXtX
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THE GARDENS AT GREYSTONE, N. Y.

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VOL. VII, No. 6 PLATE XC
WELLES BOSWORTH ARCHITECT

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VOL. VII, No. 6 PLATE XCV
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WATKR GARDEN AND TERRACE

'BOSCOBEL," ESTATE OF H. S. SHONNARD, ESQ., OYSTER BAY, L. I.

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PLATE XCVI
GARAGE AND STABLE FROM TERRACE
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PLATE Xax
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"THE CAUSEWAY," HOUSE OF JAMES PARMELEE, ESQ., WASHINGTON, D. C.
CHARLES A. PLATT, ARCHITECT
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VOL.
•THE-ABoCHITECTURALKEVlEW-
VII, No. 6
PLATE ai
INTERIOR OF CROMWELL HOUSE, AND WINDOW OVERLOOKINC, RIRD GARDEN
INTERIOR OF CROMWELL HOUSE

BIRD GARDEN FOR MRS. PAYNE WHITNEY. MANHASSET. L. I.
J. H. PHILLIPS, ARCHITECT
•THE •AR.CHITECT URAL- R£V1EW-
VOL. VII, No. 6
PLATE an
EXTERIOR OF SUN PORCH
ALTERATION TO THE HOUSE OF E. S. J. McVICKAR, ESQ., WHITE PLAINS, N. Y.

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c1a4

THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW COMPANY

AT THE editorial AND PUBLISHING OFFICES It.

advertising offices 1'^

Copyright, 1918, by The Architectural Review Company

Illustrating the Varied Work of Mr. Hugh Ferriss

Residence OF A.L.Searle, Esq., Minneapolis, Minn . 2(>

The Solution of an Unusually Difficult Grade Problem

The Function of the Designer in the "Business"

The Concluding Sections of the First Scries of Mr.

A Manufacturer's Housing Project on the Pacific Coast

Property Values and Ownership Problems

Renderings Hugh Ferriss XVII- XXII

THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW COMPANY

AT THE EDITORIAL AND PUBLISHING OFFICES

Copyright, 1918, by The .Architectural Review Company

W^aterproofed Stucco will always be the distinctive

The Sandusky Cement Company

Write to Dept. f for book-

Bungalow of C. C. Phillips. Tallahassee, Fla.

A New Note in Architectural Rendering Frank Chouteau Brown ....... 21

Illustrating the Varied Work of Mr. Hugh Ferriss

The Function of the Designer in the "Business"

Renderings Hugh Ferriss XVII-XXII

THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW COMPANY

AT THE EDITORIAL AND PUBLISHING OFFICES

Copyright, 1918, by The Architectural Review Company

Use "Old Faithful"

rough flooring, patent siding—

more adequate though some

THE hemlock: manufacturers and Upper Michigan)

Offices, 310 F. R. A. Building, Oshkosh, Wisconsin

A Summer Home on Long Island 46

Exterior and Interior Photographic Views

THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW COMPANY

AT THE editorial AND PUBLISHING OFFICES

Copyright, 1918. by The Architectural Review Company

How io piGvcnr mem

and forth fire tra'vtl, hefweeniuater-filled flues. more tO foiloW

'I'llliKK r.sEFrr, Tvi'KJS OK Gk.NKK'AI, lIosiMTAl.

TJie A'eiv Policies of llie

Eye Perspective and Plot Plan.

Photographs of Main Buildinri and N arses' LXX IN'

icmpcr icsiin^ leaki

Punctuated phone appeals to the

Tells you he'll "be around in the I

E.rterior and Inferior Measured Drawings

THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW COMPANY

681 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

Copyright, rqi8, by The Architectural Review Company

statement op the ownership, management, etc.. Rl'^QUlHEI) BY THE ACT OF

0k^ wwwi > nm f m^'i'tf '

Vjraics shake J^ ar a lime

Great coal saver for mild days of Spring

You have coal control.

Which ends Burnham Boiler chat Number

681 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

Copyright^ iqi8, by The Architectural Reviexv Company

Why this fire pot

By the same token, take a boiler that has the

When there is trouble with either one, simply

THE ESTATE OF MR. J. C. BALDWIN. JR.

BENJAMIN WISTAR MORRIS, ARCHITECT