Types of CPR

1) High frequency chest compression CPR

It is the hard and fast pushing of the chest at a rate ranging from 100 to 120
compressions per minute
Technique:
 Place the heel of one hand on the sternum and the other hand on the
top of the first with fingers interlaced
 Extend the elbows and lean directly over the patient
 Press down (compressing the chest at least 2 inches)
 Release the chest and allow it to recoil completely
 After 30 compressions, 2 breaths are given
 The process is repeated until a pulse returns or the patient is transferred
to care
2) Open-chest CPR
It is the direct massage of the heart opposed to the closed chest cardiac
compressions
Technique:
The heart is accessed through a thoracotomy through the fifth left intercostal
space and compression is performed using thumb and fingers or with the palm
of the hand with the fingers extended on the sternum
It should be taken into consideration that the open chest CPR could be used in
cases of patients with cardiac arrest with chest trauma who cannot perform
the closed-chest CPR or in cases of cardiac arrest during surgery when the
chest or abdomen is already open, otherwise
there is no sufficient studies to recommend that
type of CPR as a routine use CPR
3) Inter-posed abdominal compression
It is a 3 Rescuer technique (an abdominal
compressor, chest compressor, and a third
rescuer providing ventilation), I.E chest compressions combined with
alternating abdominal compressions
Technique:
 The abdominal compressions should be done between the xyphoid
process of sternum and umbilicus during the relaxation phase of the
chest compression
 The ratio of abdominal to chest compression is one to one
 Hand position and depth are similar to chest compressions and the force
applied is similar to that used to palpate the abdominal aorta
 An endotracheal tube is placed before or shortly after the initiation of
IAC-CPR
4) Jaw thrust CPR
The aim of this type of CPR is to open the airway with
minimal movement of the cervical spine, it is performed
when there is suspicion of spinal cord injury, in such
situations, performing a head tilt chin lift to open the
airway would move the cervical spine and could cause
further damage
Technique:
 Kneel behind the patient head, and support the
head in the neural position (head, neck, and spine are aligned)
 Place your hands on each side of the face with the finger tips on the
angle of the mandible
 Gently lift the jaw to open the airway without tilting the neck
 This jaw movement will result in the forward movement of the tongue,
thus opening the airway
 DO NOT put your fingers in the mouth to assist jaw thrust
5) Prone CPR
It is a type of CPR used with patients which begin to deteriorate
or experience a cardiac arrest when they are in a prone
position most commonly during spinal or neurosurgeries or in
covid-19 patients as they are situated in prone position to
improve their oxygenation and breathing comfort in such conditions, CPR
may need to be performed in the prone position

Technique:
 Both hands should be interlocked and placed on the patient`s back
on the mid-thoracic spine (T7)
 Place sternal counter pressure beneath the patient`s chest such as
sandbags or 1litre fluid bag
 Perform chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per
minute

References
 Díaz-Bohada L, Segura-Salguero JC. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in
prone position and COVID-19. Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology.
2021;49:e950.
 Editorial Team A. Performing CPR on Prone Position
Patients. Ausmed. 2020.
https://www.ausmed.com/cpd/articles/prone-cpr.
 Furst, John. “The Jaw Thrust Technique – a Step by Step Guide.”
FIRST AIDfor Free , 15 Jan. 2017,
https://www.firstaidforfree.com/the-jaw-thrust-technique-a-step-by-
step-guide/.
 Cave, D. M., Gazmuri, R. J., Otto, C. W., Nadkarni, V. M., Cheng, A.,
Brooks, S. C., Daya, M., Sutton, R. M., Branson, R., & Hazinski, M. F.
(2010). Part 7: CPR techniques and devices: 2010 American Heart
Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and
Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation, 122(18 Suppl 3), S720–
S728. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970970