Pak Studeis English Notes Complete Water Mark

PAK STUDIES
ENGLISH
NOTES
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INTERMEDIATE
GROUPS
Pakistan Studies XII 1 SIR FAHAD YASIR
Chapter # 01
The Establishment of Pakistan
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The new art created after Muslims invasion in South Asia is called____.
a. Islamic art b. Gandhara art c.Indo Islamic art
2. Quaid – e – Azam demanded reforms for NWFP in __________.
a. 1913 b. 1929 c. 1934
3. Muslim League was founded in ____________.
a. 1911 b. 1906 c. 1905
4. Resolution of Lahore was presented in ___________.
a. 1946 b. 1935 c. 1940
5. The purpose of Shah Walliullah’s Movement was ____________.
a. Establishment of Islamic State
b. Reforming the Muslim beliefs
c. Destroy Marthattas
6. Objective Resolution was approved by constitutional Assembly
in ____.
a. 1947 b. 1951 c. 1949
7. The purpose of establishment of Indian National Congress was
______.
a. War of independence
b. Show of loyalty with British Government
c. Fight with Muslims
8. Quaid – e – Azam joined Muslim League in the year
_____________.
a. 1913 b. 1918 c. 1915
9. Quaid – e – Azam presented his Fourteen points in
_________________.
a. March 1929 b. March 1928 c. March 1930
10. The famous saint of Silsila – e – Naqshbandi is
____________________.
a. Hazrat Mujaddid – e – Alif Sani
b. Hazrat Bahauddin Zakaria
c. Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalander
11. _______ suggested to organize Muslim League in the province of
Sindh.
a. Sardar Aurangzeb
b. Quaid – e – Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
c. Khan Liaquat Ali Khan
12. Shimla Delegation was led by ______________.
a. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar
b. Quaid – e – Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
c. Sir Agha Khan
13. All India Muslim League was established in ________________.
a. 1906 b. 1912 c. 1914
14. __________ presided over the first session of all India Muslim
League.
a. Sir Agha Khan
b. Muhammad Ali Jinnah
c. Waqarul Mulk Amrohi
15. Mulana Muhammad Ali and Mulana Shaukat Ali were the two
important leaders of _____________.
a. Non – cooperation Movement
b. Khilafat Movement
c. Migration Movement
16. Quit India Movement started in _____________.
a. 1930 b. 1936 c. 1942
17. Quaid – e – Azam changed the slogan “Quit India” to
_______________.
a. “Leave India and go England”
b. “Divide and Quit India”
c. “Quit India and accept Pakistan”
18. Chaudhry Rahmat Ali suggested the word “Pakistan” in his pamphlet
_____.
a. Qutlook b. Comrade c. Now or Never
19. __________ translated Lahore Resolution in Urdu.
a. Chaudhry Khaliq uz Zaman
b. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan
c. Allama Iqbal
20. Lord Batten replaced ___________ as Viceroy.
a. Lord Hume b. Lord Wevil c. Lord Minto
21. Pakistan conference was held in __________________.
a. Khaliq Dina Hall, Karachi
b. Islamia College, Lahore
c. Islamia college, Peshawar
22. Allama Iqbal was born ______________.
a. Gurdaspur b. Lahore c. Sialkot
23. The national anthem was broad casted first on radio Pakistan
on ____.
a. July 3, 1950
b. August 13, 1947
c. September 7, 1949
24. __________is represented by the white colour in the flag of
Pakistan.
a. Simplicity of Pakistan
b. Minorities of Pakistan
c. Compromising policy of Pakistan
25. Mughal Kingdom was founded in India by __________
a. Babur b. Jehangir c. Akbar
26. The personal auto biography of king Babur is ____________.
a. Tuke Bur b. Tuzke Bar c. Tuzke Babri
27. Hindi Urdu dispute started in __________.
a. 1885 b. 1886 c. 1887

28. _________ resented against British government.
a. Maulana Jauhar b. Iqbal c. Nawab Sirajuddula
29. Sir Syed started magazine _________ for social reforms.
a. Tameer – e – Muslim
b. Tehzeeb ul Ikhlaq
c. Tehzeeb ul Jehad
30. _________ was the founder of Indian National Congress.
a. Lord Hume b. Wavell c. Mount Batten
31. ________ is famous as Bengal Tiger .
a. Allama Iqbal b. Liaquat Ali c. Fazal – e – Haq
32. All India Muslim League was established in ___________.
a. 1905 b. 1906 c. 1907
33. ________ was the first president of Muslim League.
a. Sir Agha Khan
b. Nawab Mohsin
c. Khawaja Nazim uddin
34. There were _________ members in Simla delegation.
a. 35 b. 36 c. 37
35. Nehru report was presented in __________.
a. 1927 b. 1926 c. 1928
36. Quaid – e – Azam raised the slogan “Long live Pakistan” on radio on
_______.
a. June 3, 1947 b. June 4, 1948 c. June 5, 1948
37. The chairman of Boundary line commission was _________.
a. Radcliff b. Lord Wavell c. Mount Batten
38. First Wirld War broke out in ____________.
a. 1913 b. 1915 c. 1914
39. The Second World War broke out in ____________.
a. 1938 b. 1939 c. 1937
40. The Lucknow pact was signed in ____________.
a. 1915 b. 1917 c. 1916
41. _________ was the last viceroy of undivided India.
a. Lord Mount Batten b. Wavell c. Hume
42. The Cripps mission came to India in ____________.
a. 1941 b. 1942 c. 1943
43. Sindh was conquered by Muhammad Bin Qasim in ____________.
a. 711 b. 713 c. 712
44. The cabinet mission visisted India in ______________.
a. 1946 b. 1945 c. 1947
45. The cabinet mission had _________ members.
a. 4 b. 2 c. 3
46. __________ delegation was headed by Sir Agha Khan.
a. Simla b. Lucknow c. Dacca
47. The Bengal partition was held in ___________.
a. 1906 b. 1905 c. 1904
48. The partition of Bengal was annulled in ___________.
a. 1911 b. 1912 c. 1913
49. Aligarh movement was started by ___________.
a. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
b. Allama Iqbal
c. Sir Agha Khan
50. The Congress launched the Quit India movement in __________.
a. 1942 b. 1941 c. 1940
51. Aurangzeb Alamgir died in ___________.
a. 1703 b. 1707 c. 1704
52. The Baluchistan Muslim League was established in ____________.
A. 1939 b. 1938 c. 1937
53. Shah Waliullah translated the Holy Quran in ___________.
a. Urdu b. Hindi c. Persian
54. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established the Muhammaden Educational
Conference in __.
a. 1886 b. 1887 c. 1885
55. In _________ the annual meeting of Muhammaden Educational
Conference was held at Dacca.
a. 1905 b. 1906 c. 1907
56. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founded the scientific society in ____________.
a. 1860 b. 1861 c. 1862
57. In _______ all parties conference was held at Delhi.
a. 1926 b. 1927 c. 1928
58. Day of victory was celebrated by the Muslim League on January 11,
__________.
a. 1948 b. 1947 c. 1949
59. Shah Waliullah was born in __________.
a. 1703 b. 1702 c. 1701
60. The last Mughal Emperor of India was ____________.
a. Bahadur Shah Zafar b. Babur c. Humayun
61. In 1945 Muslim League won _______ seats in central assembly.
a. 20 b. 40 c. 30
62. The first independent ruler of Muslim India was ___________.
a. Qutub uddin Aibak
b. Zahir uddin Babar
c. Alamgir
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6
Reforming
Indo
1929 1906 1940 the Muslim 1949
Islamic art
beliefs
7 8 9 10 11 12
Show of Quaid – e –
Quaid – e –
loyalty Azam
Hazrat Mujaddid Azam
with March Muhamma
1913 – e – Alif Sani Muhammad
British 1929 d Ali
Ali Jinnah
Governmen Jinnah
t
13 14 15 16 17 18
“Divid
Waqarul Khilafat
1942 e and Now or
1906 Mulk Movemen
Quit Never
Amrohi t
India”
19 20 21 22 23 24
Maulana Islamia
Lord August 13, Minorities
Zafar Ali College, Sialkot
Wavell 1947 of Pakistan
Khan Lahore
25 26 27 28 29 30
Nawab
Tuzke Tahzeeb ul
Babur 1886 Sirajuddul Lord Hume
Babri Ikhlaq
a
31 32 33 34 35 36
Sir Agha June 3,
Fazle Haq 1906 35 1928
Khan 1947
37 38 39 40 41 42
191 Lord Mount
Radcliff 1939 1916 1942
4 Batten
43 44 45 46 47 48
194
712
6
3 Simla 1905 1911
49 50 51 52 53 54
Sir Syed
Ahmed 1942 1707 1939 Persian 1886
Khan
55 56 57 58 59 60
Bahadur
1906 1860 1928 1949 1703
Shah Zafar
61 62
Qutub
30 uddin
Aibak
Short Questions and Answers
Q1. When and where was the first session of All India
Muslim League was held?
Ans: The first session of all India Muslim League was held in Zoological
Garden at Karachi in 1907.
Q2. Name the four Castes of Hindu society?

Ans: i. The Brahamins or Priests.
ii. The Kashtriyas or the class of warriors, commanders and kings.
iii. The Shuders, the lowest and meanest of all. The Vashiya or the
artisys.
iv. The Shuders, the lowest and meanest of all.
Q3. How many ministers of All India Muslim League were

included in the interim government of 1946?
Ans: The interim Government of 1946 included five ministers from Muslim
League.
Q4. When and why was the Khilafat Movement started?

Ans. The Khilafat Movement started in 1919 to restore the safety of the
Ottoman Caliphate of Turkey.
Q5. Who were the leaders of the Khilafat Movement?

Ans. The leaders of the Khilafat Movement were Maulana Muhammad Ali
Jauhar, Maulana Shaukat Ali Jauhar, Hakeem Ajmal Khan and Dr.
M. A. Ansari.
Q6. Who used first of all the world “nation” for the Indian
Muslims?
Ans. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan used the word nation for the Muslims of sub-
continent for the first time.
Q7. When did the partition of Bengal take place?

Ans. The partition of Bengal took place in 1905 and was annulled in 1911.
Q8. When and where the general elections for the Central
Legislative Assembly held in India and how many seats
were captured by the Muslim League?
Ans. The general elections for the Central Legislative Assembly of India
were held in 1945 – 1946. The Muslim League won all (30) seats in the
Central Assembly. In provinces it captured 90% of Muslim seats.
Q9. When and in which Pamphlet did Chaudhry Rehmat Ali

write the word Pakistan?
Ans. Chaudhry Rehmat Ali coined the name Pakistan in 1933 and wrote it
in the pamphlet called “Now or Never”.
Q10. Name the two newspapers brought out by Maulana

Muhammad Ali Jauhar.
Ans. Comrade and Hamdard were the newspapers brought out by Maulana
Muhammad Ali Jauhar.
Q11. When did the Muslims observe the “Day of the

Deliverance”?
Ans. The Muslims of sub-continent observed the “Day of Deliverance” on
22nd December, 1939 after the resignation of Congress ministers.
Q12. In which language did Shah Wali-ullah translate the

Holy Quran and who was invited by him to attack India?
Ans: Shah Waliullah translated the Holy Quran into Persian and he invited
Ahmed Shah Abdali to attack India.
Q13. When did Quaid – e – Azam joined Muslim League and

when did he left Congress?
Ans: Quaid – e – Azam joined Muslim League in 1913 and in 1920 he
formallyresigned from Congress.
Q14. When and by whom Indian National Congress was

formed?
Ans: It was formed by A.O Hume in 1885.
Important Events with Dates:
15th to 17th Century Mughal rules (Babur to Bahadur Shah
Zafar)
1703 - 1762 Shah Waliullah’s Movement
1857 War of Independence
1817 – 1898 Sir Syed and his reforms
1885 Formation of Congress by A.O.Hume
1906 Formation of Muslim League
1905 Partition of Bengal
1906 Simla deputation
1913 Quaid – e – Azam joined Muslim League
1914 – 1918 First World War
1916 Lucknow pact
1918 – 1924 Khilafat Movement
1920 Quaid – e – Azam formally resigned from
Congress
1927 Simon Commission
1928 Nehru report
1929 Quaid – e – Azam’s fourteen points
1930 Allahabad’s address
1930 – 1932 London round table conference
1933 Chaudhary Rehmat Ali used word
Pakistan in famous pamphlet Now or
Never.
1935 British India act
1937 Elections
22 December 1939
nd
Day of Deliverance
1939 – 1945 Second World War
1940 Pakistan Resolution
1942 Cripps Mission
1942 Quit India Movement
1945 Another Simla Conference
1945 / 1946 Elections
1946 Cabinet Mission Plan
3 June 1947
rd
Partition Plan
12th June 1947 Radcliff Awards
14th August 1947 Freedom Day
Descriptive Questions and Answers

Q1. Discuss in brief the condition of South Asia before the
advent of Islam and write in detail the influence of
Islam on South Asian Society.
Ans. Introduction:
Pakistan, our dear mother land, came into existence vitally due to the
advent of Islam in South Asian region. Islam came to this region
through Arab traders. Regular preaching of Islam started after the
invasion of Muhammad Bin Qasim, who defeated Raja Dahir in 712.
Condition of South Asia before the advent of
Islam:
Before the advent of Islam South Asian society was divided into many
small kingdoms who were always at daggers drawn with each other.
The Hindus were in majority and they kept on torturing other
minorities like Buddhist. The Hindu society was full of social injustice.
The following were the disperencies of this society.
i. They were divided into four major castes
a) Brahmins (The priests)
b) The Kashatriyas (warrior class)
c) The Vashiya (the artists)
d) The Shudras (Lowest worker class)
ii. The Barhamins and Kashatriyas enjoyed power and status and
the other two classes were in miserable condition.
iii. Narrow mindedness had plagued Hindu society.
iv. Women were given the lowest status.
v. Widows were treated badly, mostly they were burned with
husband’s dead body (sutti)
Impact of Islam:
i. Civilizational Influence:
Muslim culture imbibed the culture characteristics of the entire
civilized world so Muslim civilization held an upper status which
changed the inferior and backward culture of South Asia and it
brought many significant changes in the culture of South Asia.
ii. Political influence:
a) Muslims laid the foundation of strong central government
and thus brought an end to lawlessness.
b) .With political unity, administrative equality was also
introduced, which created Social equality.
c) As Muslim conquerers were a part of bigger Islamic
Society so they connected South Asia to the outer world.
d) The new military strategies, disciplines,and ways of
fighting were introduced. Naval forces were introduced for
the first time.
iii. Social Influence:
a) Social oneness of the people was ensured.
b) Muslim were the first to introduced stitched clothes.
c) As law and order was maintained so trade flourished.
d) A great relief was experienced by the low caste Hindus as
Islam stands for equality.
iv. Cultural Influence:
a) Fine-arts made rapid progress and Indo-Islamic art which
which was a beautiful combination of artistic designs and
patterns was born.
b) Unique architecture with domes and arc was seen.
c) Urdu language envolved which is a highly significant
event.
d) Learning and literature flourished through out the region.
v. Religious Influence:
a) The fixed and static teachings of Hinduism could not with
stand the dynamism and revolutationary principles of
Islam
b) The fundamental principles of Islam were so over
powering that Hindu holymen also started to oppose
polytheism and caste system.
vi. Role of Holymen:
Many mystics and holymen came to South Asia. Their pure and
pious life, high character and fine dealings with people attracted
many towards them. Their role in maintenance of high moral
character of the Muslim society is commendable. These people
were.
a) Hazrat Ali Hijveri (Data Ganj Baksh)
b) Khwaja Moin ud din Ajmeri
c) Hazrat Bahauddin Zakariyyia Multani
d) Hazrat Mujaddad Alfsani
e) Hazrat Usman Marvandi (Lal Shahbaz Qalandar)
f)
Conclusion:
In short the Muslims had influenced the South Asian region in every
aspect.
Q2. What is meant by ideology of Pakistan? State the basis

of ideology of Pakistan?
Ans: Definition of ideology:
“A collection of beliefs, values, customs, aims, traditions, rituals
which are common to all members of a society and are expressed in
the lives of all members of that society is called ideology”.
Ideology of Pakistan:
Islam is a complete code of life and covers all aspects of life. Muslims
of sub – continent wanted to live their lives according to the teachings
of Islam but in the presence of Hindu majority it was impossible. The
Muslims wanted a separate state in which they could be in majority
and promote the Islamic values. The real factor which sustain the
state of Pakistan is the existence of a consciousness among the people
belonging to each other because a large majority of them adhere to a
common spiritual aspiration.
Basis of Pakistan Ideology:
Pakistan’s ideology is based on two – nation theory which was a
concrete fact and not a conception of any person. It was due to the
teachings of Islam, which inspired the Muslims of India to claim that
they were a separate nation. So Islam played the most important role
in developing the idea of two nation theory, which has been termed as
ideology of Pakistan.
The basis of ideology of Pakistan is Islam. The constituent
components of Islamic ideology are:
i. Doctrine of Faith:
Ideology of Pakistan is characterized by doctrine of faith in
Allah, Prophet Hood, Angels, the Day of Judgment and all the
revealed books of Allah. The most essential elements are the
unicity of Allah and complete faith in the Prophet Hood of the
last prophet.
ii. Social dealings:
Mutual dealings or interaction, occupy an important place in
the social system, Justice and equity constitute the social
system of Islam.
iii. Two Nation Concept:
The fundamental concept of ideology is that Muslims should get
a separate identity. They should have a separate state where
they could live according to Islamic rules. Muslims are different
from Hindus in every aspect, their culture; civilization, customs
and religion all are entirely different. The Muslims needed a free
state for protection of their separate identity where they can live
in accordance with their faith, belief and follow the Islamic
codes.
Thus the ideology of Pakistan which developed through the
period of Muhammad Bin Qasim and others and followed by
political leaders like Quaid – e – Azam was materialized in 1947.
Q3. Define ideology of Pakistan in the light of sayings of
Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal?
Ans: Introduction:
In their statements Allama Iqbal and Quaid – e – Azam outlined the
ideology of Pakistan. After minute observation they had come to a
conclusion that Muslims and Hindus cannot live together. In their
statements and addresses, they emphasized and elaborated the
ideology of Pakistan.
Ideology of Pakistan in the light of Allama
Iqbal:
Allama Iqbal was a famous poet, great thinker as well as a
philosopher. He made the muslims to realize to achieve their lost glory.
In 1930, Iqbal presented his mature political opinion on political fate of
Indian Muslims. He said.
“India is a sub – continent and not a country, where people
belonging to different religions and speaking different
languages are inhabited.
Muslim nation has its unique religious and cultural
identity.AllcivilizedNations should respect religious
principles, cultural identity and socialValues of Muslims”.
He further said:
I would like to see Punjab, North – West Frontier Province,
Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated North West Muslim
state appears to be finaldestiny of Muslim, at least of
North West India.
Ideology of Pakistan in the light of

Statements of
Quaid – e – Azam:
Quaid – e – Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah gave a practical shape to the
ideology given by Allama Iqbal. Quaid – e – Azam’s views on ideology
were very clear.
While addressing the students of Islamia College, Peshawar, he said:
“Oue demand for Pakistan is not for a piece of land,
instead we want toestablish an experimental laboratory
where we could practice a systembased on Islamic
principles.
In his address in the meeting of Muslim League on 23rd March 1940,
he said:
Hinduism and Islam are not merely two religions but they
are twoSeparatesocial systems. It would be a dream to
think that Hindus and Muslims willform a common nation.
I want to make it clear that both the nations belonged to
two different civilizations and the foundation of these two
civilizations is on such philosophies which are opposed to
each other.
In January 1941, he said:

India has never been a single country or nation. The issue
of sub – Continentis international. The differences on
culture, social and economic values are of ideological
nature.
The following words of Quaid – e – Azam sum up the ideology of
Pakistan.
Pakistan had come into being the day, the first non –
Muslim was converted into a Muslim in India.
The above sayings and statements largely prove that these great
leaders wanted to establish an Islamic system as a code of life because
they believed that it was the sole objective of Pakistan movement.
Q4. Explain two nation theory?

Ans: Introduction:
Theory means way of thinking and concept of life. Theory is the name
of a system which describes the political, social and cultural way of
life.
Two – Nation theory:
Two Nation Theory has its own particular meaning while considering
the foundation of Pakistan. It means that there are two big nations of
Muslim and Hindus in the sub-continent. Although these nations
have passed a long time in the same territory but they could not mix
up with each other due to difference of their moral values, religions,
culture and other social traditions. This difference is so wide that they
cannot live together in peace.
Islamic View:
Islam has its own belief and idea about life. It is quite different from
other views of life in the world Muslims in the sub-continent consider
themselves a nation which has its own civilization, moral values,
history and economy. All these factors take guidance from the golden
principles of Islam. These ideas are quite different from those of
Hindus. After living together for centuries these nations could not
show themselves a unity in any respect.
Quranic View:
Two-nation theory is not a new thing. It has only been stated in its
view and clear form. The Muslims and Hindus are two different
identities from the first day and they had never been living in a
compromised atmosphere. The Quran has cleared this difference
many times repeatedly. Allah says in “Surah Alkafroon”, “oh!
“infields” you have your own way and we have our own” Deen
means way of life which includes civilization, culture, traditions,
principles and values..
Views of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan is considered as the pioneer of the two nation
theory. He said,
“Those who live after me, would see that these two
nations, Hindus and Muslims would not live together”.
After the war of freedom 1857 Muslims fell victim to cruelty of
English. Muslims were crushed educationally, politically and
economically by both Hindus and English. In these circumstances, Sir
Syed Ahmed Khan put forward all his genuine efforts to educate
Muslims.
Views of Allama Iqbal:
Allama Iqbal was the first important figure who propounded the idea
of separate homeland on the basis of two nation theory. In his
Allahabad address 1930, he said.
“India is a continent of human beings belonging to
different languages and Professing different religions. I
therefore demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim
state in the best interests of Muslims of India and Islam”.
Through his lecture and verses he tried to establish the personality
and identity of Muslims and made them feel to get back their dignified
status of past times.
Hindu View:
Hindus believed that there is only one nation in India which is
Hindus. They considered that the Hindus are the only masters of
India. Mahatma Gandhi and Pandit Nehru were the leaders of Hindus.
Nehru claimed that there are two powers in India which are Hindus
and English. Gandhi said that India is the mother crow which cannot
be divided into two powers.
Views of Quaid – e – Azam:
The Muslims were suffering from very bad circumstances but under
the leadership of Quaid – e – Azam they got united Quaid – e – Azam
gave the two nation theory in very clear words. He said.
“The history of last 12 hundred years, has failed to
achieve unity and has witnessed India always divided into
the Hindu India and the Muslim India:
Quaid – e – Azam replied Nehru’s challenge in words that there is also
a third power in India, which is Muslims.
Existence of Congress:
In 1885 an English man Hume established the Indian National
Congress as a political party. Its purpose was to collect people on a
political platform and not stand against the English. But with time it
proved to be the party which worked only for the interests of Hindus.
Existence of Muslim League:
Soon Muslims realized that they should have their own political party.
So in 1906 the foundation of All India Muslim League was laid by
Nawab Waqar – ul – Mulk, Nawab Mohsin – ul – Mulk and Nawab
Saleem ullah of Dacca. Its aim was to educate and create political
sense in Muslims alongwith looking after their rights.
Demand for Separate Homeland:
Initially Muslim League demanded separate identity in constitution

but after observing the Hindu conspiracies they started to demand a
separate homeland.
In 1930, in Allahabad’s address Allama Iqbal gave the idea of a
separate homeland for the first time so he is called the “Painter of
Pakistan”
Q5. Describe the political and educational services of Sir

Syed Ahmed Khan.
Ans: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:
Early Life:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in a noble family of Dehli on October
17, 1871 AD. His father Syed Muhammad Muttaqi, an undaunted
person, was disciple of a saint named Ghulam Ali Delhvi. Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan called him grandfather to pay him honour. Maternal
grandfather of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was Khawajah Fareed-ud-din
Ahmed. He was also a learned as a wise man. So we can say that Sir
Syed Ahmed Khan inherited love for knowledge, sincerity for religion
and ambition to achieve the past glory of Islam from his paternal and
maternal forefathers. He acquired education in accordance with the
old fashion and did his Dars-e-Nizami. His father died in 1936 A.D,
when he was nineteen. He became an employee of East India company
as Sirrishtedar of the Criminal Department in Sardar Amin’s office in
Dehli. In 1842 A.D. he became sub-judge. Due to this service he had
to stay is Dehli for nine Years. He continued studying books. There he
was benefited from Muhammad Ishaq, grandson of Shah Wali Ullah,
and Maulana Mamlook Ali Nanotvi, a teacher of Maulana Qasim
Nanotvi, During his stay in old Dehli, he compiled his book named
Aathar-us-sanadeed (Relics of the ancients). In this book he compiled
the historical background of the buildings, constructed during the
rule of Mughals. He wrote biographes of a few prominent scholars of
his age, poets and literary figures. During the war of independence he
saved nearly twenty British officers and their children from the
freedom fighters. In 1858 A.D the British Government awarded him a
robe costing about one thousand rupees and a political pension of
rupees two hundred per month for two generations.
Services of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a great reformer. He devoted his life for the
service of humanity and especially for his nation. He led the Muslims
in every aspect of life. He tried to remove the tension between the
British Government and the Muslims. The detail of his scholastic,
religious and national services are as follows:
Educational Services:
Inspite of his official activities Sir Syed Ahmed Khan developed his life
to the pursuits of knowledge. He wanted to make the education
popular and it was his aim of life. He urged the Muslims to achieve
education so that they might develop their political sense. He set up a
school in Murad Abad, Murshad Abad and Ghazipur to provide the
latest education to the Muslim.In 1864 A.D he established a scientific
society to translate and generalize the Western Learning’s. It became
familiar with the name of scientific society in Aligarh afterwards. He
introduced a weekly magazine under this society in Aligarh on March
30, 1866 A.D. Its name was Aligarh Institute Gezette. It was published
with Urdu and English columns equally; in the beginning he tried to
generalize the education regardless of any religion or belief. But when
the Hindus opposed the Urdu language and Persian way of writing
and demanded the implementation of Hindi language written in Deve
Nagri, Sir Syed felt shocked;this event is known as Urdu Hindi
controversy, in the history of Sub-continent. Hindus opposed Urdu
because they look it as the language of Muslims. It exposed their
culture. It became his firm belief that both the nations could not live
together as their interest varies from each other so he concentrated all
his potentialities to protect the interests of the Muslims. Accordingly,
he established an organization named “Development Association for
the Muslims of India” to educate them. This association established
M.A.O (Mohammad-an-Anglo Oriental) High school. It was
inaugurated by William Meur. As Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was in
Banaras. So it had been run by Maulvi Samee -Ullah Khan. In 1877 it
was upgraded to a college.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan tried his best to upgrade it to the University
level but it was upgraded to the University level in 1921 A.D when Sir
Syed had passed away. It has produced many Muslim leaders before
and after the independence of Pakistan. After independence the
Government of Bharat omitted the word Muslim from its name i.e.
Muslim Aligarh University, due to its bigoted attitude.
Most important achievement of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan is the
establishment of Muslim Educational Conference Organization. The
main objective of this organization was to introduce schools and
colleges all over the Sub-continent to educate the Muslims. It held its
annual session at various places and succeeded to introduce many
schools and colleges in different parts of the country.
Scholastic and Literary Services:
His services in the field of knowledge and literature are also
unforgettable. He became an author of many books and works. He
wrote many articles, magazines and books on various topics. History
and religion were his favorite topics. His book Aathar-us-sanadeed
(Relies of Ancient) is an important historical document. Sir Syed has
complied information about scholarly and researching manner. He
compiled the biographies of some authors, poets and theologians too.
He is known as an archeologist too. He was appointed an honorary
member of Royal Asiatic Society of London. He complied the history of
Bijnore in which he described the critical events of Bijnore which he
has observed. He made corrections in Aain-e-Akbari and Tareekh-e-
Feroze Shahi. He got Tuzk-e-Jehangeeri published as well. He is the
founder of a simple and easy style of expressing in Urdu. He
expressed very complicated and scholarly topics in a simple but
eloquent manner. A new era of Urdu literature came into being due to
his work. Maulana Hali, Shibly Naumani and Muhammad Hussain
Azad followed his mentioned style.
On December 24, 1870, he introduced a magazine named Tehzeeb-ul-
Akhlaq. Its main objective was to convince the Muslims to acquire
education, so that they might be able to live like a civilized and
developed nation at the present juncture. Due to this educational
service, Aden bra University bestowed upon him an honorary degree
of doctorate in law. So, we can say that these scholastic and literary
services are unforgettable in the history of knowledge and literature.
He used to say, Science will be in our right hand, Philosophy in the
left hand and we shall put the crown of Lailaha-illallaho Muhammad –
ur – Rasool – Ullah on our hands.
Religious Services:
His age is known as the age of Christian missionaries. He always
criticized and condemned the Christian missionaries and saved the
Muslim from their evil designs. He argued in favor of Islam against the
undue and unjust criticism of Christian missionaries against Islam.
He published reasonable clarification in his magazines, Tehzeeb-ul-
Akhlaq against the biased objection of Christian missionaries. He
wrote a commentary of the Holy Quran in seven volumes. He
expressed his views in a scientific manner. In his commentary he
rationalized the Muslim beliefs and teachings. Due to rationalistic
approach many religious scholars and theologians became suspicious
about his Educational activities.
Sir William Meur, a British Governor of U-P-wrote a book named life
of Muhammad (Sallallaho Alahe Wasallam) in which he gave unfair
remarks about the Holy life of Hazrat Muhammad (Sallallaho Alahe
Wasallam). In 1869 A.D Syed Qasim Mehmood s/o Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan was granted a scholarship by the Government to acquire foreign
education. Sir Syed left for England with his son. During his stay in
London he studied the educational system of Cambridge University.
He studied many books and wrote articles in which he rejected the
false ideas William Meur, expressed in his book “Life of Muhammad
(Sallallaho Alahe Wasallam)” with the help of offensive arguments.
These articles were published with the title of Khutbat-e-Ahmadiyah
afterwards. He tried his best to remove the tension existing between
the Muslims and British Government. He wrote a commentary of Bible
with the title of Tabbe-ul-Kalam as well. In this way he tried to prove
that there is great similarity in Christian and Muslim beliefs. He wrote
a booklet, named, “Tuam Ahl-e-Kitab, in which he explained to the
Christian that the Holy Quran declares their slaughtered animals
lawful for the Muslims.
He wrote Risalah Asbab Baghawat-e-Hind. In this booklet he declared
the British liable for the war of 1857 A.D.
By writing such books and works he tried to reduce and remove the
biased ideas of Christians about Islam. Majority of the religious
scholars differed the religious ideas of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. A group
of theologians declared Sir Syed as infidel and spy of the British and a
part of anti-Islamic element. However his works and services show his
sincerity for the Muslims welfare.
Political Services:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan aimed at achieving the independence for the
Muslims of Sub-continent by introducing above mentioned
educational and social reforms. He wanted to lead the Muslims to the
way of political freedom by this reformation. He wanted to remove
misunderstandings between the Muslims and the Britishers. He wrote
a booklet named Risalah Asbab Baghawat-e-Hind, published it and
distributed itamong the members of British parliament and
Government authorities. In this way, he wanted to improve their
trends about the local people of the sub-continent. In the booklet he
suggested to give maximum representation to the people of India. It
was due to his effort that Indians were granted the membership of
Viceroy’s council and Sir Syed was appointed as its member for four
years.
Sir Syed forbade the Muslims to participate in politics. That is why he
advised the Muslims not to join Indian National Congress because still
the Muslims were lacking behind in education. He wanted that
Muslims should become educationally mature before taking part in
politics. Secondly, the representative Government demanded by
congress was not suitable for India due to its special circumstances.
Sir Syed clarified the British that there are two big nations in the sub-
continent. They are the Hindus and the Muslims. So we can say that
it was Sir Syed among the Muslim leaders who proved the Muslims of
Sub-continent a separate nation. In this way he became the founder
of two-nation theory and demandant of separate electorate for the
Muslims. On the basis of same theory the Muslims of the sub-
continent succeeded to achieve a homeland of their own. This man
possessing multi-qualities passed away in 1989 A.D. When he was
eighty-one. He was buried in the courtyard of the mosque situated in
Aligarh University.
Q6. Write a short note on role of N.W.F.P in Pakistan Movement.

Ans: Introduction:
North – West Frontier Province is the home of valiant Pathans who
launched their struggle for freedom, first against Sikhs and then
against the British.
Poltical Awakening:
In 1927, Muslim League demanded that constitutional reforms should
be introduced in the province which initiated political awakening
amongst the ignorant people.
Support of Pakistan Resolution:

The people of N.W.F.P at the time of Lahore resolution openly
supported the resolutionin favour of Pakistan in 1940. Sardar
Aurangzeb Khan represented N.W.F.P provinceto support Pakistan

resolution.
Rise of Muslim League:

Due to the efforts of Sardar Aurangzeb Khan, Justice Sajjad Ahmed
Jan and Khan Bahadur Asadullah Khan. Muslim League conference
was held at Abbottabad in 1939. This conference became the source of
generating the spirit of freedom movement Muslim League offices were
opened and congress started getting weak.
Role of Ulma, students and Ladies:

The religious leaders of N.W.F.P came forward with their spiritual
strength to guide the people of N.W.F.P. They gathered great support
for Muslim League. The students of Islamia College Peshawar and
Edward College Peshawar took active part. A women wing of Muslim
League was also organized by the ladies of N.W.F.P.
Q7. Discuss the role of Baluchistan in Pakistan Movement.

Ans: Introduction:
Balochistan was backward and under developed region before
partition. Balochs are strong and courageous people. They have deep
love for Islam. They are freedom loving people and have never yielded
to any foreign force.
Organization of Muslim League:
Muslim League was formed in Balochistan in 1939. Qazi Muhammad
is at the top of the list of people, which made Muslim League active in
Balochistan. Nawab Muhammad Khan Jogezai and Mir Jafar Jamali
also served much.
Favour of Pakistan Resolution:

Balochistan Muslim League favoured Pakistan movement very much.
The leaders held meeting here from time to time and prepared the
people mentally for Pakistan.
Active part in Pakistan Movement:
The Balochis took active part in Pakistan movement. In April 1947
Pakistan conference was held in Quetta.
Joining Pakistan:
In 1947, at the time of partition it was decided that a royal “Jirga” will
decide the accession of Balochistan with either India or Pakistan.
Congress left no stone unturned to convince the Jirga to accede to
India but its efforts failed and the jirga announced its decision in
favour of Pakistan.
Q8. Discuss the role of Punjab in Pakistan.
Ans: Introduction:
The Punjab was a big province by population as well as its resources,
but both the British and Hindus tried to exploit the Muslims of
Punjab. This province played an important role in the existence of
Pakistan.
Role of Allama Iqbal:
Allama Iqbal was the member of provincial council of Punjab. In 1930,
he gave the sketch of a separate homeland for Muslims. That is why
he is called the painter of Pakistan. The historic session, in which the
Pakistan resolution was passed, was held at Lahore on 23rd March
1940. Lahore is the heart of Punjab. In theelections of 1945 – 46 the
Muslim League won 100% seats in central assembly and 90% seats in
provincial assembly in Punjab.
Role of Muslim Scholars:
The Muslim scholars and saints of Punjab played an important role in
Pakistan movement and prepared Muslims for freedom struggle.
Maulan Shabbir Ahmed and Maulana Zafar Ahmed toured several
places to get support for Muslim League.
Role of Muslim Students:
The Muslims students of Punjab lifted this movement. They organized
Punjab Muslim Student Organization. They started civil disobedience
and the government was shaken.
Role of Muslim Women:
The women of Punjab actively participated in struggle for Pakistan.
They rendered valuable services and during the civil disobedience
movement hoisted the flag of Muslim League on Punjab Secretariat in
place of Union Jack. Begum Jahanara Shanawaz from Punjab
represented Muslim women at the three round table conferences held
in London and was the first ever woman to make a speech in London’s
Guild Hall.
Conclusion:
Thus Punjab played a very important role in Pakistan movement.
Q9. Discuss the role of Sindh in Pakistan movement.

Ans. Introduction:
Sindh is an important province of Pakistan. It is the gateway of Islam.
Karachi, the biggest city of Pakistan is also in Sindh. This city is the
homeland of Quaid – e – Azam also.
Historical Background:
Sindh was treacherously conquered by the British forces in 1843. In
order to change the Muslim majority status it was made an
administrative part of Bombay Presidency. After the hard struggle of
Muslim league, Sindh was separated from Bombay in 1936. The first
annual meeting of Muslim League was held in Karachi in December,
1907.
Role of Muslim Leaders:

In 1940, Sir Abdullah Haroon, from Sindh delivered an excellent
speech in support of Pakistan movement. In 1943, Muslim League
cabinet was formed in Sindh. This was the first Muslim League
cabinet in the country. In elections of 1945 – 46, Muslim League
secured majority and formed its cabinet in Sindh.
Role of Pir Sibghatullah Shah:
The courage of Pir Sahib can never be forgotten. He launched an
armed struggle against British rule during the Second World War.
This struggle is remembered as ‘Hur Movement’. Although Pir Pagara
was martyred but this movement accelerated the creation of Pakistan.
Role of Religious Scholars:
The religious scholars of Sindh played an active and effective part in
Pakistan movement. They formed a party called ‘Jamit – ul –
Mashaikh’ and supported Muslim League.
Role of Muslim Students:
The students of Sindh Madarssa, Karachi and Noor Muhammad High
School, Hyderabad were in front line during the freedom struggle.
Role of Muslim Women:
The women leaders of Sindh like Lady Nusrat Haroon, Lady Sughra
Hidayatullah, and Begum Khairunnisa Shaban took active part along
with men in the freedom struggle.
Conclusion:
The Muslim of Sindh took an active part in Pakistan movement. They
united themselves and provided full support to their leaders at all
levels.
Q10. Elucidate the role of Muslim League in the struggle for

Pakistan.Also describe the reasons for its inception and
its aims andobjectives.
Ans: All India Muslim League:
For the protection of the political rights of the Muslims in the sub –
continent and to fulfill their benefits and demands, a political party
was established in 1906 which is known as All India Muslim League
in the history of sub-continent. It was a political party which not only
united the Muslims but also inclined them towards the political
struggle for their rights. After the formation of this political party, the
Muslims were able to explain their demands.
Establishment of All India Muslim League:
When the concept of the separate elections of Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk
was accepted, then it gave the Muslims a help to make their clear
plans for political struggle, hence a plan was made for the formation
of a political party for the Muslims. At the end of annual
Muhammedan Educational Conference in Dacca in 1906, Muslims
leaders from different parts of sub-continent attended a meeting,
convened by Nawab Salimullah Khan. In this meeting, the Muslim
leaders thoroughly discussed the problems of the Muslims in general
and the situation created by the Hindu after the partition of Bengal in
1905. It was decided to setup a political party to protect and
safeguard the rights of the Muslims. The meeting was needed headed
by Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk and attended by the scholars like Maulana
Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Hakim Ajmal Khan
and some other prominent leaders. A political party “All India Muslim
League” was setup on 30th December 1906. Aligarh was made its head
quarters, Sir Agha Khan was elected the first president of the Muslim
League and Syed Hassan Bilgram was selected as the first general
secretary of the Muslim league.
Causes of Establishment of Muslim League:
The causes for the establishment of Muslim league in the sub-
continent were following:
i. After the death of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in March 1898, the
Muslims realized that they should made the efforts after making
a political unity for the protection of their collective benefits.
ii. In 1905 after the partition of Bengal,agitation and the success
of Simla deputation, the Muslims decided to unite politically.
iii. The demand for the separate elections made by Nawab Mohsin-
ul-Mulk was accepted which gave the Muslims a political
stability in thoughts.
iv. The Muslims realized fully the need of unity and the formation
of a political party for the protection of their rights.
v. The members of Simla deputation stressed a political collection
of the Muslims after making mutual discussion on this issue.
The above causes developed the ways for the formation of Muslim
League and Muslims formed a political party in 1906 which helped
them in the practical struggle for Pakistan.
Aims and Objectives of All India Muslim League:
The aim and objectives of All India Muslim League were following
which developed a political concept among the Muslims and inclined
them to take part in the politics of India.
i. To establish good friendly relations between the British
government and the Muslims and to remove misunderstanding
from the minds of the British against the Muslims.
ii. To coordinate with other nations and political parties in the
sub-continent for common welfare.
iii. To protect the rights of the Muslims by seeking co-operation of
the government and other political parties.
iv. To protect the political rights and the benefits of the Muslims
and to imformthe government about the needs of the Muslims.
i. To make efforts for the unity of the Muslims so that the
Muslims would get a suitable position.
ii. To arrange the political theories and social behavior of the
Muslims in organized form.
The Role of Muslim League In The Struggle For

Pakistan:
All India Muslim League was appeared as the political party in the
sub-continent which made the struggle of the Muslims in practical
organized form. This party produced unity among the Muslims league
and protected their social rights which created a condition for the
demand of Pakistan. Muslim league played a great role in the struggle
for Pakistan. The role of Muslim league in the struggle of Pakistan can
be explained as follows:
i. Protection of rights.
ii. Political Settlement with congress
iii. Number of Muslims
iv. The Muslim seats
v. Proportion Representation
i. Protection Of Rights:
As a representative party of Muslims, the Muslim league started
to take practical improvements for the protection of the rights of
the Muslims of the sub-continent and to apprise the
government of their problems and demands. Muslims adopted a
balanced attitude to join hands with the Hindus to outs the
British from the sub-continent on one hand and on the other
hand it struggled to improve the relations between the Muslims
and the British government.
ii. Political Settlement with Congress:
Quiad-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined Muslims league in
October 1913. Due to his efforts Muslim League and Congress
party entered into a political settlement known as “Lucknow
Pact”. According to thispact congress accepted the independent
separate status of the Muslims and recognized the separate
electorate for Indian Muslims.
iii. Number of Muslims:
Due to the efforts of Muslim League, the number of the Muslims
in the central Legislative Assembly was agreed to one third
(1/3). Thus the Muslims got a right to represent in the
Assembly and to make demands for their rights.
iv. The Muslim Seats:
Due to the efforts of Muslims League, particular Muslim seats
were reserved for the Muslims in central and provincial
assemblies. Thus the Muslims had an idea that they would gain
some seats in the assemblies. On the two large Muslim
provinces Bengal and Punjab, the strength of Muslims in the
legislative assembly was established.
v. Proportionate Representations:
Due to the effort of Muslim League, in the provinces where the
Muslims were in a minority, their representatives in proportion
to their population was doubled. It means that a balance
system in representation was accepted due to the efforts of
Muslim league. Hence the representation of the Muslims in the
legislative assemblies in both the provinces of Bengal and
Punjab became stable.
Thus due to the political efforts of Muslim League, an organized
plan was developed as a political party of the Muslims in the
sub-continent. It provided a platform for the practical struggle
for freedom. Due to these efforts the procedure of the demand
for Pakistan and the partition of India was completed. On 14th
August, 1949 a separate state Pakistan came into being for the
Muslims of the sub-continent.
Q11. Write a short note on Lucknow Pact.

Ans: Lucknow Pact:
Introduction:
The Indian political scene took a new turn in 1913 when the Muslim
League adopted the principle of self rule for India as its goal which
brought the Congress and Muslim Leagus close together.
Muslim League Changes its Course:
In 1915, the events that took place like the partition of Bengal, the
Balkan war etc gave a severe shock to the Muslims and ultimately
changed the course of Muslim League.
Efforts for A United Political Front:
The Indian politics turned over a new leaf with the change in Muslim
politics. The leaders of both congress and Muslim League agreed that
they should cooperate with each other and compel the government to
accept their demands.
The Lucknow Pact:
In December 1916, the Muslim League and Congress, for the first time
in the history of India held their sessions in Lucknow to chalk out a
format to accomplish Hindu-Muslim unity. The Muslim League
session was presided over by Quaid-e-Azam while Amdeka Charan
Maujamdar presided over the Congress session. Mainly due to the
efforts of Quaid-e-Azam who was a staunch advocate of Hindu Muslim
Unity an agreement on a scheme of political reforms was reached
between Congress and Muslim League known as “Lucknow Pact”.
Resolutions of Lucknow Pact:
The important of agreements of the pact are as follows:
 Separate electorate for Muslims:
The agreement decided to have separate electorate for Muslims.
 Seats for the Muslims:
1/3 seats in the central legislative were reserved for the
Muslims.
 Adjournment Motion:
It was also decided that the members of the assemblies shall
have the right to present adjournment motion.
 Provincial Autonomy:
Provincial autonomy shall be given to the provinces and
communal problem shall be solved.
 Protection of Minorities:
Seats shall be reserved for the Muslims in those provinces
where they were in minority and protection shall be given to
Hindus in Muslim majority provinces.
 No bill to be presented without Approval:
No bill or resolution shall be presented in the assembly which
may be affecting the interests of any of the two communities
without the approval of the concerned group.
Importance of Lucknow Pact:
i. The Lucknow Pact was a great achievement of the Hindu and
Muslim Leaders and particularly of Quaid-e-Azam who was
hailed as an ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity.
ii. The main feature of the pact was that the Hindus for the first
time acknowledged the Muslims as a separate nation.
iii. The right of separate electorate of Muslims was accepted by the
Congress.
iv. An agreed solution to the constitutional problems of both
Hindus and Muslims was found.
Conclusion:
The Lucknow Pact proved to be the only beacon light on the political
horizon of India. If this sense of cooperation could have been
continued a better atmosphere of understanding and cooperation
could have been generated. This pact demonstrated the force of unity
and had it been further pushed the political struggle could have
marked the beginning of a new era
Q12. Write a detailed note on Khilafat Movement.
Ans: Introduction:
The origin of Khilafat Movement lies in the concept of rulership
formulated by Quran. After Khulfa – e – Rashidin the title of Caliph
continued to be used by many like Ummayyads, Abbasides and finally
Ottoman Sultans.
The Ottoman Empire was the only Muslim power which had
maintained its authority. The Muslims of subcontinent always
rendered the Khilafat and Caliph as pious and important.
Turkey was defeated in First World War and the Ottoman Empire was
disintegrated.
The Khilafat Movement:
The disintegration of Ottoman khilafat aroused acute sentiments of
anger and grief among the Muslims of South Asia a sthey considered
the caliphate as a symbol of Muslim unity. They launched a strong
movement under the leadership of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar
which is called Khilafat Movement. He forwarded a threefold claim.
i. The Khilafat shall not be dismembered but that the Khilafat
shall have sufficient temporal power for the defence of faith.
ii. The Jazirat – ul – Arab should remain under exclusive Muslim
control without mandate or protection.
iii. The Khalifa shall remain the warden of Holy places.
Treaty of Severes:
In the mean time on 15 May 1920 the “Treaty of Severes” was
published which was a great shock to Muslims.
According to this treaty, the Arab countries were to be independent of
Ottoman Empire and Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia were put
under French and British mandates.
Non Co-operation Movement:
On the advice of Mr Gandhi non – co-operation movement was
started. In this regard the following steps were taken.
i. Surrender of British titles.
ii. Refusal to attend government functions.
iii. Withdrawal of all students from schools and colleges.
iv. Boycott of British law – courts by lawyers.
v. No service by Indians in British Army.
vi. No participation in coming elections.
Hijrat Movement:
One of the features of khilafat movement was migration of Muslims
from India to Afghanistan.
Civil Disobedience:
The Khilafat Movement warned the British government that they
would start civil disobedience as a result of which Ali brothers were
arrested. They were tried at Karachi and were sentenced to two years
rigorous imprisonment.
The last phase of Khilafat:
The Turks took a different approach to Khilafat. At this critical
moment Mustafa Kamal emerged as a great Military leader and
expelled the Greeks from Smyrna.
Conclusion:
The Khilafat Movement did not achieve apparent success but it had a
great impact on subsequent Indian political struggle.
Q13. Write a note on Simon Commission.

Ans: Introduction:
In November 1927, the British Government announced the
appointment of a constitutional commission headed by Sir John
Simon to examine the pace of constitutional advance in India.
Members:
The commission consisted of the following members of parliament.
1. Sir John Simon
2. Lord Viscount
3. Lord Barn
4. Edward Cadger
5. Stephen Walsh
6. Richard Lane – Fox
7. Vernon Hartshorne
Simon Report:
The report published in 1930 in two volumes. Following are some
recommendations of the report.
i. Federal type of the government should be observed.
ii. Diarchy should be abolished.
iii. Governors were to be empowered.
iv. The Prime Minister would be free from all control by the
governor.
v. N. W. F. P to be given a legislative council.
vi. The question of separating Sindh to be examined.
vii. Federal Assembly to be elected by Provincial council.
viii. The new constitution would be able to develop by itself.
Conclusion:
The report was unanimously condemned by all Indians.
Q14. Write a short note on Nehru Report.

Ans: Introduction:
An all party conference was held in 1927 – 28 in Dehli to prepare a
draft constitutional reform as a challenge to Simon commission. A
committee was formed by Motilal Nehru to frame the future
constitution.
Hindu Members:
i. Sir Tej Bahdur Sapru.
ii. G.R Pardhan
iii. N .A Joshi
Muslim Members:
i. Sir Ali Imam
ii. Shoaib Qureshi
Salient Feature:
The report of this commission is called Nehru report. It was published
in August 1928. Its salient features are as follows:
i. Hindi should be made official language.
ii. Unitary form of government to be established in center.
iii. Full provincial status to be given to NWFP and Baluchistan.
iv. Foreign officials, army and defence should be placed under the
direct control of parliament and viceroy.
v. Separate electorate to be replaced by joint electorates.
vi. Full responsible government on model of constitution of self
government dominions to be introduced.
Amendments by Quaid – e – Azam:
Quaid – e – Azam proposed three amendments in Nehru report in
December 1928.
i. 1/3 Muslim representation in central legislature.
ii. Muslim representation in Punjab and Bengal on basis of
population.
iii. Residual powers to be given to provinces.
Hindus rejected these amendments and the Muslims rejected the
Nehru report. As a result Quaid – e – Azam gave his, famous fourteen
points in 1929.
Q15. Write down the fourteen points of Quaid – e – Azam with

reference to Nehru report.
Ans: Nehru Report:
In 1927, the British government declared that the collective
constitutional proposals were brought before the legal experts of the
British government. The Congress decided to call a conference of all
political parties in India. In 1928, a meeting of all parties was held but
no decision was made. The Congress established a committee under
the presidency of Pundit Moti Lal Nehru to prepare a collective
constitutional plan. The committee presented a report in 1928 which
is called as “Nehru Report”. In this report, the Delhi proposals were
rejected, further the separate right of elections of the Muslims which
the congress had accepted in the Luknow Pact 1916 was proposed to
be rejected. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah refused to accept
Nehru Report.
Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam:

After the publication of Nehru report in 1928, the Muslims totally
realized the prejudiced behaviour of the congress against the Muslims.
It made clear the Hindu enemity towards the Muslims. In this report,
all those provisions of Luknow Pact 1916 were rejected which
approved for the protection of the Muslims rights. Nehru report
rejected the principle of separate elections and rejected all those
protection which the Muslims thought necessary for their identity.
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah refused to accept Nehru report
and prepared a model for the guiding principles for making the
constitution which consisted of fourteen points. These guiding
principles became popular as the fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam in
history.
Summary of Fourteen Points:

Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah are as
follows:
i. The form of the future constitution should be federal, with the
residuary power vested in the provinces.
ii. A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all

provinces.
iii. All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be
constituted on the definite principle of adequate and effective
representation of minorities in every province without reducing
the majority in any province to a minority or even equality.
iv. In the central legislature, the Muslims representation shall not
be less than one third.
v. The representation of the communal groups shall continue to be
by separate electorates, provided that it shall be open to any
community, at any time, to abandon to separate electorate in
favour of joint electorate.
vi. Any territorial redistribution that might at any time be
necessary shall not in any way affect the Muslim majority in the
Punjab, Bengal and the North West Frontier Province.
vii. Full religious liberty, that is, liberty of belief, worship and
observance, propaganda, association and education, shall be
guaranteed to all communities.
viii. No bill or resolution or any part there of shall be passed in the
legislature or any other elected body if three fourths of the
members of any community in that particular body oppose it as
being injurious to the interests of that community or in the
alternative, such other method is devised as may be found
feasible and practicable to deal with such cases.
ix. Sindh should be separated from the Bombay presidency.
x. Reforms should be introduced in the North – West Frontier
Province and Balochistan on the same footing as in other
provinces.
xi. Provision should be made in the constitution giving the muslims
adequate share along with the other Indians in all the services
of the state and in local self governing bodies having due regard
to the requirements of efficiency.
xii. The constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the
protection of the Muslim culture and for the protection and
promotion of Muslims education, language, religion, personal
laws, and Muslim charitable institution and for their due share
in the grants in aid giving by the state and by self governing
bodies.
xiii. No Cabinet, either central or provincial, should be formed
without three being at least one third of Muslims ministers.
xiv. No change shall be made in the constitution by the central
legislature except with the concurrence of the states
constituting the Indian Federation.
Importance of Fourteen points:

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a great leader. He was well
aware about the political conditions of South Asia. Due to his
enthusiastic leadership, the Muslims of the sub-continent got a
chance to unite at a platform. He remained with the Muslims in their
struggle for their political rights. He made great efforts for the rights of
the Muslims. Allama Iqbal once said about the enthusiastic leadership
of Quaid-e-Azam.
‫دلنہہہہہہہہہہہہ‬ ‫نگہہہہہہہہہہہہ بلنہہہہہہہہہہہہ سہہہہہہہہہہہہ‬
‫پُہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہ سہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہ‬ ‫جہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہ‬
‫یہہہہہہہی ہہہہہہہ رخہہہہہہ سہہہہہہ میہہہہہہ کہہہہہہ ر‬
‫کہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہ لہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہہی‬
) ‫(عالمہہہہہہہہہہہہہ اقبہہہہہہہہہہہہہ‬
“Allama Iqbal says
that the visible sense,
kind speaking and
sensitive behaviour are
the baggage of a leader of
a nation”.
Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam have great importance in the
struggle for Pakistan. In Nehru report there was the protection of the
rights of the Hindus while in fourteen points not only the issue of the
rights of the Muslims was pointed out but also a suggestion was made
for the protection of the rights of all religious groups. Inspite of this
the congress rejected these points. The Hindu leader of Hindu
Mahasabah Dr. Monjay called these points against the soul of Indian
nationality. He also called them the voluptuousness of the separation
of Sindh. Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam were actually the point of
separation of thoughts of the two nations in the sub-continent.
i. Fourteen points of Quaid- e-Azam are the valuable proof of the
political observance of Quaid-e-Azam.
ii. In fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam, the suggestion was made
for the protection of all minorities in India.
iii. The protection of Muslim rights was given in these fourteen
points.
iv. The best advice was given for the management and progress of
Sindh in these fourteen points.
v. In these points not only the religious freedom for the Muslims
was protected but the same aspect was suggested for all the
nations in India.
vi. In these fourteen points a balanced system of government was
proposed for India.
vii. The principle for electorate system was also explained in these
fourteen points.
viii. In these fourteen points it was advised to adopt same
administrative steps for the progress of Balochistan and
N.W.F.P
The former Prime Minister of Pakistan Chaudry Muhammad Ali wrote
in critical appreciation of the history of Indo-Pakistan in his book “The
Emergence of Pakistan”.
On making the critical appreciation on the past, every
intellectual Hindu would become puzzled that the Hindu
leaders had rejected such right and balanced demands in

the fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam. (Chaudry Muhammad
Ali)
Q16. Describe Allama Iqbal’s Presidential address at Allahabad.

Ans: Allahabad Address:
Introduction:
Allahabad Address is known as the vision of Pakistan because Allama
Iqbal gave the suggestion from the Muslim league’s platform, which
later becomes the sole purpose of the Muslims of India. It was due to
this address that the Muslims got themselves a separate homeland.
Background:
On sketching the background of Allahabad Address we will come to
know that in the beginning, the Muslims wanted to live with the
Hindus and establish friendship but later these relations were very
disappointed for the Muslims and they started thinking of separation.
The Hindu wanted to overcome the Muslims on the basis of majority,
this friendship continued as long as the Hindi interest remained, and
finished abruptly after that. The Hindu wanted to abolish the facility
of separate electorate of the Muslims to continue friendship. Quaid-e-
Azam accepted their demand and separate electorate was abolished in
Delhi proposals.
The Hindu-Muslim Unity would have continued but due to the
publications of Nehru Report, it completely finished. The dream, of
Hindu-Muslims Unity finished for ever Allama Iqbal saw that there
was not much time left for friendly and the Muslims had to select new
method to safeguard the Muslim nights.
Ideas of Partition of India:
Allama Iqbal idea was not a new one. Before this address such ideas
were presented.
 In 1890, Abdul Haleem Sharar, for the 1st time presented his
idea about partition but, it failed.
 In 1917 in Stockholm conference, the Aligarh professor
brothers, give the similar idea, mainly Abdul Jabbar Khair and
Abdul Satar Khair but it did not gather any attention.
 In 1920, Abdul Qadir Bilgrami presemted an idea through the
Badayun’s published Newspaper Zulqarnain. He wrote an
article entitled “An open letter to Gandhi” in which he
represented his idea which did not succeed.
 In 1923, Dera Ismail Khan’s leader, Saradar Guz Khan
presented this idea again but it failed to succeed.
Political Situation at the Time of Allahabad
Address:
The Nehru Report Publication ended this Hindu-Muslims Unity
forever. In its reply, the Quaid-e-Azam presented his fourteen points
which divided an idea into two parts the Hindus wanted the Nehru
Report while the Muslins were in favor fourteen points. The 1st Round
table conference was held from 12th Nov 1930 to 19th Jan 1931.
Congress boycotted it while the Muslims league came to attend it.
Allama Iqbal was convinced with the events that due to the
studhorses of Hindus, the friendship could not be adopted and the
only solution to this was partition.
Vision of Pakistan:
The Muslim leagues Annual session was held on 29th Dec 1930 at
Allahabad which was presided over by Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal.
In his long speech, he compared the Islamic view of life and the
western idea about life. He said,
“India is a Sub-continent of human beings belonging to different
languages and professing different religions on the basis of
constitution the conception of a homogenous India is to prepare
its civil bar. I therefore demand the formation of a consolidated
Muslim state in the best interests of the Muslim of Islam and
South-Asia. The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian
Muslim state appears to be final destiny of the Muslims at least
North-West India.”
Importance of Allahabad Address:
The Muslims did not like the suggestion of partition immediately
because the Muslims still wanted to live together with the Hindus and
enhance friendship. The newspaper also did not take notice of this
address and wrote few lines about it. Its importance was felt at the
Round table conference where Quaid-e-Azam and Maulana
Muhammad Ali Jauhar went to attain Muslim rights. The Muslims
became dejected with the Hindu and decided its solution as the
partition.
Pakistan Movement and Allahabad Address:
The Pakistan Movement started in 1937, reefing in view the Iqbal’s
vision and chaudry Rahmat Ali’s Idea of 1933. At that time the
congress Ministries attained a harsh attitude towards the Muslims
and the Muslims decided to separate starting the Pakistan Movement.
Apart from the Muslims of Muslim majority provinces, Muslim
minority provinces took active part in 1938; a resolution was passed
from Sindh demanding partition. In 1940 Pakistan Resolution was
passed. On 14th August 1947, the Muslim got the homeland of their
own.
Q17. Write a short note on round table conferences.

Ans: As a result of the failure of Simon commission and civil disobedience
movement by Indians the British government realized that no
constitution would be successful without the co-operation of Indians.
So they invited all leaders to London for a series of Round table
conference on constitutional issue. It held three sessions in 1930,

1931 and 1932.
First Round Table Conference 1930:

The first session of Round table conference opened in London on
November 12, 1930 and closed on 19 January 1931. Aga Khan was
the elected head of Indian delegation while Muslims were represented
by Maulana Muhammad Ali and Quaid – e – Azam. Congress did not
participate in this conference as they were of the opinion that
discussion must not be done on responsible self government but a
constitution must be shaped for free India.
Second Round Table Conference 1931:
It opened on September 07, 1931 and closed on December 01, 1931.
Allama Iqbal was also invited to attend it. Congress was represented
by Gandhi. This conference also failed as Gandhi insisted on depriving
Muslims of their legitimate rights while Muslims stuck to their
demands.
Third Round Table Conference 1932:
The third and the last conference began on November 17, 1932 and
closed on December 24, 1932. It was short as compared to the other
two conferences. Congress was again absent and the others had lost
interest in it.
Q18. Write a note on Congress Ministers.

Ans: The elections to the legislature of autonomous provinces were held in
February and March 1937. Both congress and Muslim League
participated in it. Congress won majority in many provinces and was
successful in forming ministers in eight out of the eleven provinces.
They resumed the office and the interim government resigned. The
congress did not form collation ministeries with Muslim League and
the Muslim suffered the following ill treats in these ministeries.
Impact ofCongress Ministers:

i. Hindu Muslim Riots:
Hindu Muslim riots were common in congress rule. The Hindus
were free to assault Muslims and set their property on fire.
ii. Ban on religion:
A ban was put on Islam. Bands were played in front of mosques
cow slaughter was banned.
iii. Vande Matram:
The Muslim students were forced to sing Vande Matram, which
showed hatred towards Muslims. They were also forced to put a
tilak on their forehead.
iv. Hosting of three coloured flag: 3
Immediately after taking over the government the congress
ordered to put three coloured flag along with Union Jack, just to
stress that there are only two powers in India i.e. the British
and the Congress.
v. Injustice in government employment:

The doors of the government employment were closed for the
Muslims.
vi. Worshipping Gandhi:
The students were forced to pay respect and homage to
Gandhi’s picture in Schools assemblies.
vii. Expansion of Hindi Language:
Hindi was enforced as official language in all provinces.
viii. Warda Taleemi Scheme:
This scheme was planned to sway; Muslim children against
their ideology and tell them that all people living in India were
Indians.
ix. Vidya Mandar Scheme:
According to this scheme Mandir education was made
compulsory.
x. Patronization of Hindu Festivals:
All the Hindu festivals like Dewali, Shivsatri, Holi etc were
patronized.
xi. Eradication of Muslim culture:
All efforts were made to humiliate Islam and Muslims.
xii. Muslim Mass Contact Compaign:
The main purpose of this scheme was to crush the popularity of
Muslim League amongst Muslims.
Day of Deliverance:
In 1938, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was given the title of Quaid – e –
Azam. When congress ministers resigned in 1939. Quaid – e – Azam
asked the Muslims to celebrate December 22, 1939 as a day of
deliverance and thanks giving in token of relief from the tyranny and
operssion of Congress rule.
Q19. Describe Pakistan resolution or Lahore resolution and

its importance in the struggle for Pakistan.
Ans: Lahore Resolution or Pakistan Resolution 1940:
All India Muslims League presented a resolution for the demand of a
separate state for the Muslims of the sub-continent on the basis of the
Two Nation Theory in its 27th annual meeting on 23rd March 1940 at
Minto Park Lahore which is known as Lahore Resolution or Pakistan
Resolution. This resolution was presented by the chief minister of
Bengal Maulvi A.K. Fazal-ul-Haq. Chaudry Khaliq-uz-Zaman first
agreed to this proposal then the other prominent leaders were also
agreed to it who belonged to different provinces. This resolution was

accepted on 24th March 1940.
Summary of Pakistan Resolution:
Muslim League gave its demands in the final form in this annual
meeting and arranged a programme for the reaction against the
improvement made by the British in India. The important points of
Pakistan resolution can be explained as follows:
i. Geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions
which should be so constituted, with such territorial
adjustment as may necessary, that the areas in which the
muslims are numerically in majority as in the North- Western
and Eastern zones of India.
ii. Adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards should be
specifically provided in the constitution for minorities for the
protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political,
administrative and other rights.
iii. The Federal scheme which has been mentioned in Government
of India act 1935 is nearly unsuitable and unapplicable due to
the particular conditions of the country and it can not be
accepted for the Muslims India in any case.
iv. A power is given to the working committee of Muslim league to
arrange a constitutional scheme by which the Muslims state
become able to control the Defence, Foreign Affairs,
Communication, Custom and other matters in their regions.
Importance of Pakistan Resolution:
Pakistan resolution was the beginning of the struggle for
independence because; the Muslims were proved to be a nation with
great ideals. In this resolution it was also proposed to implement
some constitutional improvement in the majority holding regions of
the Muslims. After this, a way was completely developed for the
establishment of Pakistan because the social principles of the
Muslims and their point of view in Indian politics became clear, due to
this, Muslim league had converted into a very active political party of
the Muslims and its started struggle to achieve a common cause. In
Pakistan Resolution, it was decided collectively that the Muslims
would not accept any plan which did not give them independence in
those parts of India where they were in majority than the Hindus such
as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India. The struggle for
independence became more effective after Pakistan resolution which
can be explained as follows:
i. In 1942, Cripps proposals were presented in which it was
declared that the independence would be given to the sub-
continent after the end of Second World War. The new
constitution would be of Federal type in which the protection
would be provided to all minorities, provincial autonomy would
also be given. In these proposals, the decision was made after
the consideration of the demands of Muslim League.
ii. After the departure of Cripps Mission, “Quit India Movement”
was started by the Congress in which the government property
was destroyed in anti social
activists of the Congress. The Muslims and Muslim League did
not participate in Quit India Movement. However Quaid-e-Azam,
in reply to “Quit India” slogans by the Congress, demanded
“First divide and then Quit”. Due to this the concept of the
partition of India was cleared before the British Government.
iii. In June 1945, Simla Conference was held, in which a proposal
was made to select five Muslim representatives. The Congress
insisted to nominate at least one representative from Muslim
League but the Muslim instated to have an exclusive right to
nominate Muslim member of the Viceroy’s Council, because it
was the only representative party of the Muslims. The
conference broke out on this point.
iv. In April 1946 at the occasion of Delhi Convention, Hussain Syed
Suharvardi presented a Resolution in the presence of Quaid-e-
Azam in which a demand was made for an independent state for
the Muslims in North-Western and North-Eastern parts of the
sub-continent.
v. In the elections of 1946, Muslim League won all Muslim seats
for the Central Assembly and these elections proved Muslim
League as the first representative political party of the Muslims.
Thus a demand for a separate state became the demand of the
Muslims which gave them Pakistan on August 14, 1947.
It is cleared after the consideration of above points that Muslim
League made its struggle fast after the approval of Pakistan
Resolution, therefore the demand for Pakistan started to
become popular in the sub-continent although the congress was
showing opposition to this demand it was the effort of the
congress that the Muslims could not succeed in getting a
separate state but the Muslim League won all the Muslim seats
for central assembly. Hence it was proved that Muslim League
is the only representative political party of the Muslims in the
sub-continent. Quaid-e-Azam said in his speech on the
occasion of Pakistan Resolution that the Muslims should think
hundred times before making a decision but when a decision is
made then all should become united on it. Thus the Muslims
became united according to the statement of Quaid-e-Azam
which gave them a progress in their struggle, hence they were
able to get Pakistan.
Q20. Describe the aims and objectives of the struggle of

Pakistan.
Ans: Introduction:
The creation of Pakistan on August 14 started from 1857. a glimpse
into the history of the sub-continent seems necessary to understand
the justification for the demand of Pakistan.
Advent of Muslims in the Continent:

The introduction of Islam and its propagation in south Asia started
earnestly when Sindh was conquered by Mohammad Bin Qasim in
712 A.D. Many local people accepted Islam because they were
impressed by the superior culture, good behaviour and general
courtesy of the Muslims.
Advent of Europeans:
The British entry into the Indo-Pak sub-continent took place through
East India Company founded in 1600 with the aim of trading benefits
and gradually acquired political powers.
The War of Independence:
With the complete domination of the British both Hindus and
Muslims realized that a third party had taken advantage of their
conflicts. Adversity brought them together and this unity flared in the
form of war of independence 1857. Their attempts were in vain and
British conquered all states lying between Delhi and Bengal.
British Rule:
When British came in power, the Hindus being cunning extended
their cooperation to the new rulers. The Muslims were oppressed by
both British and the Hindus.
Struggle for Basic Human Rights:
The British government resulted in a system in which the Muslims
were deprived even of their basic human rights.
Justification for Demand of Pakistan:
Inspite of the 800 years rule of the Muslims over the sub-continent
the Hindus did not accept Muslims as their rulers. They always tried
to eradicate Muslims and their distinct identity. All these inhuman
acts were resisted by the Muslims. The majority of the Hindu
population not only believed in a strong caste system but also had a
prejudice against the non-Hindu people. As a consequence if power
was handed over to the Hindus the Muslims would not have obtained
equal rights as citizens and would have been crushed or merged into
the Hindu community.
Difference between the Two Nations:
The Muslims and the Hindus were two different nations, though they
had lived together for many hundred years yet they could not evolve
into one nation. The Muslims had their own culture, civilization,
customs, philosophy of life and religion. The most distinctive feature
of the Muslims was their faith in the Unicity of God, finality of the
prophet hood on Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) teachings of Islam and
equality of all men. It was obvious that under the Hindus rule the
Muslims Would have been condemned to perpetual social inequality.
Avowal by A Statement:
It was also avowed by a statement written by an eminent historian of
India that,
“The followers of Islam settled in large numbers but they
did not mergethemselves into the Hindu pattern so far the first
time in Indian historytwo distinct but important communities
and culture stood face to face and India was permanently divided
into two powerful units.”
(Glimpses of Bengal)
Protection of Separate Identity:

The Muslims believed strongly that they are distinct and separate
people. They gradually realized the need of a separate homeland for
themselves. As a separate nation they were entitled to self rule in
those areas where they were in majority to develop their Islamic
values.
Conclusion:
This was the justification for the demand of Pakistan and hence
Pakistan movement started.
Q21. Write a note on Cripps Mission.

Ans: In order to resolve the political deadlock of the sub-continent Sir
Stafford Cripps was sent by the British Government to India. He came
to discuss with the leaders of India, the future Indian constitution.
During his stay Cripps met Maulana Azad, Jinnah, Gandhi and
Nehru. After a week’s discussion he announced his proposal on March
29, 1942.
Cripps Proposal:
i. Constituent Assembly:
A constituent Assembly consisting of elected representatives
from the provinces and nominated representatives from the
state shall be formed immediately after the war to frame a new
constitution for India.
ii. Grounds for acceptance of constitution:
The constitution framed by the constituent assembly shall have
to be accepted on the following grounds.
a) Any province of British India not prepared to accept the
new constitution would have the right to retain its present
constitutional position.
b) A fresh agreement would have to be concluded between
the constituent assembly and British Government to
settle the issues pertaining to the transfer of power.
iii. Dominion Status:
India would be given dominion status.
iv. Defence:
The government would retain the control of defence of India
until the cessation of war.
v. Government of India act 1935:
The government of India act 1935 shall remain in force until the
end of war.
vi. Viceroy’s Executive Council:
The executive council Viceroy will consist of representatives of
political parties where as the Commander In – Chief and finance
Minister shall be a British National.
vii. Acception or Rejection:

The suggestions are to be accepted or rejected as a whole and
there shall be no amendments. It would only be implemented
when both Muslim League and Congress accept them
unanimously.
This proposal was rejected both by Congress and Muslim
League. The Congress characterized it as “a post dated cheque
on a failing bank”. While Mr Jinnah said,
“If these were accepted Muslims would become a minority
in their majority provinces as well”.
The mission failed and the political situation of India worsened day by
day.
Q22. Write a brief note on Quit India Movement.

Ans: The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chordo) was a call for immediate
independence of India from British rule by Mr Gandhi on 14th July
1942, Indian national congress passed a resolution demanding
complete independence from Britian. The draft proposed that if British
did not accede to the demands a massive Civil Disobedience would be
launched. This Movement was launched on August 8, 1942 at the
Bombay session of Congress committee, with the famous call of “do or
die” Indians were to wage one last struggle to achieve independence or
die in that attempt.
The quit India movement was followed by large scale violence for
which the British Government held Mr Gandhi responsible.
Quaid – e – Azam considered this movement as an anti – Muslim
action. In reply to Quit India slogan by congress, Muslim League
demanded “First divide, then Quit”.
The British responded to this by mass detention. A total of 90,000
arrests were made nationwide.
Q23. Write the details of Cabinet mission.

Ans: To end the deadlock between the two major parties Congress and
Muslim League after the general elections 1945 – 46 the British
Government sent a special mission of Cabinet Ministers to India.
Members:
i. Lord Lawrence
ii. Sir Cripps
iii. A.V Alexandar
Purpose:
i. Preparatory discussion with elected representatives to secure
agreement as to the method of framing constitution.
ii. Setting up a constitution body.
iii. Setting of executive council.
Proposal:
The mission arrived on March 24, 1946 and after discussion with
Muslim League and Congress, presented its proposal on May 16,
1946. The main points were.
i. Union of India:
There shall be a union of the sub – continent which shall be
responsible for foreign affairs, defence and communication.
ii. Residuary Powers:
Except the above subjects all other affairs shall be the
responsibility of provinces.
iii. Right to opt:
Provinces shall be authorized to form their own groups and each
group shall frame constitution itself.
iv. Constitutional Terms:
Provinces shall be authorized to demand for changes in
constitution with a majority decision after ten years.
v. Three – pronged federation:
South Asia was divided into three groups.
A = UP, Bihar, Orissa, CP, Bombay and Madras.
B = Punjab, Sindh, NWFP.
C = Bengal and Assam
vi. Interim Government:
There would also be an interim government having support of
political parties.
The Muslim League accepted the plan on June 6, 1946 while congress
accepted it on June 25, 1946.
Q24. Write a short note on Redcliff Awards.

Ans: Mr. Radcliff an ordinary lawyer was sent from England to India for the
demarcation of the boundaries of Punjab and Bengal.
The viceroy and Mr Radcliff connived with Congress and demarcated
the boundaries according to their wishes. Radcliff included many
Muslim majority areas in India and deprived Pakistan of the waters of
Sutlej, Bias, Ravi. Further he extended the frontiers of India upto
Kashmir. Through Gurdaspur, India captured Kashmir and created a
Kshmir issue which is still unsolved.
The defected planning of Radcliff created many problems for Pakistan.
Chapter # 02
History of Pakistan
1. Quaid – e – Azam inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan in ________.
a. 1949 b. 1948 c. 1947
2. The Government of Pakistan enforced Zakat system in __________.
a. 1980 b. 1981 c. 1982
3. Indus Basin Treaty was signed in ____________.
a. 1961 b. 1960 c. 1962
4. RCD pact came in ___________.
a. 1962 b. 1963 c. 1964
5. The first Governor General of Pakistan was ____________.
a. Muhammad Ali Jinnah
b. Liaquat Ali Khan
6. The name of Pakistan was coined by ______________.
a. Chaudhary Rahmat Ali
b. Liaquat Ali Khan
c. Allama Iqbal
7. Quaid – e – Azam addresses the first meeting of the constitutional
assembly at Karachi on __________.
a. August 14, 1947 b. August 13, 1947 c.August 11, 1947
8. In Kashmir 85% of population is _____________.
a. Muslim b. Hindu c. Sikh
9. Tehrik – e – Nizam – e – Mustafa was launched in ____________.
a. 1976 b. 1977 c. 1974
10. Sindh was separated from Bombay in ______________.
a. 1936 b. 1934 c. 1935
11. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar was buried in the Holy Mosque of
________.
a. Jerusalem b. Iran c. Madina
12. ___________ is the highest military award of Pakistan.
a. Nishan – e – Basalat
b. Nishan – e – Juraat
c. Nishan – e – Haider
13. _______ is the highest civil award of Pakistan.
a. Nishan – e – Pakistan
b. Nishan – e – Haider
c. Nishan – e – Basalat
14. The biggest province of Pakistan according to area is ____________.
a. Sindh b. Punjab c. Baluchistan
15. 1 round table conference took place in _____________.
st
a. 1931 b. 1930 c. 1932
16. 2nd round table conference took place in ____________.

a. 1931 b. 1930 c. 1932
17. The second governor general was ____________ .
a. Liaquat Ali Khan
b. Allama Iqbal
18. The growth rate of Pakistan is _________%.
a. 4 b. 5 c. 3
19. Sindh has _____________ divisions.
a. 4 b. 5 c. 6
20. Pakistan was recognized as a republic in ______________.
a. 1954 b. 1956 c. 1955
Answers:
1 2 3 4 5
1948 1980 1960 1964 Muhammad
Ali Jinnah
6 7 8 9 10
Chaudhary August Muslim 1977 1936
Rehmat Ali 11, 1947
11 12 13 14 15
Jeruselum Nishan – e Nishan – e Baluchistan 1930
– Haider – Pakistan
16 17 18 19 20
1931 Khawaja 3 4 1956
Nazim
uddin
Short Answers and Questions

Q1. When and which treaty was signed between India and
Pakistan with respect to water dispute?
Ans: Indus Basin treaty was signed between Pakistan and India in 1960
with the help of World Bank.
Q2. Name the rivers on which the Mangla Dam and Tarbela
Dam are built.
Ans. Mangla Dam is built on river Jehlum, whereas Terbela Dam is built on
river Indus.
Q3. When and who presented the Pakistan resolution?

Ans. Maulvi A.K.Fazal-ul-Haq (Sher-e-Bengal) the Chief Minister of Bengal
presented the Pakistan resolution on 23rd March 1940, at Lahore
where now stands Minar-e-Pakistan.
Q4. Name any two ministers of cabinet mission.

Ans. The cabinet members on a mission to South Asia includes:
i. Lord Pathic Lawrence ii. Sir Srafford Crips
iii. A.V. Alexander
Q5. Who was the chief of the boundary commission and

which Muslim area on route to Kashmir was handed
over to India by him?
Ans. Sir Cyril Radcliff was the chief of the boundary commission. He
handed over Gurdaspur, the Muslim majority area to India.
Q6. When did “Quit India Movement” started and what

addition to the slogan was made by Quaid – e – Azam?
Ans. Quit India Movement started in 1942 and the slogan added by Quaid
– e – Azam was “First Divide then Quit”.
Q7. When and under whose leadership did the Simla

Delegation meet the viceroy?
Ans. The Simla Delegation met the viceroy, Lord Minto at Simla on 1st
October, 1906, under the leadership of Sir Agha Khan.
Q8. Who composed the verses of National Anthem? When

was it approved?
Ans. Abul Asar Hafeez Jalindheri composed the verses of National Anthem.
It was approved in June, 1954.
Q9. Who composed the tune of National Anthem? What is its

duration?
Ans. Ahmed G. Chagla composed the tune of National Anthem, its duration
is of eighty (80) seconds.
Important Leaders:
Leader Birth Death
i. Quaid – e – Azam 1876 1948
ii. Sir Syed 1817 1898
iii. Allama Iqbal 1877 1938
Round Table Conferences:

i. 1930 First round table conference
ii. 1931 Second round table conference
iii. 1932 Third round table conference.
Descriptive Answers and Questions

Q1. Describe the events from 1940 – 1947.
Ans: Introduction:
The Hindus and Muslims were two different nations having different
religious, faith and belief. The Muslims did not resemble with Hindus
in any way. There were many clashes between the Hindus and
Muslims. The Muslims wanted a separate homeland so that they can
practice the laws of Islam.
Events From 1940-1947:
Pakistan Resolution (1940):
On 23rd March 1940, a resolution was passed by the chief Minister of
Bengal, A.K Fazal Haq demanding the separation of Muslims majority
regions into a single country. This resolution was named Lahore
Resolution but it was renamed as Pakistan Resolution.
August Offer (1940):
On 8th August 1940, the Britishers presented an offer to the Hindus
and the Muslims to participate in the viceroy’s Executive Council
Quaid-e-Azam said that the league had agreed with the offer but only
“in principles” though the details were not satisfactory. Due to
different reasons it was rejected by both the Hindus and the Muslims.
Cripps Mission (1942):
Sir Stafford Cripps in the form of one delegation member came to

India in order to hold negotiations with the Muslim League and
Congress. However, his mission failed.
Quit India Movement (1942):

On 8th august 1942, the Congress started the non-co-operation
movement so that pressure may be executed on British Government
in two ways that of world and that from India’s internal movement.
These Hindus thought that the British would leave, while Quaid-e-
Azman demanded ‘First divide then Quit’.
Raj Gopal Achariya’s Formula (1944):
As a result of Quit India Movement, several congress leaders were
brought behind the bar. Raj Gopal Achariya presented his formula of
holding negotiations between congress and Muslim league. His
formula failed.
Gandhi – Jinnah Talks (1944):
In September 1944, Gandhi paid a visit to Quaid-e-Azam at his
residence to hold talks with him. He questioned the reason for
petitioning. He (Jinnah) told Gandhi that the Hindus and Muslims
belong to two separate religions. These talks proved to be fruitless.
Wave Plan (1945):
Lord Wevell, the viceroy of India at that time made a plan to solve the
internal problems of India. He said that the only solution was the
formation of viceroy’s executive Council.
Simla Conference (1945):
21 Indian leaders went Simla to participate in the conference to reach
an agreement between the congress and Muslims. This plan also fails.
Elections (1945-1946):
After the world war, the government of Britain held election in the
sub-continent Muslim League also participated in it and won 30 seats
in the Central Assembly and 429 in the Provincial Assembly. This was
a big victory for the Muslim league and they celebrated it on 11th Jan
1946.
Delhi Convention (1946):
On 10th April 1946, the Muslim League rated in account of their
victory in elections on the fact that they had proved themselves the
sole representative body of the Muslims. The ministries were formed
but still there were clashes between Hindus and Muslims which led to
the arrival of new viceroy to India, Lord Mountbatten.
3rd June Plan (1947):
Lord Mountbatten after negotiations with Hindus and Muslims came
to the decision that Hindustan will be divided and given freedom.
Punjab and Bengal will also be divided. The country formed will be
free to appoint its Governer General. The Indian Act of 1935 will be
implemented until the country forms its own law. Quaid-e-Azam
forwarded it in the form of speech.
Cabinet Mission (1946):
Three ministers of British Government visited South Asia in order to
reach on an agreement between Muslim league and congress.
Interim Ministries (1946):

On 11th Sep 1946 congress was allowed to form ministries on Hindu
quota. The Muslims got angry with it and observed a black day. They
rejected the cabinet Mission. Therefore on the 12th October 1946, they
were also allowed to form ministries. Hence, 11ministries were formed.
Congress : 06
Muslim League : 05
Sikh : 01
Parasee : 01
Christian : 01
Conclusion Establishment of Pakistan (1947):
After a lot of struggle and hard work, Pakistan came into existence on
14th August 1947. According to Islamic Calendar, it was Jummat-ul-
Wida, 27th of Ramadan 1366 Hijri. Muslims succeeded in their fight
against freedom. Thus Pakistan did not quiet rise to a nationality but
all the Muslims of Sub-continent are one nation, this was the spirit
that created Pakistan.
Q2. What were the initial difficulties faced by Pakistan after

its creation?
Ans: Introduction:
Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947 after a long and hard
struggle of the Muslims. Being a newly born state Pakistan faced a lot
of difficulties. Some of these are as follows:
Formation of Government:
i. Lack of Experienced Personnel:
The most important task was to establish administration for
government but there was a great deficiency of able and
experienced personnel’s, so junior staff was occupying posts.
ii. Official Accommodation:
There was no proper accommodation for administrative
purposes. The central secretariat began to function in army
barracks with no proper furniture or stationary. More over the
official records required for administration were destroyed by
Hindus.
iii. Constitutional Problem:
After partition, government of India act 1935 was adopted with
some amendments as constitution.
iv. Choice of Capital:
To form a government and establish a secretariat the choice of

capital was another problem. Therefore Karachi was chosen.
Division of Financial and Military Assets:
i. Obsolete Machinery:
Pakistan needed military equipment for defence and other
machinery for economic welfare. The army was justly divided
but the military assets were divided most unjustly. All weapons
were not transferred, only the Obselete and out dated were
given. Similarly, railway carriages were sent very late and only
the broken ones were sent.
ii. No Ordinance factories:
There was no ordinance factory in Pakistan while there were 16
in India.
iii. Division in Money:
At the time of partition Pakistan was to receive 75 million out of
which only 200 million were paid. Later because of Gandhi’s
strike 500 more were paid. 50 million have still not been paid.
Rehabilitation of Refugees:
i. Communal Strife:
As a result of attacks by Hindus and Sikhs at the time of
partition when Muslims reached Pakistan they had either been
injured or had lost their families and money.
ii. Refugee accommodation:
Just after a few weeks of creation more than a million Muslims
had migrated to Pakistan. There was no place to accommodate
number of growing refugees. Also there were no shops or
schools or hospitals.
Canal Water Dispute:
Irrigation head works were in India. Due to the division of Punjab, the
head works of various rivers went to India. Knowing that Pakistan is
an agricultural country. India stopped the flow of water in canals on
1st April 1948. So in the beginning Pakistan had to pay a lot to buy
water.Later in 1960, the matter resolved due to Indus Basin Treaty.
Language Problem:
The newly born state had a difficulty in choosing national language
also. The western and eastern halves were not agreeing on one
language.
Pakhtoon Problem:
The northern areas also created many problems for Pakistan. They
believed themselves to be a separate nation. Therefore, they revolted
against Pakistani government.
Death of Quaid – e – Azam:
Soon after independence Pakistan lost the dynamic leadership of
Quaid –e – Azam on September 11, 1948.
Conclusion:
As a new state Pakistan had to face a lots of problems due to the
diplomacy of Hindus and British.
Q3. Describe the services of Quaid – e – Azam in making
Pakistan.
Ans: Quaid – e – AzamMuhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan and
the fatherofnation rendered great services to the Muslims of sub –
continent. He received his early education at Karachi and left for
England for higher studies where he did his law. He returned to India
and started his practice in Bombay.
In Politics:
He entered the politics in 1906 and was elected a member of
legislative council. On insistence of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar he
joined Muslim League in 1913 and retained his membership in
congress too.
Ambassador:
He was an ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity and made sincere
efforts in this regard. Lucknow pact 1916 is an example of his
sincerity.
Elected President of Muslim League:
He joined Muslim League in 1913 and reestablished the party with
great zeal and zest.
Nehru Report:
He rejected the Nehru report in 1928 as it was against the favour of
Muslims.
Fourteen points:
He presented his fourteen points in reply of Nehru report in which he
had demanded all the fundamental rights for Muslims.
Struggle Against Slogan of One India:
Quaid – e – Azam was well aware of the Hindu nature so he rejected
the slogan of One India and clearly said:
“There are three power in India namely Muslims, Hindus and British”.
Round Table Conference:
He represented Muslims of India in three round table conferences.
Day of Deliverance:
When the Congress ministers resigned Quaid – e – Azam declared to
celebrate “Day of Deliverance” as mark of thanks and joy on 22nd
December 1939.
Pakistan Resolution:
On 23rd March 1940 a resolution was passed under the presidentship
of Quaid – e – Azam. It demanded a separate homeland for Muslims.
Rejection of Cripps Mission:
Quaid – e – Azam rejected the Cripps proposal in 1942 as it did not
contain the Muslim demand.
Gandhi – Jinnah Talk:

In 1938 Gandhi – Jinnah talks were held. These talks made Gandhi
realize that without Muslims they cannot make British leave India.
Simla Conference:
He rejected Simla Conference in 1946 and made a clear demand for
separate Muslim homeland.
Cabinet Mission:
Cabinet Mission proposals were rejected by Quaid – e – Azam.
3rd June plan:
Quaid – e – Azam signed the 3rd June plan of division of India on
behalf of Muslims of sub – continent.
Quaid’s Struggle in attainment of Stability:
After the creation of Pakistan Quaid – e – Azam strived hard for
attainment of its stability.
Conclusion:
Without the Quaid’s bold decisions and struggle the Muslims would
not have been able to attain a separate homeland.
Q4. Write a note on Kashmir issue.

Ans. Pakistan had to face a sea of troubles and toils right after its birth.
There was a long trial of trials; however the most important of these
was the dispute of Jammu and Kashmir.
Location of the State of Jammu and Kashmir:
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is situated in the North of Pakistan.
It was the largest princely state in the sub-continent. This state is
contours to Pakistan, China, Tibet and Afghanistan.
Population of the State:
The total population of the State Jammu and Kashmir was 4 million
according the census of 1941.
Area ofthe State:
The area of the state was 84471 sq km.
A Muslim State:
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is predominantly a Muslim state
with Muslims being majority in the area.
Kashmir and Dogra Rajas:
The British Government sold the whole area of the state to the Dogra
Raja, Gulab Singh for Rs. 75 lac only in the year 1846. The Raja and
his successors played havoc with the Muslims of the state. The
Muslims were crushed socially, economically and culturally.
Freedom Movement in Jammu Kashmir:
The struggle for independence from the Dogra atrocities started much
before the Pakistan movement. The Raja restarted the freedom fighters
with an iron hand but spirit for freedom can never by crushed
through atrocity. The Kashmiri’s even today are struggling to win the
destination of freedom. They aspire for annexation with Pakistan
“Kashmir banay ga Pakistan” is the main slogan of Kashmiri people.
Kashmiri ties with Pakistan:
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is very close to Pakistan both on
religious as well as geographical grounds. Most of the rivers that
irrigate the soil of Pakistan flow from Kashmir. The Kashmir is
emotionally attached with Pakistan. Therefore they passed the Raja to
join Pakistan.
Fake Annexation of Kashmir with India:
Raja did everything to crush the freedom movement of the Kashmiri
people. He forced to slaughtered 2 lac kashmiri’s but the movement
got momentum with the passage of time. Being unable to handle the
situation in Kashmir, the Raja requested India to come to his rescue.
Indian government offered help on the condition to get Raja’s
signature on the document of annexation. Raja utterly refused and the
Indian government prepared a fake document of annexation which the
state of Jammu and Kashmir had annexed with India.
Azad Kashmir:
The Kashmir people did not lose heart even in such a grim situation.
They kept on fighting with the Indian army for their cause until they
got librated a large area of Kashmir. This area is under the control of
Pakistan and is called Azad Jammu Kashmir.
The Interference of the Security Council:
Soon India got frightened of the Kashmiri freedom frenzy. When the
situation became tense on the line of control, the Indian government
sought help of the Security Council of the United Nations. The
Security Council intervened and passed two resolutions.
Two Resolutions of the Security Council:
The Security Council passed the following resolutions:
 Both the parties (Pakistan and India) were advised to accept
cease-fire.
 The dispute of Kashmir must be resolved according to the
aspirations of the people. For this purpose plebiscite was to be
held.
The Kashmiri freedom fighters co-operated with the Security Council
to bring about peace.
Two wars between Pakistan and India over the
Kashmir Issue.
The armed struggle stopped in Kashmir on Security Council’s promise
of holding a plebiscite. But unfortunately Security Council could do
nothing in face of the interests of the major powers. The plebiscite
could not be held and the Kashmiris were deprived of their basic
rights. Pakistan was denied justice. This tyranny led to two wars
between India and Pakistan. The wars resulted in nothing but blind
bloodshed. Security Council passed more resolutions but nothing was
done practically.
Conclusion:
The dispute of Jammu and Kashmir has not been resolved since many
decades. India has sent large number of army personnel in the valley
of Kashmir who are writing chapters of tyranny on the annals of the
history. The problem of Kashmir is still pending on the agenda of the
United Nations. Every now and then, many resolutions are passed but
these resolutions prove nothing but lip service.
Q5. Highlight the main points which make the character of
Quaid – e – Azam a model for others.
Ans Quiad-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25th December
1876 in Karachi. His father’s name was Jinnah Poonjah who was a
trader of leather. The family of Quiad-e-Azam had been settled at
Karahdar Karachi after migration from Gujrat. The name of the
mother of Quiad-e-Azam was Shireen Bibi or Mithi Bai who was the
daughter of the minister of Agha Khan named Moosa Juma. Quiad-e-
Azam received his early education from Okhai Memon Masjid
Kharadar. After this he received education from Church Mission High
School for some years then he got admitted in Sindh Madressah-tul-
Islam Karachi. After this he was sent to England for higher studies
where he received the education of law from Lincon’s Inn. In April
1896 he passed the examination of law. After recieiving a degree of law
he started practice in Bombay. In 1906 he started to take part in
politics. In 1910 he joined as a member of legislature. Qauid-e-Azam
initially joined the Congress but in 1913 he joined the Muslim League
and devoted himself for the rights of the Msulims. He struggled hard
and won Pakistan, a separate homeland for the Muslims of the sub-
continent on 14th August 1947. After the establishment of Pakistan he
became the first Governor General. He died on 11th September 1948.
Salient Features of the Personality of Qauid-e-
Azama:
Qauid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah had a strong personality; there
was stability in his character. Apparently he looked stern but actually
he was a kind hearted person but he always followed the rules. Qauid-
e-Azam’s role as Governor General may be visualized in the light of his
personal character, selfless qualities of dedication, sacrifice and love
for Pakistan. He was a real political leader. The salient features of the
character of Qauid-e-Azam which make him a model for others are as
follows:
 Principle Liking  Intelligence
 Attractive Personality  Strong character
 Constant Thinking  Devotion
 Honesty  Favor for youth
 Principle Liking:
Qauid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a principle liking
person. He always did the politics of the principles. He made his
life a sum of principles. He was a man of principles and acted
upon whatever he said or promised to do.
 Intelligence:
Qauid-e-Azam was an intelligent leader and combined the traits
such as statesmanship, courage, sense of responsibility,
integrity, forwardness and dedication to his cause.
 Honesty
A prominent quality of the character of Qauid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was his honesty. He was an honest and
courageous person.He boldly dare speak what he considered
was in the interest of the Muslims.
 Attractive Personality:
Qauid-e-Azam possessed a pleasing personality combined with
polished manners.His dress was always neat and exceptionally
good. His presence in the gathering remained an attraction to
others.
 Strong Character:
Quaid-e-Azam was a man of very strong character. He did not
compromise on his principles. He showed stability in very
critical situation and continued his struggle. He never
compromised on principles especially on the cause of Muslims
and the Pakistan. He continued his struggle for Pakistan inspite
of his severe illness.
 Constant Thinking:
There was a constant thinking in the behavior of Quaid-e-Azam.
He was a resolute man of untiring spirit. He never showed
confusing thoughts. His thoughts were constant in nature. He
always kept his words true. Constant thinking is visible from
his speeches.
 Devotion:
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah always liked to lead a
purposeful life. When he entered in the politics, he made a
purpose for the protection for the rights of the Muslims. Then he
devoted his whole life in the struggle for Pakistan. It was his
vision, courage, selfless service and dedication that he over
come the huge problems of Pakistan soon after it appeared on
the map of the world.
 Favor for Youth:
It was a great quality of Quaid-e-Azam that he always supported
and admired the younger generation and the students. He called
the students the builder of nation. He advised the youth to
receive courage and strength. He also used to advise the
younger generation to receive education and to do political
work.
In short Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah had a different
personality in which determination and courage was combined.
He was a man of principles; he never showed deviation from his
word. He always tried for the welfare of the Muslims. He was a
sensitive person but with his strong will he did not ever show
his feelings to others. He was a serious looking person which
made him apparently stern but he was a kind hearted person.

He struggled practically for the rights of the Muslims. The
Muslims were united due to his efforts and they won a separate
home land under the able leadership of Quaid-e-Azam.
Q20. Describe the role of Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General

of Pakistan.
Ans. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah:
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25th December
1876 in a locality of Karachi. His father’s name was Jinnah Poonjah
who was a trader of leather. He received his early religious education
from Okhai Memon Masjid Kharadar. He further received his early
education from Church Mission High School,and Sindh Madressah-
tul-Islam Karachi. After this he was sent to England for higher studies
where he received the education of law from Lincon’s Inn. The mother
of Quaid-e-Azam was Shireen Bibi nick named as Mithi Bai who was
the daughter of a minister Moosa Juma of Agha Khan. He received a
degree of law at the age of nineteen in April 1896. He came back to
India in August 1896 and started practice as a lawyer. He entered in
the politics of the sub-continent in 1906, first he joined the Congress
then joined Muslim League in 1913. After this he devoted himself for
the cause of the Muslims. The Muslims became united due to his
efforts and they got a separate homeland. After the establishment of
Pakistan on 14th August 1947, Quaid-e-Azam became the first
Governor General of Pakistan. He did many services for Pakistan in
the first year after independence and tried to stable Pakistan inspite of
his severe illness. But his life did not remain with him, thus he died
on 11th September 1948, he was buried in Karachi.
“The Poet Jamil Uddin Aali says that it was a great favour of Quaid-e-
Azam on us that he got Pakistan. After making hard struggle in the
critical circumstances of the sub-continent which actually produced
astonishment for every one in the world.”
Role & Services of Quaid-e-Azam as Governor
General:
After the establishment of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam inherited a
number of problems. Among the major problems were the settlement
of the refuges from India, distributions of assets between India and
Pakistan, canal water dispute and the Kashmir problem. Quaid-e-
Azam tried his best to over come these problems. He felt deep grief on
the separation of Kashmir which stands for the work “K” in Pakistan.
He was greatly disturbed by his growing illness but he tried his best to
solve the problems of this newly born state. The role of Quaid-e-Azam
as Governor General was as follows:
i. National Integrity ii. Settlement of Refugees
iii. Advise to Government Officers iv. Foreign Policy
v. Advise to the Students vi. Dedication
vii. Guiding Principles of Pakistan Economy
i. Negation to Provincial and Rural Discrimination
i. National Integrity:
The initial problems of Pakistan required national integrity and
close cooperation among the people of the new country. India
had not accepted the existence of Pakistan from inner heart,
and it was the considered opinion of Hindu leaders that
Pakistan would soon collapse and the sub-continent will again
be united. But it was the wisdom of Quaid-e-Azam who created
national spirit and sense of patriotism among the people
through his dedication, hard work and love for Pakistan.
National unity was developed and Pakistan became a reality.
ii. Settlement of Refugees:
About 6.5 million Muslims were rendered homeless in India and
compelled to migrate to Pakistan to find refuge. Their settlement
was a gigantic task.
Quaid-e-Azam paid immediate attention to the settlement of
those refugees. Quaid-e-Azam relief fund was setup. He
appealed to people to contribute funds, Quaid-e-Azam
personally visited Lahore in October 1947 to look into the
problems of refugees who had migrated from East Punjab and
made arrangements for their residence and food. He addressed
big gathering in Lahore on October 30, 1947 and said that it
was the responsibility of Pakistani’s to provide all possible help
to the refugees who had left their homes for the sake of Pakistan
and that they had suffered a lot at the hands of Hindus and
Sikhs.
iii. Change in the Attitude of Government Officers:
Quaid-e-Azam said that the government officers should prove
themselves as true public servants. On March 25, 1948 Quaid-
e-Azam addressed the government servants and advised them to
perform their duties like public servants with honesty and above
any affiliation to any political party or group. This will raise
their status in the eyes of the public. The advice of Quaid-e-
Azam infused a national spirit.
iv. Negation to Provincial and Racial Discrimination:
Quaid-e-Azam advised the people to feel proud in calling
themselves as Pakistan’s and refrain from any kind of racial
discrimination and regional prejudice. He toured all the
provinces and tried to solve their problems. The armed forces
from Waziristan agency were withdrawn giving a message to the
people of the area that they were also an integral part of
Pakistan. Different independent states formed an inseparable

part of Pakistan. Karachi was declared the capital of Pakistan.
v. Foreign Policy:
After the independence Quaid-e-Azam concentrated his efforts
to make Pakistan a member of United Nations. Under his
guidance diplomatic relations were established with a number of
countries in a very short time. The focal point of Pakistan’s
foreign policy was to maintain friendly relations with all
countries, especially with the close neighbours and Muslim
countries. Quaid’s role in this regard was the role of a patriotic
and sincere person.
vi. Guiding Principles of Pakistan Economy:
While inaugurating the State Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948.
Quaid-e-Azam said that the western economic system was not
suitable for Pakistan and will not bring prosperity to the people
of this country. We have to evolve a system based on the Islamic
equality and social justice. By doing this we might introduce a
new social order in the world.
vii. Advise to the Students:
Quaid-e-Azam held the view that the youth of Pakistan are its
future asset. He advised the students to pay due attention to
their education. He appreciated the role played by the students
in the establishment of Pakistan and said that it is the time for
them to refrain from politics until they complete their education.
viii. Dedication:
At the time of emergence of Pakistan in 1947, Quaid-e-Azam
was sick and had became quite exhausted but he continued
working day and night although he became over seventy. He
tried to solve the problems of the people of newly born country.
All his efforts were concentrated on the stability of Pakistan till
his last breath. That is why he is called “The Father of Nation”.
Chapter # 03
Establishment of an Islamic
Democratic State
1. The first constitution of Pakistan was enforced in _____________.
a. 1956 b. 1954 c. 1955
2. The second constitution of Pakistan was enforced in _____________.
a. 1961 b. 1960 c. 1962
3. The third constitution of Pakistan was enforced in _____________.
a. 1972 b. 1973 c. 1971
4. __________ was the first president of Pakistan.
a. Iskandar Mirza b. Liaquat Ali c. Yahya Khan
5. The second Governor General of Pakistan was _____________.
a. Khwaja Nazim uddin
b. Liaquat Ali
c. Nawab Waqar ul Mulk
6. Objective resolution was passed in the year _______________.
a. 1949 b. 1948 c. 1947
7. Objective resolution was moved by _______________.
a. Liaquat Ali Khan
b. Iskandar Mirza
c. Quaid – e – Azam
8. The constitution of 1973 was enforced on ____________ 1973.
a. 13th August b. 11th August c. 14th August
9. Pakistan was declared Islamic republic in _____________.
a. 1956 b. 1954 c. 1953
10. The head of state of Pakistan is called ______________.
a. Chief Minister b. Prime minister c. President
11. The head of the federal government is called _______________.
a. Prime minister b. Governor c. Chief Minister
12. ___________ is the highest court of Pakistan.
a. High court b. Provincial Court c. Supreme Court
13. The last census in Pakistan took place in ________________.
a. 1997 b. 1998 c. 1999
14. The present speaker of Sindh assembly is ______________.
a. Fahmida Mirza
b. Nisar Khoro
c. Firdous Ashiq Awan
15. ______________ is the elected speaker of National Assembly.

a. Dr Fahmida Mirza b. Nisar Khoro c. Babar Awan
16. Total number of seats for National Assembly are _________________.
a. 341 b. 342 c. 340
17. The senate committee consists of _______________ members.
a. 200 b. 150 c. 100
18. The provincial education minister of Sindh is __________________.
a. Dr Fahmida b. Pir Mazhar ul Haq c. Faisal Raza
19. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was hanged in _________________.
a. 1978 b. 1979 c. 1977
20. East Pakistan was separated in _______________.
a. 1971 b. 1970 c. 1973
21. The federal Shariat court is situated at ____________.
a. Lahore b. Islamabad c. Karachi
22. The war of 1965 between Pakistan and India lasted for ___________
days.
a. 17 b. 18 c. 20
23. General Zia ul Haq imposed Martial law in ______________.
a. 1970 b. 1977 c. 1976
24. The profit and loss sharing accounts were introduced on ___________.
a. Sept 12, 1983 b. Sept 11, 1983 c. Sept 11, 1984
25. General Zia ul Haq died in a plane ceash near Bhawalpur on ________.
a. August 17, 1988
b. August 14, 1987
c. August 11, 1988
Answers:
1 2 3 4 5
Khwaja
Iskandar
1956 1962 1973 Nazim
Mirza
uddin
6 7 8 9 10
Liaquat Ali
1949 14th August 1956 President
Khan
11 12 13 14 15
Dr
Prime Supreme
1998 Nisar Khoro Fahmida
Minister Court
Mirza
16 17 18 19 20
Pir
342 100 Mazharul 1979 1971
Haq
21 22 23 24 25
Islamabad 17 1977 September August 17,
11, 1983 1988
SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS

Q1. When and who dissolved the first constitution of
Pakistan?
Ans. General Iskandar Mirza dissolved the first constitution of Pakistan on
6th October, 1958.
Q2. Which countries have joined boundaries with Pakistan?

Ans. The countries have joint boundaries with Pakistan are:
i. India ii. Iran iii. Afghanistan iv.China
Q3. What is the constitutional name of Pakistan? What is its

total area?
Ans. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is the constitutional name of
Pakistan. Its total area is 796, 096 sq. km.
Q4. Who dissolved the first constituent assembly of

Pakistan?
Ans. The governor General Ghulam Muhammad dissolved the first
constituent assembly on 24th October, 1954.
Q5. Who presented the objectives Resolution?

Ans. The first Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan presented the objectives
Resolution on, 12th March, 1949.
Q6. Who was the first President of Pakistan?

Ans. Iskandar Mirza was the first President of Pakistan.
Constitutional History of Pakistan

1949 Objective resolution
1956 First Constitution
1958 First Martial law by Iskandar Mirza
1958 Ayub Khan
1962 Second Constitution
1969 Second Martial law by Yahya Khan
1970 Elections
1971 Partition / Fall of Bangladesh
1973 3rd Constitution
1977 3rd Martial law by General Zia ul Haq
1999 Martial law by General Pervaiz Musharraf
Governor Generals
1. Quaid – e – Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
2. Khawaja Nazim uddin
3. Malik Ghulam Muhammad
4. Major General Iskandar Mirza
Presidents
1. Iskandar Mirza
2. Muhammad Ayub Khan
3. Muhammad Yahya Khan
4. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
5. Fazal Elahi Chaudhary
6. General Muhammad Zia ul Haq
7. Ghulam Ishaq Khan
8. Wasim Sajjad
9. Myhammad Rafiq Tarar
10. General Pervaiz Musharraf
11. Asif Ali Zardari
Prime Ministers
1. Liaquat Ali Khan
2. Khawaja Nazim uddin
3. Muhammad Ali Bogra
4. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
5. Hussain shaheed Suharwardi
6. Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
7. Malik Feroz Khan Noon
8. General Muhammad Ayub Khan
9. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
10. Muhammad Khan Junejo
11. Benazir Bhutto
12. Ghulam Mustafa Khan Jatoi
13. Muhammad Nawaz Sharief
14. Mir Balakh Sher Mazari
16. Moin uddin Qureshi
17. Benazir Bhutto
18. Malik Mairaj Khalid
20. Zafarullah Khan Jamali
21. Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain
22. Shaukat Aziz
23. Muhammad Mian Soomro
24. Yousuf Raza Gilani
Martial law Administors

1. General Muhammad Ayub Khan
2. General Muhammad Yahya Khan
3. General Muhammad Zia ul Haq
4. General Pervaiz Musharraf
Present Governors:
1. Latif Khosa, Punjab
2. Dr Ishrat ul Ibad Sindh
3. Owais Ghani Khyber Pakhtoon Khaw
4. Zulfiqar Magsi Baluchistan
Present Chief Ministers

1. Shahbaz Sharief Punjab
2. Qaim Ali Shah Sindh
3. Ameer Haider Hoti Khyber Pakhtoon Khaw
4. Aslam Raisani Baluchistan

Q1. Write a comprehensive note on the important and
fundamental points of objectives resolution.
Ans. Objective Resolution:
Objective Resolution is the first and foremost document in the
constitutional history of Pakistan. It provided a firm base to the
constitution makers for the future constitution of Pakistan. Pakistan
came into being on the basis of Islamic Ideology. So the future
constitution was to be framed in accordance with the guideline of the
Holy Quran and Sunnah. It must reflect the aims and aspirations of
the Muslims of Pakistan. So drafting a constitution for Pakistan in the
light of these points was really demanding.
In fact constitution is a frame of fundamental principles which
governs the affairs of the state. Executive, Legislature and Judiciary
are three fundamental organs of the state which run its system.
Constitution determines the powers and relationship of these three
state organs. It also explains the rights and obligations of a citizen.
Islamic constitution is unique in the nature. It represents the Islamic
views, beliefs, traditions, deeds and values.
So the constitution making for Pakistan required careful measures.
After independence, following measures were taken to deal with the
situation.
Silent Features of the Objective Resolution:
According to the amended constitution, the objective resolution has
been made the substantive part of the constitution. Following
principles can be deduced from the objective resolution:
i. Sovereignty to Allah:
According to the resolution it had been determined that Allah
would be the real sovereign of the state of Pakistan. So the
legislation will be practiced within the limits enunciated by the
Quran and Sunnah.
ii. Democratic State:
It was determined that Pakistan would follow the principles of
democracy in his polity and elected representatives of the state
would run its system.
iii. Federation:
It was clearly declared in the Resolution that the federal system
of state would be practiced. All the provinces would enjoy their
powers with in the constitutional limits and centre would not
interfere in their entrusted powers.
iv. Islamic Principles Of Freedom, Equality and Social
Justice:
It was declared in the resolution that while practicing
democracy Islamic principles of freedom, equality and tolerance
and social justice would be promoted properly and perfectly and
Islamic values would be revived in the society.
v. Islamic Way Of Life:
It was recognized in the Resolution that the affairs of the state
would be organized in such a way that people of Pakistan would
be able to exercise the Islamic rules in their individual and
social life.
vi. Right Of Minorities:
Political, social and religious rights of the minorities were
provided proper safeguard. Their cultural rights were also
provided complete protection.
vii. Fundamental Human Rights:
The objectives resolution pronounced that the protective
measures would be taken towards human fundamental right
while framing the constitution of the state.
viii. Independence Of Judicature:
Lastly, the resolution pronounced that the independence of the
judiciary would be ensured because without it democratic
values could not prosper.
Q2. Describe the details of Islamic section of 1973

constitution?
Ans. In the present constitution Islamic values and ideology have been
provided complete protection. Special sections have been included to
publicize and implement the Islamic ideology and the culture arises
from it. Following details of the constitution show that adequate
measures have been taken to make it an Islamic constitution.
i. Objectives Resolution Permanent Part of Constitution:
In the former constitution the objectives resolution had been
taken as preamble but in the present constitution objective
resolution has been included as its permanent part. This is
notable that above mentioned Resolution describes the basis of
Muslim ideology. According to this Resolution sovereignty of
Allah has been declared as a basis of that political process
which has been implemented in Pakistan. It is build on
legislatures of Pakistan to practice the legislation within the
limits prescribed by the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah. Intension has
been described in the resolution that the people of Pakistan
shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and
collective spheres in accordance with the teachings and
requirements of Islam. But this is notable that the objective
resolution was declared as the permanent part of present
constitution during the reign of general Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
ii. The Islamic Republic Of Pakistan:
Like the former constitutions present constitution also declares
Pakistan as an Islamic Republic.
iii. Islam To Be State Religion:
In the Article No.2, the constitution describes Islam as state
religion of Pakistan.
iv. Definition Of Muslim:
Present constitution has defined the Muslim and described the
minimum limits which the religion requires one who believes in
the finality of Hazrat Muhammad’s prophet hood. According to
this who believes in the false prophecy of any person who claims
to be a prophet after the advent of Hazrat Muhammad (peace be
upon him) is not a Muslim.
v. The President And The Prime Minister Should Be
Muslim:
The offices of president ship and Prime Ministership were
restricted to the Muslims only.
vi. Islamic Beliefs And Oath Of Different Office
Bearers:
The offices of president ship and Prime Minister to declare their
beliefs in Allah, apostles, Angels, Divine Books, Day of
Judgment and finality of Hazrat Muhammad prophet hood
while taking an oath. Besides federal Ministers, speaker of the
National Assembly, chairman and vice chairman of senate
provincial Governors and Provincial Ministers are bound to
declare solemnly to be faithful and guardian of Islamic ideology
while taking oath for their offices.
vii. Legislation With in Islamic Teachings:
It has determined in the constitution that the legislation will be
done within the limits prescribed by the Quran and Sunnah.
Government is bound to provide opportunities to the people of
Pakistan to order their lives in accordance with the teachings of
Islam.
viii. Establishment Of Islamic Ideology Council:
According to the directions of present constitution an Islamic
Ideology Council has been set to guide the Government in
enforcing Islamic laws and teachings. Its Chairman and
members are appointed by the president. This council guides
the Federal and Provincial Governments to practice legislation
within the limits of Islamic teachings. It makes the
recommendation to Federal and Provincial Governments to take
such measures as enables the Muslims of Pakistan to order
their lives according to the Islamic teachings. Islamic council
also declares its verdict about suggested laws as to whether
they are with in limits of the Quran and Sunnah or not.
ix. Islamic Qualification Of The Members Of Majlis-i-
Shoora:
Present constitution restricts the members of majlis-i-shoora to
bear the quality described of true believers. He should be the
prossessor of such qualities which have been described as
moral standard for true believers in the Quran and Sunnah. The
constitution describes the following merits for the members of
Majlis-i-shoora.
i. He is of good character and is not commonly known as
one who violates Islamic injunction.
ii. He should have adequate knowledge of Islamic teachings
and practices the obligatory duties prescribed by Islam.
He should abstain from major sins.
iii. He must be sagacious, righteous and non-profligate. He
should be honest and Ameen as well.
x. Islamic Teachings And Governments Obligations:
Spreading and propagating of Islamic teachings will be the basic
responsibilities of the Government according to the present
constitution Government should arrange the publication of the
Holy Quran free from errors. It should provide safeguard to the
rights of minorities. It is determined that Pakistani Government
should try its best to improve friendly relations with the Muslim
countries.
xi. Islamaization During The Reign Of General Zia-ul-
Haq
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq became the ruler of the country

as a result of Tehreek-i-Nizami Mustafa. So he took the
following measures to fulfill the requirements of Islamic
provisions of the present constitution.
i. Hadood Ordinance was promulgated in the country on
Rabee-ul-Awwal , 1399 (1977) and prescribed
punishments of adultery, fornication, drinking,
accusation, apostasy, robbery and commuting theft were
made the part of criminal code.
ii. Ordinance of collecting and disbursing of Zakat was
promulgated on June 20, 1980.
iii. Ordinance for the sanctity of Ramadan was also
promulgated, according to which, open drinking and
eating was declared as crime. Violators of this law was
declared as liable to three months imprisonment and a
fine of Rs.500/-
iv. Federal Shahriah Court was formed during the reign of
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.
v. Interest Free Banking System was introduced on January
1, 1981 in the country.
vi. Teaching of Islamiat and Pak-studies was declared
compulsory for the students of all levels.
Q3. Describe the details of constitutional history of

Pakistan from 1949-1973?
Ans. Constitution:
A constitution is the system of laws and principles according which a
country is governed.
The constitution is an important and sacred document and without it
we cannot think of running a government. It is a tragedy that we
could not adhere to any of the constitution made from time to time.
In Pakistan, the constitution making process underwent the following
phases.
i. Government Of India Act, 1935:
At the time of independence it was not possible to frame the
constitution of the new born state immediately. The
Government India Act, 1935, with certain amendments was,
therefore enforced to run the affairs of the state on adhoc basis.
The act was made by the British and therefore could not fulfill
our national needs.
ii. The Objective Resolution:
The first step towards the making of constitution was taken in
March 1949, when the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
passed the objective resolution. At that time Khan Liaquat Ali
Khan was the Prime Minister of Pakistan. The Objectives
Resolution held that the sovereignty belongs to Almighty Allah,
and the people of Pakistan would exercise the authority and
rights within the limits prescribed for the Holy Quran and
Sunnah. The resolution also said that no law repugnant to
Islam would be enforced in Pakistan.
iii. Efforts For A New Constitution:
After the acceptance of objective resolution the Legislative
Assembly appointed a 24 members Committee to determine the
fundamental rules and regulations of the constitution. The
committees report was published. This report was adversely
criticized and opposed especially in East Pakistan Liaquat Ali
Khan was martyred in October 1951.
After Liaquat Ali Khan, no government was successful in
making the constitution till 1956.
iv. The Constitution Of 1956:
In June 1955, the elections of the new Central Legislative
Assembly were held. In August 1955 Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
took over as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. In October 1955,
the four provinces of West Pakistan were merged into one
province, called one unit. In January 1956, the draft bill of the
new constitution was presented before the Constituent
Assembly and was passed on 26th February 1956. It was
introduced on 23rd March 1956, and remained enforced until
October 7, 1958.
v. The Constitution of 1962:
There was a rebellion against the government towards the end
of 1958 which was crushed.
Under those circumstances the President, Major General
Sikandar Mirza annulled the constitution, the ministries and
appointed General Muhammad Ayub Khan as Chief Martial Law
Administrator. On 27th October, 1958, Major General Sikandar
Mirza resigned and General, Muhammad Ayub Khan took over
as the President of the state.
General Ayub formed a constitution commission which
submitted its recommendations in 1961. it was on the basis of
these recommendation that a new Constitution was formed. On
8th June 1962, the Martial Law was lifted and the new
constitution was enforced. This constitution is known as
constitution of 1962.
vi. Second Martial Law:
Towards the end of 1968, the people of Pakistan made vast
demonstrations, protests and strikes throughout the country
against the constitution and the dictating attitude of President
Ayub Khan. These riots were so severe that the President had to
resign from his office. On 25th March 1962, he handed over the
authority to the chief of Army Staff General Muhammad Yahya
Khan who annulled the constitution of 1962, and enforced
second Martial Law in the country Yahya Khan first became the
Chief Martial Law Administrator and after three months he took
over the charge as President of Pakistan.
vii. Elections of 1970 and Political Office:
In December 1970, Yahya Khan conducted General Elections in

December 1970, so that the elected representative could
prepare a new constitution. The elections were followed by
severe political crises in the country. India took advantage of
this situation and attacked Pakistan in November 1971. The
war resulted in separation of East Pakistan. After cease-fire
General Yahya Khan transferred power to Mr. Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto the Chairman of Peoples party which appeared as a
majority party in West Pakistan in the general election 1970. In
1972, the elected representatives adopted an interim
Constitution in order to lift the Martial Law enforced by General
Yahya Khan and to start a new constitutional period.
The National Assembly formed a 25 members committee who
was entrusted with the task of preparing the draft bill of the
new constitution for the country. This committee held
representation of the main political parties having seats in the
National Assembly. The committee prepared the draft bill of the
constitution and submitted it to the National Assembly on 31st
December 1972. The National Assembly studied the draft
carefully, proposed certain amendments and confirmed the
draft of the constitution on 21st April 1973, and it was
promulgated on the 14th August, 1973. This constitution is
known as the constitution of 1973.
Q4. Describe the salient features of 1956 constitution.

Ans. Introduction:
Pakistan came into existence in 1947 and stayed without a
constitution due to the political crisis and struggle for power among
the political parties. The second constituent assembly succeeded in
preparing a constitution for Pakistan. People of Pakistan welcomed it.
Federal parliamentary form of government was introduced in it. It was
imposed on 23rd March 1956 under the Prime Minister ship of
Chaudhary Muhammad Ali. It remained in action till 7th October
1958.
Salient Features of Constitution of 1956:
i. Islamic Republic of Pakistan:
It stated clearly in the introduction that sovereignty belongs to
Allah only and Pakistan was declared as an Islamic Republic.
ii. Federal Parliamentary system:
Federal parliamentary form of government was introduced on
the demand of people of Pakistan as provincial autonomy was
required.
iii. Democracy Introduced:
Democracy was introduced Governor General was replaced by
the President Fundamental rights to elect the representative to
rule over the country was given to citizens.
iv. Lives according to Islam:
The constitution ensured that all the opportunities will be
provided to the Muslims to lead their lives according to the
teachings of Islam.
v. Distribution of Power:
The powers were distributed between the centre and the
provinces of Pakistan.
vi. Independent Judiciary:
Justice is the main principle of Islamic teachings and without
justice there is no concept of a welfare society. So judiciary was
guaranteed an independent work.
vii. Fundamental rights ensured:
Civic rights were guaranteed to all the citizens of Pakistan.
viii. Muslim Head of State:
The office of the head of state was restricted to Muslims only.
ix. Laws according to Islam:
It clearly stated that any laws which are not in accordance to
Islamic teachings were to be amended.
x. Rights of minorities safe guarded:
All basic rights of the non – Muslims minorities were protected
by the state.
xi. Urdu and Bengali as National Languages:
Urdu and Bengali were declared as National languages of
Pakistan.
xii. Written Constitution:
It is a written constitution.
Conclusion:
1956 constitution was an Islamic democratic constitution which was
approved after hard work of nine years. But due to multiple reasons it
did not last for long. In October 1958, it was abrogated by
Commander in chief of Pakistan Army General Muhammad Ayub
Khan, who imposed Martial Law by dissolving the cabinet and Federal
legislature. He assumed the office of President and Martial Law
administrator and so the country once again stood without a
constitution.
Q5. Write down the salient features of 1962 constitution.

Ans. Introduction:
General Muhammad Ayub Khan came in power on 27th October 1958.
He established a constitutional commission. The commission sent its
recommendations as a result of which a new constitution was
prepared and enforced on 8th June 1962 and marked an end to
Martial Law. In this constitution the Presidential form of government
was introduced for the first time to secure the rule of Ayub Khan.
Indirect way of election was introduced. This constitution altogether
could not become popular among people.
Salient Features of 1962 Constitution:
i. Written constitution:
This constitution was in written form having 250 articles and 5
schedules.
ii. Objective Resolution accepted:
Objective resolution was accepted to set the pattern of
government according to Islam.
iii. Islamic Name:
Pakistan was named as “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”.
iv. Laws according to Islam:
It clearly stated that any laws which were not in accordance to
Islamic teachings were to be amended head of the state should
also be a Muslim.
v. Federal Presidential system of government:
The constitution was federal in nature. Presidential form of
government was enforced instead of parliamentary system. The
president was all in all.
vi. Powers concentrated in office of the President:
According to the constitution all powers were concentrated in
the office of the President.
vii. Indirect Mode of Election:
The BD i.e. Basic Democracies system was introduced. In this
system people cannot elect their representatives directly.
viii. Basic rights of people were given:
All the fundamental rights were given to the people except the
freedom of speech and the right to criticize the government.
ix. Free and fair Judiciary:
Independent judiciary was ensured in the constitution.
x. Islamic advisory council:
An Islamic advisory council was established to guide the
government about Islamic laws. Some Islamic provisions were
also given.
xi. Uni – Cameral Legislature:
In this constitution a Uni – Cameral legislature was introduced.
Failure of 1962 Constitution:
In 1968 – 69 the political parties of the country started agitation
against Ayub Khan, Presidential system, enforced parliamentary
system and the un-democratic constitution. As a result of the
powerful agitation. Ayub Khan was forced to resign and transfer his
power to Commander – in – Chief Yahya Khan. He abrogated the
constitution on 25th March 1969 and imposed Martial Law. The 1962
constitution remained in force for about seven years.
Q6. Write down the salient features of 1973 constitution.

Ans. Introduction:
After the 1962 constitution was abrogated the country was once again
left without a constitution. It remained under Martial Law. In 1970,
the general elections were held and Sheikh Mujeeb – ur - Rehman of
Awami League got majority but the government was not handed over
to him. These circumstances lead to a great movement of people in
East Pakistan a result of which East Pakistan got separated from West
Pakistan.
In the West Pakistan the government was handed over to Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto. He framed a complete constitution within one year and on
14th August 1973 it was enforced in the country.
Salient Features of 1973 Constitution:
i. An Islamic Constitution:
This is a complete Islamic constitution in which sovereignty of
Allah has been accepted and Islam has been declared as the
state religion.
ii. Objective Resolution as Preamble:
The foundation of the constitution is laid upon objective
resolution which is an Islamic resolution.
iii. Islamic Name for the country:
Pakistan was named as Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
iv. Definition of a Muslim given:
The constitution gives the definition of a Muslim, a person who
believes in oneness of Allah and in the Prophet of Hazrat
Muhammad (P.B.U.H) as the last prophet of Allah has been
described as a Muslim.
v. Muslim head of State and government:
The constitution clearly states that only Muslims shall be
elected as President and Prime Minister of the state. Non –
Muslims cannot hold these offices.
vi. Federal Parliamentary form of government:
Federal Parliamentary form of government was introduced. The
power has been divided between the Federal and provincial
government.
vii. Bi – cameral legislature:
The parliament consisting of Senate and National Assembly was
established.
viii. Provincial Autonomy:
Complete autonomy was granted to the provinces for unity.
ix. Provision of Basic Rights:
All the fundamental rights were given to the people.
x. Islamic Ideological council:
An Islamic ideological council was setup which shall guide the
government in respect of Islamic teachings, their
implementation and propagation. Its chairman and member are
appointed by the President.
xi. Urdu as National Language:
For the unity of nation Urdu was declared as the National
Language of Pakistan.
xii. Direct Mode of Elections:
The right to vote was given to every citizen, so direct mode of

election was introduced.
xiii. Independent Judiciary:

The independence of judiciary was ensured as the integral part
of an Islamic state.
xiv. Rights of Minorities protected:
The minorities were also given all the fundamental rights.
xv. Islamic way of life:
The government ensured that all the steps will be taken to
enable the Muslims of Pakistan to lead their lives according to
Islam.
xvi. Promotion of Social justice and eradication of
social evils:
The state shall take all the necessary steps to promote social
justice and shall prevent prostitution, gambling, drug usage and
publication of obscene literature and advertisement.
xvii. Teachings of Holy Quran:
Teachings of Holy Quran and Islamiat shall be made
compulsory.
xviii. Strengthen the bond with Muslim world:
The state shall endeavour to strengthen the bond with the
Muslim world to promote Islamic unity.
xix. Error free publication of Quran:
The government will take all the necessary steps to ensure the
error free publication of Holy Quran.
xx. Oath to project and promote Islamic ideology:
All the federal and provincial ministers, speakers and deputy
speakers of National and Provincial assemblies, the chairman of
Senate and the governors and Chief Ministers of the provinces
shall take oath to preserve and protect the Islamic ideology.
xxi. Ahmadi’s a non – Muslim minority:
The Qadiani or Ahmadi group was declared as Non – Muslims.
Conclusion:
In 1973 constitution maximum efforts were made to improve the
character of this constitution. It isthe present constitution. So it is the
duty of every Pakistani to protect it. This constitution has also been
dismissed by General Zia – ul – Haq and General Pervaiz Musharraf.
Q7. Write down the causes of political turmoil in Pakistan.

Ans. The history of Pakistan is full of political crises details. The main
causes for this political turmoil are as follows.
i. Lack of organization in Parties:
Political parties of Pakistan have never paid any attention
towards the internal organization of their parties. They have
always hankered after power and have involved themselves in
political intrigues and manipulation.
ii. Shifting of political loyalties:
There is a general tendency of shifting political loyalties. The
coming into power and the exit there form was generally by a
shift in political loyalties.
iii. Factional Groups:
A tug of war for the top slot in power ensued among the party
ranks, resulting in the formation of factional groups under the
splinter leaders.
iv. No place to the poor:
Under the growing influences of landed aristocracy, the wishes
of the common man were generally trampled yielding no place to
the power in the political transactions of parties.
v. Military Dictators:
Pakistan was ruled by military dictators for almost 26 years
which precluded the democratic traditions from taking their
roots in the society.
vi. Extremist Elements:
Due to the void created during the first fifty years, tensions
strife and violence of religions and communal nature gained
intensive ground Government failed to mobilize public opinion
favouring of tolerance and abdication of bigotry. In many cases
they themselves succumbed to the pressure of extremist
elements to prolong their stay in power.
vii. Law:
The supremacy of law and equality before law could not be
implemented in letter and spirit.
viii. Accountability:
There was no systematic provision for accountability,
consequently those who violated the law and acted unlawfully
could hardly be brought to book.
ix. Democracy:
No attempts were made to instill the spirit of democracy in the
society. Elections alone do not describe democracy and need to
be translated into real benefits to all and sundry.
Chapter # 04
The Land of Pakistan
1. The total area of Pakistan is ____________ sq Km.
a. 798,098 b. 797,097 c. 796,096
2. The road that link Pakistan with China is called __________ highway.
a. Karakoram b. Motor way c. Grand Trunk
3. The Mangla dam was constructed on river ____________.
a. Jehlum b. Bias c. Ravi
4. The Warsak dam was constructed on river ______________.
a. Jehlum b. Ravi c. Kabul
5. _________ is situated to the West of Baluchistan.
a. Iraq b. Iran c. China
6. The region of maximum rainfall in Pakistan is _____________.
a. Ayubia b. Abottabad c. Muree
7. The total area of forest in Pakistan is _____________.
a. 3.6% b. 3.7% c. 3.8%
8. The total population of Pakistan according to the census of 1998 is
_______ crore.
a. 160,000,000 b. 170, 000, 000 c. 180,000,000
9. Pakistan’s ____________ % population lives in rural areas.
a. 80 b. 70 c. 90
10. There are __________ natural regions of Pakistan.
a. 5 b. 6 c. 4
Answers:
1 2 3 4 5
796,096 Karakoram Jehlum Kabul Iran
6 7 8 9 10
Muree 3.6 160,000,000 70 4
Q1. Name the natural regions of Pakistan?

Ans. i. Northern Mountains.
ii. Western Frontier Mountains
iii. The salt range and the potohar plateau.
iv. The plains of Indus River.
v. Balochistan Plateau.
vi. Desert and the Semi – Desert areas of Thar and Thal.
Q2. Name the big hydroelectric dams of Pakistan.

Ans. The two big hydroelectric dams of Pakistan are:
i. Mangla Dam ii. Terbela Dam
Q3. Name the cash crops of Pakistan.

Ans. The cash crops of Pakistan are:
i. Wheat ii. Rice iii. Cotton
iv. Tobacco v. Sugarcane
Q4. What is the height of Nanga Parbat and Godwin Austin

(K – 2)?
Ans. Nanga Parbat has a height of about 8,125 meters. God win Austin has
a height of about 8,611 meters.
Q5. Name the types of soil found in Pakistan.

Ans. i. Indus Basin ii. Bangar
iii. Khaddar iv. Indus Delta
Q6. Name the types of forests found in Pakistan.

Ans. i. Mountainous iv. Riverine
ii. Sub – Mountainous v. Canal
iii. Dry Western vi. Coastal
Q7. Name some minerals found in Pakistan.

Ans. i. Natural gas ii. Mineral oil
iii. Gypsum iv. Iron
i. Chromite
Q8. Name food crops.

Ans. i. Wheat ii. Sorghum and Millets
ii. Rice iii. Pulses
iii. Maize iv. Barley
Q9. Name the cash crops.
Ans. i. Cotton ii. Sugar
iii. Tobacco iv. Oil seeds
Q10. Name any four agricultural institutes of Pakistan.

Ans. i. Agricultural University Peshawar
ii. Arid Agricultural University Rawalpindi
iii. Agricultural University Faisalabad
iv. Agricultural University Bahawalpur
Q11. Name the dams of Pakistan.

Ans. i. Tarbela ii. Warsak
iii. Mangla iv. Ghazi Barotha
Q12. Name four major imports of Pakistan.

Ans. i. Machines ii. Petroleum
iii. Iron ore iv. Edible oil
Q13. Name four major exports of Pakistan.

Ans. i. Rice ii. Sports good
iii. Cotton textile iv. Surgical instruments
Q15. Name the ports of Pakistan.

Ans. i. Karachi ii. Port Qasim
iii. Ormara iv. Sonmiani
i. Pasni vi. Gawadar
vii. Jewani
Q16. Name four important peaks of Pakistan.

Ans. i. Trich Mir 7690 m
ii. Godwin Austin (K2) 8611 m
iii. Takht – e – Sulaiman 3487m
iv. Nanga Parbat 8126 m
Famous Rivers
1. Indus 2896 Km
2. Jehlum 825 Km
3. Chenab 1242 Km
4. Ravi 901 Km
5. Sutlej 1551 Km
6. Beas 392 Km
Famous Pass
1. Karakoram pass
2. Khyber pass
3. Gomal pass
4. Bolan pass
Famous Desert
1. Thar
2. Cholistan
3. Thal
4. Sindh
Q1. Describe the geographical location of Pakistan and its
importance.
Ans: Introduction:
Pakistan is our mother Land. We got this land after great sacrifices of
the Muslims of South Asia. It is situated in the southern side of Asia.
It has great importance in the South Asian Region due to its ideal
location in the region. This is infact a God gifted location.
Location of Pakistan:
Islamic republic of Pakistan is located between latitude of 23.35o to
37.05oNorth and extends from longitude 60.50oEast covering an area
of 7,96,098 sq.km. Pakistan consists of four provinces, Punjab (having
highest population), Sindh, North West Frontier (Now Khyber
Pakhtoon Khaw) and Balochistan (having the large area).
In the South West of Pakistan is Iran. In East India is situated, in the
North China and in North West Afghanistan is situated. In the South
of Pakistan is the Arabian Sea which is very important route. The
border between Pakistan and Afghanistan is called Durand Line and it
is 2252 km long.
Importance of Location of Pakistan:
Pakistan has great importance in South Asia. It has great
geographical, political and economic importance. It is located in a
strategic region and its importance is given below:
1. China:
In the North, China is situated. Most of the rivers of Pakistan
come from Northern side and there are high mountains in the
region. China is very important country of the world.
Karakorum Highway joins Pakistan and China. Pakistan and
China have excellent relation from the beginning and many
times both the countries have helped each other. They have
excellent trade relations also.
2. Afghanistan:
Afghanistan is situated in the North – West of Pakistan. It is an
Islamic country. The border between the two countries is called
Durand Line and is 2252 km long. Pakistan has good trade
relations with Afghanistan and Pakistan provides transit route
to Afghanistan for its trade through land and sea. Afghanistan
is also a member of E.C.O with Pakistan.
3. Iran:
Iran lies on the South West border of Pakistan. Both the
countries have ideal relations from the beginning. Iran was the
first country of the world to accept Pakistan in 1947. It is one of
the leading oil producing countries and it is the founder

member of E.C.O along with Pakistan.
4. India:
India is situated in the East of Pakistan. India is called the
biggest democracy of the world. It is also second most populated
country of the world. Pakistan is trying its level best to form
better relations with India. Kashmir is the main issue between
the two countries.
5. Arabian Sea:
In the South of Pakistan Arabian Sea is situated, which is an
important trade route. The trade of Pakistan is mostly carried
out through this route.
6. Gulf Countries:
Another important location of Pakistan is this that it is situated
near the oil producing states of gulf. These states have great
importance in the world due to their mineral oil. Pakistan has
very good relations with all these countries from Morocco to
Indonesia.
7. Muslim countries of Middle East:
Muslim Countries of Middle East like Saudi Arabia and UAE are
situated near Pakistan. They are considered as second home for
Pakistanis.
8. Karachi – an international harbor and air port:
Karachi is not only the biggest city of Pakistan but is an
international harbour and airport. It connects Europe with Asia
through sea and air routes. Pakistan carries out its trade with
different countries through Karachi port.
9. Indus Valley and Gandhara Civilizations:
In Pakistan two great civilizations of the world, Indus valley and
Gandhara are there which are of international importance for
tourists along with that the tourists visit Kaghan and Swat in
the Northern areas of Pakistan.
10. Protocol among Pakistan, Afghanistan and
Turkmenistan:
Pakistan has good relations with Afghanistan and
Turkmenistan. That is why these countries have signed a
protocol on supply of gas through pipelines passing through
Afghanistan to Pakistan. This agreement would help these
countries for better relations among themselves.
11. Kashmir issue:
Kashmir is the main dispute between Pakistan and India. If this
issue is resolved the two countries will have ever lasting peace.
Both the countries are taking steps to reduce tension among
themselves.
12. Pakistan, the seventh Atomic Nation:
Pakistan is the Seventh Atomic Nation in the world. It is the
only atomic power among the Muslim countries. This is the
reason Pakistan enjoys high prestige in Muslim World.
Conclusion:
Pakistan has been blessed with an ideal location by Allah. We should
safeguard its freedom.
Q2. Give brief account of the physical features of Pakistan.

Ans. Introduction:
Pakistan is situated in the North West of South Asia. The variety of
landscape divides Pakistan into four main physical regions.
Physical Features of Pakistan:
The land surface of Pakistan can be divided into the following physical
features.
1. Mountains 2. Plateaus
3. Plains 4. Deserts including coastal areas.
Mountains:
Physically the mountains of Pakistan are divided into two parts:
a. Northern and North – Eastern Mountains
b. North Western and Western Mountains
Northern and North Eastern Mountains:
These include the Himalayas and the Karakoram.
The Himalayas:
The Himalayas are spread like an arch in the North of South Asian
continent. The Western parts of these mountains ranges pass through
Jammu and Kashmir. These ranges are divided into the following four
parts.
a. The Sub – Himalayas or Siwalik Hills:
These hills are spread in South of Himalayas from Sialkot
districttoNorthern part ofRawalpindi district. Their average
height is 300 to 1000meters.
b. The lesser Himalayas or Pir Punjal Mountain Range:

These are located near the border ranges of Karakoram and
Siwalik. Theyraise uptoheight of 1800m to 4600m. Hill resorts
like Muree, Ayubia,Kaghan arelocated here.
c. Great Himalayan Mountain Range:
The biggest Himalayan range is situated between Pir Panjal and
Karakoram. The highest of the mountain is 6500m. The highest
peak of this range in Nanga Parbat which is 8126m. Indus
Riveroriginates from here Kashmir valley also lies in this range.
d. The Laddakh Mountain range or Interior Himalayan:
The Great Himalayas begin to climb down further North. These
low mountains are called Laddakh or interior Himalayas.
The Karakoram:
The Mountains of Karakoram are located in the North West Himalaya.

Northern Gilgit and Kashmir are situated here. Its average height is
1000m. Its highest peak is Godwin Austin (K - 2) which is 8011m.
This mountain range is situated between Pakistan and China.
Karakoram highway is built in this range.
North Western and Western Mountains:
The North western and western mountains are also branches of
Himalayas but they are less in height. These are divided into following
four parts.
a. The Hindukash Mountains:
The greater part of these mountains is in Afghanistan. Tirich
Mir is the Highest Peak with a height of 7690m. They are a
barrier in the movement of rain bearing wind.
b. The Koh-e-Safed Range:
This range is between Khyber Pass and Kurram Pass. It rises to
an average height of 3600m. Its peaks are covered with snow
throughout the year. The highest point of this range is Sikeram.
c. The Waziristan hills:
The area between the Kurram Pass and Gomal Pass is known as
Waziristan Hills with an average height of 1500 – 3000 m
d. The Sulaiman Range:
It begins in the South of River Gomal. Its highest peak is Takht
– e – Sulaiman with a height of 3487m.
e. The Kirthar Range:
It lies on the South of the Sulaiman Range and along the
Western edge of the lower Indus Valley. The highest point in this
range is Gorakh.
Plateaus:
The following two plateaus are located in Pakistan.
a. The Potwar Plateau:
It lies between river Indus and Jehlum. It begins near Jehlum,
Mianwali, Rawalpindi, and some parts of Islamabad are
included in it. The average height of the salt range is 750 to
900m. This area is barren but full of mineral wealth. The
famous rivers are “Soan” and “Huro”
b. The Plateau of Balochistan:
The Vast plateau of Balochistan lies in the Sulaiman and
Kirther mountains. It is also dry area. The average height here
is 600 to 900m. The Chaghai Mountain separates it from
Afghanistan. It is mostly barren. Hub is the main river of this
area. Minerals like cool, gas, iron; chromite and copper are
found here.
The Plains:
The plains of Pakistan are divided into these three parts.
a. Upper Indus Plain or Punjab Plan:
The plain in which river Indus flows in Punjab is called upper
Indus plain. It is situated in South of Sun – Himalaya and Salt
range. It is irrigated by Indus. It is the most fertile land of
Pakistan.
b. The lower Indus Plain or Sindh Plain:

The plain where river Indus enters Sindh is the lower Indus
Plain. It is a flat plain. It is formed by Allurium deposited by
Indus. It is a fertile land and plays important role in national
economy.
c. The Indus Delta:
When Indus River merges into Arabian Sea, it forms a delta
called ‘The Indus Delta’. It is marshy and very fertile. It is near
Thatta. So Thatta is an agricultural area. Minerals and salts are
also found in it.
Deserts including coastal Areas:
Deserts are sandy areas with lack of water and grass. The deserts are
found in Sindh, Punjab, and Balochistan. These details are as follows:
a. Thar and Nara Desert:
It is one of the ten biggest deserts of the world and is situated in
Sindh. It is an extension of Rajasthan desert of India. People
lead hard life here. Nara is situated near Khair Pur.
b. Thal Desert:
It is located in the district of Mianwali, Muzaffargarh and Dera
Ghazi Khan. It is an agricultural area due to the Indus Canal
Water.
c. Cholistan Desert:
Its major area is located in India about 60% area of Bhawalpur
is called
Cholistan.
d. The Chagai and Kharan Desert:
They are very dry regions. Here average rainfall is less than
25mm. Density of population is also very low here.
e. Coastal area:
The total length of coast of Pakistan is 700km. The coast
between Iran and Hub is called Makran coast. It is 500m in
length. All coasted areas of Pakistan are located in Arabian Sea.
The most important port of Pakistan is Karachi other ports are
Bin Qasim, Somiani, Pasni, Jewani, and Gwadar.
Conclusion:
Pakistan is blessed with mountain, plateaus, plains, seas and rivers.
Q3. Mention the benefits of North – Eastern mountainous

region.
Ans. Introduction:
North – Eastern Mountainous region is the main mountain range of

Pakistan. World’s highest mountain range Himalayas is situated in it.
It has great importance for Pakistan. Its benefits are as follows:
Benefits of North – Eastern Mountainous

Region:
a. Natural defence:
As they are very high, so they provide natural defence to
Pakistan and keep its enemies away.
b. Forest Area:
It is the main forest area of Pakistan. 80% forests of Pakistan
are found here. Precious types of trees are grown here fulfilling
the requirement of wood etc for the country
c. Sources of Main Rivers:
Most rivers of Pakistan including Indus have their sources in
Northern Mountains. When snow melts and there is heavy
rainfall, water comes in river to irrigate lands. Many barrages,
Terbela and Mangla dam have also been built in this area.
d. Protection from cold:
They protect Pakistan from cold freezing winds of North Pole.
e. Mineral Deposits:
Many important minerals are found here which are playing an
important role in the country’s economy.
f. Heavy Rainfall:
There is heavy rainfall in this region during rainy season which
cause rainfall in Punjab and Sindh. This help for better
cultivation of crops.
g. Source of Energy:
The heavy rainfalls are the source for rivers. Dams have been
built on those rivers. So it helps in generation of
hydroelectricity.
h. Adds Beauty:
These regions are beautiful grassy fields which add beauty to
the country.
i. Trade through Karakoram:
Karakoram highway is situated in this region which is a trade
route of great importance. It also has defence importance.
j. Animal Life:
Mostly wild animals and precious birds are found in the
northern areas ofPakistan.
Q4. What is climate? And what are the different climate

regions of Pakistan.
Ans. Climate:
The long lasting conditions of weather on a particular place such as
pressure, temperature, humidity and rainfall are called climate. The
climate of Pakistan as a whole is dry and extreme. It means that
summers are extremely hot and winters are extremely cold and there
is a little rainfall during the year.
Seasons of Pakistan:
There are the following four seasons in Pakistan.
i. Summer May to mid September
ii. Winter November to February
iii. Autumn September to November
iv. Spring March and April
Climate regions of Pakistan:
The climate of Pakistan varies from place to place. According to climatic
conditions Pakistan can be divided into the following four regions.
North and North Western Mountainous Area
(Cold Climatic Region):
It includes Pakistan’s northern mountainous ranges, North Western
Mountainous ranges and the mountain ranges of Baluchistan.
Summer:
Here summers are cool and a temperature of more than 58oC has
been recorded in Sibi.
Winter:
Winter are long and cold. Fog is also there. The temperature falls
below the freezing point.
Rainfall:
The rain continues here for most of the year. It usually ends in
summer. The average rainfall is below 25mm.
Extreme Climatic Regions of the Northern
Plains:
Location:
This region spreads from the mountainous area in the North to the
South at a point where river Indus meets its tributaries. It is a region
of extreme climate.
Summer:
Summer remains from May to mid September. It is very hot and
dusty. Hot wind blows continuously.
Winters:
Winters are not very cold and remains for few months only.
Rainfall:
Rainfall is quite scanty in this region.
Lower Indus Valley and the Thar Desert
Region:
Locations:
The lower Indus valley begins from the North of Mithan Kot where
river Indus takes its alluvial journey south downwards, to drain itself
into the Arabian Sea.
Summer:
Temperature during summer is above 40oC. Summers are hot and
long.
Winter:
Winter remains for more than four months. It is extremely cold.
Rainfall:
It receives late summer monsoon rainfall. There is winter rainfall too.
Baluchistan Plateau Climate Region:
Locations:
It includes the whole area of Baluchistan plateau.
Summer:
In summer the temperature of this region rises. Most of the
mountainous regions are hot and dry.
Winter:
The winter season in Baluchistan is very severe and sometimes snow
falls in certain places.
Rainfall:
The average rainfall of this region is more than 300 mm.
Q5. Write a detailed note on the politico – Administrative

structure of Pakistan.
Ans. Introduction:
The government of Pakistan follows the federal form of government
according to the constitution. The powers are divided between the
provinces and centre.
Application of Constitution:
The constitution of Pakistan is applicable to the following areas:
i. The four provinces.
ii. Islamabad _______ The federal capital.
iii. Fata __________ the federally administrated tribal areas.
iv. All areas and states which are included in Pakistan.
Salient Features of Administrative Structure:
i. President : Head of State.
ii. Prime Minister : Head of government
iii. Ministers : They assist the Prime Minister
iv. Bi – cameral parliament having Senate and National Assembly
v. Secretary : The head of Ministry
vi. Governor : The head of Province
vii. Chief Minister : The head of provincial ministers
Some Important Ministers:
i. Ministry of Foreign Affairs
ii. Ministry of Defence
iii. Ministry of Home Affairs
iv. Ministry of Finance
v. Ministry of Education
vi. Ministry of Law
vii. Ministry of Health
viii. Ministry of Industries
ix. Ministry of Agriculture
x. Ministry of communication
xi. Ministry of Social Welfare
Important Secretaries at Provincial Level:
ii. Secretary Home Department:
He is responsible for law and order in the province.
iii. Secretary Education Department:
He is responsible for the education system development in the
province.
iv. Secretary Finance Department:
He supervises the income and expenditure of the province.
v. Secretary Health Department:
He looks after the health conditions of the province.
vi. Secretary Local Government Department:
He looks after the institutions which work under the local
government.
Local /City Government:
District council is the main institution of the local government in
every district Nazim is the head of district and Naib Nazim is also
working under him for assistance. The provincial and federal capitals
and some big cities are called City district governments and its head is
the Nazim – e – Aalla.
Judicial System:
There is a Supreme Court at federal level and high courts in each
province. Districtand session judges are appointed at each level.
Judiciary ensures justice to people.
Chapter # 05
The Culture of Pakistan
1. __________ is known as the gate way of Islam.
a. Punjab b. Baluchistan c. Sindh
2. Shahi Qila (royal Fort) was built by ____________.
a. Alamgir b. Babar c. Shah Jahan
3. Wazir Khan Mosque is at __________.
a. Lahore b. Karachi c. Peshawar
4. Mahabat Khan Mosque is situated at ____________.
a. Lahore b. Peshawar c. Karachi
5. Moen – jo – Daro is in the district of ______________.
a. Larkana b. Dadu c. Thatta
6. Jamia mosque Thatta was built in the period of _____________.
a. Alamgir b. Shahjahan c. Babar
7. Badshahi Mosque Lahore was built in the period of ____________.
a. Aurangzeb Alamgir b. Akbar c. Shahjahan
8. Moen – jo – Daro was built ________ years ago.
a. 3000 b. 2000 c. 4000
9. The Mughal Emperor __________ introduced Deen – e – Ilahi.
a. Akbar b. Babar c. Alamgir
10. Moen – jo – Daro is in the province of ______________.
Answers:
1 2 3 4 5
Sindh Shahjahan Lahore Peshawar Larkana
6 7 8 9 10
Aurangzeb
Shahjahan 4000 Akbar Sindh
Alamgir
Q1. Name the cities where Masjid Wazir Khan and Masjid
Mahabbat Khan are situated.
Ans. The Masjid Wazir Khan is in Lahore and Misjid Mahabbat Khan is in
Peshawar.
Q2. Where can we see the remains of Gandhara civilization?

Ans. The remains of the Ganghara civilization are visible at Swat,
Peshawar, Dir andTaxila.
Q3. Name the famous Urs of Sindh.

Ans. i. Urs of Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai at Bhit Shah.
ii. Urs of Hazrat Sachal Sarmast at Daraza.
iii. Urs of Hazrat Abdullah Shah Ghazi at Karachi.
iv. Urs of Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalandar at Sehwan.
Q4. Name the famous Urs of Punjab.

Ans. i. Urs of Hazrat Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore
ii. Urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore
iii. Urs of Hazrat Bahauddin Zakaria Multan
iv. Urs of Hazrat Shah Rukn – e – Alam
Q5. Name some famous arts of Pakistan.

Ans. i. Multan articles of camel skin
ii. Bahawalpur pitches and utensils
iii. Chinot wood craft
iv. Peshawar Metal work
v. Baluchistan embroidery
Q6. Name five famous Punjabi poets.

Ans. i. Baba Fareed
ii. Madholal Hussain
iii. Sultan Bahu
iv. Bhulley Shah
v. Waris Shah
Q7. Name five famous Sindhi poets.

Ans. i. Shah Abdul Latif Bhattai
ii. Sachal Sarmast
iii. Makhdoom Noor
iv. Shah Inayat

v. Bedil
Q8. Name the famous Balochi poets.
Ans. i. Jam Darag
ii. Shah murid
iii. Shahdad
Q9. Name five famous Pushto poets.

Ans. i. Amir Khusro
ii. Khushal Khan Khatak
iii. Rehman Baba
iv. Shershah Soori
v. Saifullah
Muslim Festivals with Dates

1. Eid – ul – Fitr 1st Shawwal
2. Eid – ul – Azha 10th ZilHaj
3. Eid – e – Milaad – un – Nabi 12th Rabi – ul – Awwal
Famaous Buildings
1. Tomb of Jehangir Lahore
2. Royal Fort Lahore
3. Wazir khan Mosque Lahore
4. Jamia Masjid Thatta
5. Mahabat Khan Mosque Peshawar
6. Shalamar Garden Lahore
7. Chauburgi Lahore
8. Tomb of Shah Rukn – e – Alam Multan

Q1. Define Culture. What are the characteristics of Pakistan
culture?
Ans. Definition:
“The collective manifestations of customs and traditions, faiths and
creeds, ways of living and the languages and dresses of any people in
their day to day social life is called culture”.
Culture consists of languages, ideals, beliefs, customs, codes,
institutions, tools, techniques, work of art, rituals, and ceremonies
and so on. Culture reflects the social heritage as it preserves the
history of a nation. The language also plays a key role in the
development of culture.
The culture of Pakistan being fundamentally derived from the
Universal Islamic civilization bears deep imprints of its ideology and
history. The people of the past had transmitted a magnificent heritage
to present generations.
Characteristics:
1. Languages:
Languagesoccupy the most important place in global cultures of
the people. This is a mean of communication and conveying
feelings. It plays a key role in the development of culture.
2. Languages of Pakistan:
Several languages are spoken in Pakistan.The major provincial
languages of over country include Sindhi, Pashto, Punjabi,
Balochi, and Brahvi. The national language of Pakistan is Urdu.
Dress:
The national dress of Pakistan is simple but graceful. Men wear
Shalwar Kameez or Kurta, Sherwani and cap or turban. The popular
dress among ladies is Shalwar Kameez and Dupatta. Embroided
dresses are also popular.
Art and Handicrafts:
Pakistan has very valuable cultural heritage in the field of
architecture. The Shah Jahan Masjid in Thatta, Shalamar Garden,
Badshahi Masjid, Shahi Qila and many other graceful buildings are a
living proof of excellent Mughal architecture sculpture and idol
making was replaced by stone carving on buildings. The tomb of
Chaukundi and Makli are excellent examples of stone carving.
1. Popular arts of Sindh:
Bangle craft, glasswork, Ajrak, lungi, khes, susi, embroidery
with colourful pieces of mirror, kasha work and clay pots etc.
Silver ornaments, beautiful decoration pieces made from sea
shells and marble.
2. Popular art of Multan:
Various articles made with camel skin, utensils with blue floral
designs.
3. Popular art of Bahawalpur:
Pitches and utensils made of clay.
4. Popular art of Chinot:
Wood craft with inlaid brass work.
5. Popular art of Peshawar:
Mental work, various articles peculiar to N.W.F.P.
6. Popular art of Baluchistan:
The Popular art of Baluchistan is embroidery.
Religious Festivals:
Eid – ul – Fitr and Eid – ul – Azha are the two man religious festival.
The festivals of Eid Milaad-un-Nabi (the birth of Holy Prophet P.B.U.H)
is celebrated on 12th RabiulAwwal.
Our non – Muslim brothers also share the rejoicing of Muslim

festivals. They also celebrate their own festivals. Fair, Mela’s and Urs
are also organized in Pakistan.
Faith and Belief:

The Pakistani society believes in oneness of Allah and the finality of
Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
Sufi and Ulemas:
Ulema and Sufi poets occupy an honourable place in our culture.
They played a glorious role in spreading Islam.
Education:
The system of education plays a prominent role in strengthening
culture. The educational system and the themes and subjects taught
become a source of expressing common culture.
Literature:
The poets and writers express human feelings and desires in a
beautiful way. Most of our poets inflict Islamic trends in their poetry.
The radio and television also influences the cultural aspect of our
society.
Social Festivals:
Almost in all provinces the social gatherings are arranged so that the
culture may be put into practice through various activities.
History and Civilization:
The history and civilization of Pakistan is very old. Its history and
civilization is very rich. The civilization of Taxila, Moen – jo – Daro and
Harappa are well known throughout the world.
Way of living:
The people of Pakistan live according to their provincial culture but
they commonly follow Islamic way of life.
Customs and traditions:
People of all provinces practice various customs and traditions.
Norms and Values:

The norms and values of Islamic culture are based on teachings of
Islam.
Music:
The music enjoys a prominent place in Pakistani culture. Qawwalis
and classical music has great importance.
Foods:
The eating habits, foods and social practices are strictly bonded with
Islamic principles.
Sports:
Sports and games form an important part of our national culture.
Many games are played in Pakistan which reflect our cultural identity.
These include Hockey, Cricket, Sqaush, Kabaddi and Wrestling.
Museums:
Museums are the place where all the historical objects are preserved.
They are kept safe for future generations.
Conclusion:
The culture of Pakistan is purely based on Islamic system of life. The
heritage of sub – continent’s nations begins with the advent of Islam.
Q2. What do you know about cultural heritage of Pakistan?

Ans. Introduction:
The social environment is known as culture. All human activities are
directly or indirectly connected with the social environment or culture.
Culture isthe direct impression of our nature, our modes of living and
of thinking. In short, culture is what we are.People of all four
provinces of Pakistan have their own regional languages. There is a
slight difference in customs, traditions and ways of living in our
provinces but a common culture is gradually emerging among all the
provinces of Pakistan.
Islamic Culture Heritage:
Pakistan has its origin in Islamic traditions. From the earliest days the
Muslims built cities and citadels, forts and palaces, mosques and
madarsas,, tombs and mausoleums, which are marked at once by
simplicity and grandeur, with open spaces and abundances of light in
accord with the Islamic concept of man’s direct and open relationship
with the creator.
The Muslim Architecture:
The famous important buildings are:
i. The Qutub Minar, Delhi
ii. The Agra fort
iii. The Taj Mahal
iv. Lal Qila, Delhi
v. Tomb of Jahangir at Lahore
vi. The Royal fort, Royal mosque and Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore
vii. The Jamea Masjid Thatta, Sindh
viii. The Mahabat Khan Mosque, Peshawar
Paintings:
Muslims brought with them the artistic traditions of Baghdad. Mughal
Emperors were fond of paintings.Jehangir was a great admirer of art.
Humayun brought with him two famous painters Syed Ali Tabrezi and
Khawaja Abdul Samad.Under Mughal patronage the art of miniature
developed and the Mughal School of painting grew up.
Music:
The Muslim tradition of music is glorious. The ragas like Aiman
Kalyan kafi, Hussaini Kanra and musical instruments like sitar,
dilruba, sur, rabab etc. Amir Khusro was one of the greatest musician
of Muslim period. The institution of Mushaira also grew up. The
Qawali was introduced in the Sufi spiritual congregation as musical
expression of devotion to the creator.
Calligraphy:
The Muslims have taken keen interest in the development of
calligraphy. The main reason of this interest is their deep attachment
to the Holy Quran. Aurangzeb Alamgir was the last Mughal ruler who
practiced the art of calligraphy.
Folk Heritage:
The national institute of folk and traditional heritage is popularly
known as lok virsa. (Lok means people and virsa means legacy) Lok
virsa has made notable achievements in the field of research
collection, documentation preservation and dissemination of
Pakistan’s folk lore, oral traditions and regional culture.
Games and sports:
Games and amusement are yet very important part of Pakistani
culture. Wrestling, Kabaddi and Malakhra are the traditional and
popular sports all over Pakistan.
The Man and Woman Status:
Man holds a upper hand in our society. He is the head of the family,
responsible for earning bread and butter. Woman too enjoys
important status. She runs the house hold and brings up the
children. She plays an important role throughout her life.
Conclusion:
Pakistan has been the cradle of civilization that dates back more than
five millennium.
Chapter # 06
Language of Pakistan
1. The poetic collection of Shah Abdul Latif is known as ___________.
a. Shah jo Ghazal b. Shah jo Nazam c. Shah jo Risalo
2. Data Ganj Baksh was the first sufi to spread Islam in __________.
3. Sachal Sarmast was a _____________ poet.
a. Sindhi b. Punjabi c. Pashto
4. Heer Ranjha was written by ____________.
a. Bholey Shah b. Sachal Sarmast c. Waris Shah
5. Rehman Baba is a famous ___________ poet.
a. Punjabi b. Pashto c. Sindhi
6. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai was born in ___________.
a. 1689 b. 1688 c. 1686
7. The word Urdu has been extracted from ___________.
a. Turkish b. Persian c. Sanskrit
8. The first Urdu poet having deewan was ________.
a. Ghalib
b. Iqbal
c. Quli Qutub Shah
Answers:
1 2 3 4 5
Shah jo Waris
Punjab Sindhi Pashto
Risalo Shah
6 7 8
Quli Qutub
1689 Turkish
Shah

Q1. Name Sufi poets of Punjabi language.
Ans. i. Baba Bhulley Shah
ii. Sultan Bahu
iii. Hazrat Baba Farid Ganj Shakar
iv. Shah Hussain (Madu Lal Hussain)
v. Khawaja Fareed
Q2. Name the two famous pushto poets.

Ans. i. Khushal Khan Khatak
ii. Rehman Baba
Q3. Name the Punjabi poets, who wrote, “Heer Ranjha and
Mirza Sahiban”.
Ans. Waris Shah wrote “Heer Ranjha” wheras Mirza Sahiban was written by
HafizBarkhurdar.
Q4. Name the Punjabi poets who wrote “Sassi Punnu” and
“Sohni Mahiwal”.
Ans. The Punjabi folk tale “Sassi Punnu” was written by Hashim Shah
whereas “Sohni Mahiwal” was written by Fazal Shah.

Q1. What is the importance of languages in culture?
Ans. Introduction:
Language occupies the most important place in global cultures of
people. This is a mean of communication and conveying feelings of our
heart among us all. Languages play the key role in the development of
culture.
Importance of Language:
1. Expression of Views:
Languages expresses beliefs, emotions, and feelings. Its also
helps in making ideas better and expressive.
2. An important part of life:
Language is a useful component of life. The progress of human
culture and its moral value is due to the language.
3. Means of progress:
The progress of language is actually the progress of human
brain, nationalism and humanity.Words help us in the thinking.
4. Quranic view:
Every Nation has the language of its Prophet. Allah says “We
have not sent only Prophet who does not have the language of
his people,so that he may clearly explain the message of God”
(Surah – e – Ibrahim)
5. National Identity:
Language is the identification of a nation. The wealth of
religious literature of a nation comes into sight by language. It
describes traditions, values and qualities of a nation.
6. Our National Language:
Languages are a part of culture. Among them one language is
used for interaction between people at national level. It
promotes unity and brother hood. The national language of
Pakistan is Urdu.
7. Regional Language:
Regional Languages are the cultural wealth of a nation. They
usually represent their own particular areas. The famous
regional languages of Pakistan are Punjabi, Pushto, Sindhi and
Balochi.
Conclusion:
Language is the only media which can express ideas and feelings. It
also builds the character of individual as well as nation.
Q2. Write a note on Urdu language and its importance as

National language of Pakistan.
Ans. Introduction:
During the rule of Shah Jahan (1627 – 1658), Urdu language came
into existence. It was spoken and understood both by Muslims and
Hindus. Since then Urdu has made a great progress by every mean. It
is one of the major languages of world now. According to UNESCO
Urdu is spoken and understood almost all over the world.
Origin:
Urdu originated in South Asia. Urdu is a Turkish word meaning
‘army’. In Mughal period the soldiers were recruited from different
areas of South Asia. They spoke different languages. Inter – relations
of people and languages occurred at camps was later named as “Urdu”
Qualities of Urdu:
1. Great power of assimilation:
The splendor of Urdu is Turkish and its charm is Persian in
base. The vitality of Urdu lies in its ability to adopt words from
other languages in such a way as if they belonged to it.
2. Vast Treasury:
Urdu has a vast treasure of words. It has a language ability of
accepting words from other languages. It contains words of
every international and regional languages of Pakistan. Today
its treasure of words have crossed 400,000. It possess a
valuable treasure of poetry and prose.
3. Source of National Identity:
Urdu is the identity of our nation. We are identified abroad due
to our national language.
Importance of Urdu as a National Language:
1. Cultural Heritage of Muslims:
It is a part of our cultural heritage. During the last two hundred
years of Mughal rule (1658 – 1857) the religious scholars,
intellectuals, poets and writers have adopted it as a language of
expression. After Arabic, it is Urdu language which contains
Islamic literature in abundance.
2. Freedom Movement:
It played a vital role in the creation of Pakistan. National leaders
addressed the public in this language. The poets aroused the
feeling of people by writing the national poems and lyrics in
Urdu. During freedom movement all important slogans were in
Urdu.
3. National and official language:
Quaid-e-Azam declared on 21st March 1948, Urdu to be the
national and official language of Pakistan.
4. Used in offices:
It is the official language of Pakistan. It is used in all the
government offices.
5. Means of national unity and integration:
It is spoken and understood all over Pakistan. It brings national
unity and co-operation. People living in different provinces
understand the feelings of each other thoroughly.
6. Medium of Education:
It is the medium of instruction in the majority of education
institutes of the country today. The majority of students take
examination in Urdu.
Conclusion:
On the whole Urdu is a symbol of great harmony among the people of
Pakistan.
Q3. Write a note on regional languages of Pakistan.
Ans. Introduction:
The regional languages of Pakistan derive their rich heritage from
Arabic, Persian and Central Asian influences. Then came the British
and today several English words have found their way into our
traditional vocabulary. Punjabi, Pushto, Sindhi and Balochi are 4
major regional language. All these languages have following elements
in common.
Common Elements:
1. They have background of cultural and moral life.
2. They have thousands of Arabic and Persian words.
3. They bear deep impression of Islam.
4. They have common heritage of war songs, Sufism etc.
5. They all employ the basic Quranic script.
i. Punjabi:
Punjabi, as its name suggest is the provincial language of
Punjab. It has a link with Prakrit and its vocabulary includes
words derived from the Arabic, Persian and Turkish languages.
The dialect varies from region to region.Punjabi is rich in
mystical and romantic poetry. The highly imaginative and
artistic exquisite literature, mostly in verse has two forms, one
in ‘lyric poetry’ which includes Bait, kafi, si – harfi, Baramah
and satwara. The other one in narrative poetry which is
composed of various rythems and meters. Examples are Qissa
Noor Namah Gulzar, Jan Namahand Vaar.
Famous Punjabi Poets:
* Baba Farid Shakar Ganj Baksh
* Shaikh Ibrahim Farid Shani
* Madholal Hussain
* Sultan Bahu
* Bullay Shah
* Ali Haidar
* Waris Shah
ii. Sindhi:
The origin of Sindhi can also be tracked back to Prakrit, which was
spoken in Sindh and western Punjab in ancient times. It in
corporate Arabic, Persian and Turkish words upon the arrival of
Muslims. It came to be written in the Arabic Naksh from right to left.
Famous Sindhi Poets:
* Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai
* Sachal Sarmast
* Makhdoom Noor
* Shah Inayat
* Bedil
* Sabit Ali Shah
* Kazi Kazah
Steps taken to develop Sindhi:
Various steps have been taken to develop Sindhi organization like
“Sindhi literacy board” and “Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Maula etc were set up.
Several newspaper being published in Sindhi, such as Ibrat, Naw-i-
Sindh and Khadim-e-Watan besides number of weeklies.
iii. Balochi:
The provincial language of Balochistan has its origin in the
ancient language spoken in northern Iran. This is least
developed provincial language of Pakistan. The history of
Balochi literature may be divided into four periods.
a) Early Medieval Period 1430 – 1600
b) Later Medieval Period 1600 – 1850
c) Modern Period 1850 – 1930
d) Contemporary Period 1930 up to date
No book or newspaper was published in Balochi up till 1940. At
present Balochi literature is on the road to development.
Types of Balochi:
* Sulemani
* Makrani
Famous literary figures of Balochi:
* Azad Jamaldin
* Ulfat Naseem
* Abdul Qadir Shahwani
* Malik Muhammad Ramazan
* Mir Aaqil Maingal
Some most famous poets are:
 Jam Darang
 Shah Murid
 Shahdad
iv. Pushto:
It is the regional language of NWFP (KPK) and tribal areas. It
belongs to east Iranian groups of languages and contains many
Persian, Arabic, Greek and Pehlevi words.
Steps taken to develop Pushto:
Although Pushto is an old language but its literature is
comparatively new. After independence education spread rapidly
and pushto literature received a great boost. The Pushto
Academy Peshawar and other literary societies and educational
institutions such as Islamia College (Peshawar) helped in growth
of Pushto literature.
Famous Pushto Poets:
 Amir Khusro
 Khushal Khan Khatak
 Rehman Baba
 Sher Shah Soori
 Saif ullah
 Kazim
Conclusion:
The regional languages of Pakistan are the modern Pakistani
languages. Their literature bears the same message of internal peace
and brotherhood for mankind.
Q4. Describe the role of national language in creating
national integrity and solidarity.
Ans. Beginning and Inclination:
Urdu is developed language and it is representative of our history and culture.
This is the only language, which is spoken far and wide in the sub-continent
with little changes. It has absorbed the words of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and
other local languages of South Asia. Many words of languages of Europe
(English) have been part of it, like Bangla, Bus, school, college, hospital,
operation, laboratory, test, station, radio, TV etc. Urdu has flourished a lot in
Pakistan. Writers and poets have contributed a lot to spread it. Its main
quality is that it has absorbed the words of other languages in it in such a way
that they have become its components.
Prakrat:
In olden days Arians came from Middle East and they began to live in the
northern parts of Sub-continent. Their language was Sanskrit. But due to local
influences changes came in this language and deformed form of Sanskrit
language was named Prakrat. This language was spoken till one and a half
thousand years ago.
Hindi or Brig Bhasha:
Slowly changes came in Prakrat language and it changed form was called Birg
Bhasha. When Muslims came in the sub-continent, this language was spoken
throughout the country.
The Birth of Urdu:
Various Muslim emperors ruled the sub-continent. Their language was
Persian in which there were mixed Arabic and Turkish words. At the arrival of
European nations, some French and Portugali words were also included in
this language. During the regime of Shah Jehan, Birg Bhasha so changed tht it
seemed to be a new language and formed a Lushkari language. Lushkar is
called Urdu in Turkish language. In this way Urdu language came into being.
National Language:
Urdu is our national language. It is the symbol of unity and brotherhood. This
is spoken and understood in all the four provinces with little changes of
pronunciation. Urdu has been declared the national language in the 1973
constitution of Pakistan. This language is the main source of link between the
four provinces. Urdu is full of precious wealth of religion, culture and
literature. Mir, Ghalib, Hali, Akbar Allahabad and Zafar Ali Khan were the
great poets and writers of this language. Their personalities influenced the
people of the sub-continent very much. In this way Urdu plays a central role
in developing our cultural heritage.
Urdu with Its Parents:
Late Maulana Salah-ud-Din describes Urdu languages in these words. “Urdu
was born in Punjab, grew up in Delhi and she was married in Lucknow. Now it
has become a widow and migrated to its parents, Pakistan. It is to see how it is
treated by her parents.
National Language, A Source Of Unity And
Uniformity:
Although Urdu is our national language and means of our education but at the
time different regional languages have much importance and they are helpful
in the progress of Urdu. There are several things common in most of our
regional languages. Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto, and Balochi have influenced
Urdu very much. Great Sufi poets Bulley Shah, Shah Abdul Lateef Bhitai and
Rehman Baba expressed similar facts and values of life, like hard works, truth,
patriotism, bravery, piety and respect are the moral lessons, felt deeply by
every Pakistani. Their importance is same for all the Muslims. In this way our
national personality rises. Different regional languages are absorbed in the
deep sea of Urdu.
For national uplift, the progress of Urdu language is necessary. It is important
to bring the people of different regions close to each other and to produce in
them the emotions of love and brotherhood. It is required to write stories,
songs, essays and history of all the regions of Pakistan in Urdu to satisfy all
types of people.
Qualities of Urdu:
Urdu is especially important for Pakistan. It is the national language of
Pakistan. It was the strong decision of Quaid-e-Azam that Urdu will be the
national language of Pakistan. This importance is Islamic to its following main
qualities.
i. Religious Wealth:
Our most of the religious books are written in Urdu. The wealth of
Quranic teachings, Hadith and Islamic history is also written in Urdu.
ii. International Importance:
The importance of Urdu language is realized internationally. It is being
spoken in the Middle East and India. Voice of America and B.B.C.
broadcast many programmes in Urdu.
iii. Cultural And Educational Wealth:
The heritage of our literature and culture has also been written in
Urdu.
iv. Language of Ordinary Talk:
It is the language of Ordinary talk in all of our four provinces. It is
spoken and understood far and wide in Pakistan. No other language
has this quality.
v. Easily Spoken And Understand:
Urdu is a very easy language. Everyone can understand and speak Urdu
by a little effort because it includes a number of Arabic, Persian, Hindi
and English words. Its composition is very easy to understand.
vi. Vast Vocabulary:
It has vast vocabulary of beautiful words, which is increasing very
rapidly day by day. Due to this quality, it is able to express various
subjects and ideas.
vii. Easy To Type:
Now a day, we use computer for Urdu composing and typing. Its type is
also very easy due to which publishing can be done very rapidly.
Chapter # 07
Economic Planning and
Development
1. The name of the national airways is _______________.
a. PIA b. Air Blue c. Shaheen air
2. In __________ huge deposits of natural gas was discovered at sui.
a. 1951 b. 1952 c. 1950
3. The two big hydroelectric dams of Pakistan are ______________.
a. Mangla and Tarbela
b. Ravi and Mangla
c. Warsak and Tarbela
4. The sixth five year plan was launched in _____________.
a. 1981 – 1986 b. 1971 – 1976 c. 1983 – 1988
5. The fourth development programme of Pakistan was launched in ____.
a. 1970 – 1978 b. 1960 – 1968 c. 1950 – 1958
6. The major agricultural products of Pakistan are _______ and _______.
a. Rice, Wheat b. cotton, rice c. wheat, millet
7. Pakistan had its first atomic nuclear explosion on May 28 in
________at Chagi.
a. 1999 b. 1998 c. 1997
8. The biggest industrial centre of silken cloth is at _____________.
a. Karachi b. Hyderabad c. Lahore
9. Pakistan Steel Mill was established at ____________.
a. Pipri b. Nazimabad c. Quaidabad
10. According to causes of 1998, literacy rate is _______________.
a. 36.7% b. 36.8% c. 38.9%
11. _________ billion rupees were allocated for education in 7th year plan.
a. 23.1 b. 22.1 c. 24.1
Answers:
1 2 3 4 5 6
PIA 1952 Mangla 1983 – 1970 – Rice,
and 1988 1978 Wheat
Tarbela
7 8 9 10 11
1998 Karachi Pipri 36.8% 23.1
Q1. Give a brief account of planning of Economics in
Pakistan.
Ans. Economic Planning:
The better use of national resources for the development of national
economy and public welfare is called economic planning.
Importance of Economic Planning:
i. Increase of per-capita income.
ii. Increase of National Income.
iii. Creations of job opportunities.
iv. Economic self sufficiency
v. Balance of payments.
vi. Industrial development.
vii. Development of Under Developed Areas.
viii. Employment of manpower
ix. Stability of prices.
x. Control of population.
xi. Control over economic Crisis.
Economic Planning in Pakistan:
Economic planning in Pakistan can be studied under the following
headings.
i. Industry oriented planning.
ii. Agriculture centered planning.
iii. Policy of Nationalization.
iv. Denationalization or Fiscal policy.
Industry oriented planning:
During 1950 – 60, industrial development was at the top priority of
our economic planning.
Agricultures oriented planning:
During 1960 – 70, agriculture sector was given due importance the
salient features of this kind of planning are:
 Foreign monetary supports were considered essential for
economic development.
 As a result of this policy, private growth rate increased.
 Gap between the rich and the poor was further livened.
 Balance of payments were disturbed due to the increased
imports and lower exports level.
 Disparity between eastern and western zones of Pakistan was clear.
Policy of nationalization:
 During 1970 – 80, 32 big industrial units were nationalized.
 This attitude of nationalization alarmed the investors and the
investment came to a standstill.
 Production derailed
 The laborers took to protest.
 Dependence on foreign aid.
Denationalization or Fiscal policy:
 During the last years of 1980 the denationalization policy
started.
 New incentived were provided to private investors.
 The new fiscal policy aimed at enhancing dependence on
internal savings instead of foreign aid.
 Social sciences were expanded.
 HRD (Human Resource Development) was made the guiding
principle for economic planning.
Q2. Give the background of Industrial development in

Pakistan and signify the importance of industries in the
development of Pakistan.
Ans.Background:
Pakistan started with an extremely weak industrial base after
independence. The British had concentrated their entire industrial
establishment in a few big cities like Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.
Under partition, major industries established in India were, textile,
jute, sugar, steel, iron, cement, paper and glass.
At the time of partition, there were 921, big industrial units in India,
out of these only 34 came to the share of Pakistan (less than four
percent of the total), and this was unfair because 20 % of the total
Indian population lived in Pakistan. Employment capacity of the
industries which came to the share of Pakistan was even poorer.
Indian industrial units had a total capacity of employing 11,37,150
persons daily, Pakistan‘s 34 units had a capacity of employing only
26,400 persons daily i.e. only 2.32% of the total.
Importance of Industry in National Development:
Pakistan is basically an agrarian economy and in order to make rapid
economic progress we need to develop our agriculture on priority
basis, but this does not mean that industrial development is less
important. We should pay due attention to the progress of industry for
reasons given below:
 Modern agriculture cannot be carried out without the help of
mechanical equipment. Modernization of agriculture demands,
abundant supply of agricultural instruments, pesticides,
insecticides and fertilizers, which obviously need strong
industrial support.
 In order to earn more foreign exchange, it is necessary that our
agricultural produce is not exported raw but in processed form.
Processing requires an agro-based industrial set up.
 Pakistan has to import large quantities of raw and processed

goods in order to meet the demands of her ever expanding
population as well as for keeping a balance between exports and
imports, for this we should try to manufacture consumer’s
goods within our country and establish factories for this
purpose.
 By expanding our industrial base we can provide employment
for maximum number of our people, this will alleviate poverty
problem and help us in improving our people’s quality life.
Q3. Describe the mineral resources of Pakistan.

Ans.Minerals Resources or Minerals:
The natural wealth and deposits which are buried under the earth in
form of different elements and compounds are called as Minerals
Resources or Minerals. These mineral resources provide great help in
the industrial development of a country.
Minerals Resources of Pakistan:
Almighty Allah has given lots of mineral wealth to Pakistan. These
minerals resources are playing a vital role in the rapid economic and
industrial progress of Pakistan. There are approximately 47 important
minerals of Pakistan which are found at different places but they are
not taken as much valuable ability. The minerals which have
economic forces are nearly 27. Following are the important mineral
resources of Pakistan.
Mineral Oil:
Mineral oil is an important wealth of the modern age. It is a source of
generating energy. Mineral oil is found in raw condition which is
refined in the oil refineries to get petrol and other by products like
kerosene oil, diesel, plastic, candle, lubricating oil and baseline.
Pakistan produces about 15% oil of the total requirements of the
country. The remaining 85% requirements are met from the import of
oil from other countries. The oil resources of Pakistan are located in
Potowar, Khor, Dhullian, Kot Mayyab, Sarang in Attock district,
Balkasar in Chakwal district, Joyamir in district Jehlum, Dhodak in
Dera Ghazi Khan. In Sindh oil has been discovered at Badin,
Hyderabad, Sanghar and Dadu districts. Oil and Gas Development
Corporation (OGDC) is responsible for exploration of oil in the
country.
Natural Gas:
The natural gas has great status among the energy resources specially
inPakistan.
Where other energy resources are short, the importance of natural gas
is more. Natural gas is required for running industry and is used as
fuel, for vehicles and household purposes. Its use has become
common because it is cheaper than the petrol. About 35% of the
country needs are met out of natural gas. Pakistan has vast reserves
of gas. Natural gas was first discovered at a place called Sui near Dera
Bugti in Balochistan in 1952. Afterwards, this gas was discovered at
thirteen different places in the lower Indus Valley and Potowar. The
most important places for gas reserves are Sui, Uch, and Zin in
Balochistan. Khairpur, Mazrani, Seri, Hundi, Kand Kot in Sindh and
Dhodhak, Pir Koh, Dhullian and Mayyal in Punjab. Natural gas has
been brought to different big cities through pipe lines. The gas is used
in cement fertilizer and general industries. It is also used for
producing thermal electricity.
Coal:
Coal is an important source of energy. Coal is used as a fundamental
raw material in iron and steel industry. Pakistan has no production of
coal Low standard coal is produced in Pakistan. Pakistan produces
about 11% at Makkarwal and pidh. The coal mines of Makkarwal in
Mianwali district are the biggest coal mines in the country.
In Balochistan, coal has been discovered at Sharag, Khost, Harnai,
Sar, Degari, Shirin and Mach. Coal mines in Sindh are the Jhimpir in
Thatta and Larkana in Jamshoro district. Coal has also been
discovered in Tharparkar district in Sindh in a vast quantity.
Iron Ore:
The average annual production of iron ore in Pakistan is
approximately four thousand tons which is far less than the
requirements of the country. Iron ore is used for making iron, steel,
machines and tools of different kind. The largest deposits of iron ore
have been discovered in the Kala Bagh area. Other deposits are found
in Langrial, 32 kilometers south of Abbotabad in Hazara district and
chitral. In Balochistan iron ore is found at Khuzdar, chilghazi and
Muslim Bagh. The iron found in Pakistan is not of good quality and it
meets only 16% of the total requirement of the country. Pakistan Steel
Mills is using imported iron ore.
Chromites:
Chromite is an important color metal used for making steel, aero
planes, dyes and photography items. Pakistan has the larger reserves
of chromites in the world. Most of which is exported to earn foreign
exchange. Its deposits are found in Muslim Bagh, Chaghai, Kharan in
Balochistan. In N. W. F. P and FATA, the deposits of chromite are
found in Malakand, Mohamnd Agency and North Waziristan.
Copper:
Copper is an important industrial metal. It is used in making
electrical goods and electrical wires. The deposits of copper have been
found in Chaghai district of Balochistan at Saindak and Amuri. An
estimate of these reverses deposits is 412 million ton in which some
quantity of silver and gold are present. But the work is in progress on
these deposits.
Gypsum:
Gypsum is an important and precious mineral found in Pakistan. It is
used in the production of cement, chemical fertilizers, plaster of paris
and bleaching powder. The total reserves of Gypsum found in
Pakistan are estimated 350 million tons. The gypsum is obtained from
the districts of Jehlum, Mianwali, Dera Ghazi Khan in Punjab. In
N.W.F.P. at Kohat, In Sindh at Rohri and in Balochistan gypsum is

found at Sibi and Loralai.
Salt:
Pakistan has the largest reserves of mineral salt in the world. The
biggest salt range is located in the South of potowar plateau. This salt
is of fine quality. The biggest salt mine is in Khewra in Jehlum district
of Punjab. Salt is also obtained from Warchha in Khushab district,
Kala Bagh in Mianwali district and Bahadur Khel in Karak district. In
the Mauripur area near Karachi and the Makran coast. Salt is
obtained from sea water. Salt is used in cooking, it is also used in the
manufacture of washing soda and hydrochloric acid.
Lime Stone:
Lime Stone is mostly used for making cement. When it is burnt, lime
is obtained which is used for white washing the houses. It is also used
in glass, soap, paper and dye industries. Vast lime deposits are found
in Dandot in Jehlum district, Zindapir at Dera Ghazi Khan, Mughal
Kot and Ganjo Takkar near Hyderabad, Manghopir, Kot Diji and
Ranipur in Sindh.
Marble Stone:
Marble Stone is mostly used for the decoration and elegance of the
buildings and houses. Marble stone of different kinds and of different
colours is found in abundance in Pakistan. It is found in the districts
of Chaghai, Mardan, Swat and Khyber Agency.
The Marble stone of Pakistan is considered to be of the best quantity
in the world due to its softness, beauty and colour. Black and white
marble is found in the Kala Chitta Hills in Attock district.
Q4. Write a note on Main industries of Pakistan?

Ans. Main industries of Pakistan:
The details of industries established and product in Pakistan is given
as under:
Chemical Fertilizer Industry:
Traditional fertilizers cannot be relied for the faster agricultural
development so the chemical fertilizers become a must for agricultural
sector. The chemical fertilizers factories are working at Multan,,
Maripur, Mathelo, Faisalabad, Mirpur, Dawood Khel and Dharki.
Woollen Textile Industry:
Woolen textile mills are producing at Bannu, Swat, Lawrancepure, D.
I. Khan, Peshawar, Quaidabad and Hunza.
Sugar Industry:
Sugarcane is grown the large scale in Pakistan and so about 60 sugar
mills are at the various places in the country.
Cotton Textile Industry:
Pakistan, with reference to the cotton textiles, is renowned as
Manchester of Asia. Cotton textiles are in dominating position
amongst the exportables. Cotton textile mills are working at
Faisalabad, Multan and Karachi.
Oil Refineries:
Oil refineries are working at Karachi, Rawalpindi and Muzaffargarh
and Kot Addu.
Cement Industry:
Pakistan produces cement on the large scale and after satisfying the
local needs, it is exported also. Cement plants are working at Karachi,
Dawood Khel, Hyderabad, Rohri, Hazara, Dandot and Jehlum.
Paper and Board Industry:
Although Pakistan makes paper and paper board but production is
less than the requirement therefore, paper and board are imported
every year on the large scale. Paper and board mills are at Nawshera,
Lahore, Charsadda, Shekhupura, Gujranwala etc.
Iron and Steel Industry:
Although the factories have been established to process iron ore in
Balochistan but the biggest steel Mills is in Karachi named as
Pakistan Steel.
Leather and Leather Goods Industry:
Pakistan, being agricultural country, is self sufficient in leather and
leather goods production and has been producing shoes, hand bags,
suitcases and leather garments on the large scale. Leather and leather
goods factories are working at Harrappa, Karachi, Kasur, Lahore and
Hyderabad.
Ship Building Industry:
One ship building factory is working at Karachi which also provides
repairing services.
Machine and Tools Industry:
Heavy Mechanical Complex was established at Taxila with the
financial and technological collaboration of China which is producing
big plants and parts. Similarly, Machine and Tool Factory is also
working at Karachi. Railway bogies are being produced at Islamabad.
Rubber and Cigarette Making Industry:
Rubber goods like tires of motor vehicles and cycles, shoes, tubes and
other items are produced at Sialkot, Karachi and Lahore. Apart from it
, 30 cigarette making factories are also there in Pakistan.
Electronic Goods Industry:
Electronics goods industry has developed rapidly in Pakistan. Many
factories are engaged in producing electric wires, television sets, radio
sets, air conditioners etc. Gujrat and Gujranwala are the centers of
this industry.
In addition to these industries, other industries are also working in
pharmaceuticals, cycles etc.
Q5. Signify the importance of agriculture in our national
economy.
Ans. Significance of Agriculture In Pakistan’s economy:
Pakistan is basically an agrarian economy. Following factors signify
the importance of agriculture in our economic structure.
 Thirty two percent of GNP comes from agriculture sector.
 We full fill our seventy to eighty present of foreign exchange
requirements from the income generated from agriculture
sector.
 Thirty nine percent of our total population is employed as labor
force in the agriculture sector.
 Seventy nine percent of our total population depends upon
agriculture indirectly.
 Inspite of our enormous dependence on agriculture sector or
level of our agriculture produce is extremely low, i.e. we
produce only 20 monds of wheat per acre as compared to 50
monds per acre in the United States and only 11 monds of rice
per acre as compared to 50 monds in Italy.
 About 30 percent of the population depends on agriculture is
semi-employed.
 Seventy two percent of out total population lives in rural areas
is widespread.
 Due to immense poverty, level of illiteracy in the rural areas is
almost double of the urban areas.
Poverty and Agriculture Sector:
Despite recent good macroeconomic performance, Pakistan continues
to have high levels of poverty. Poverty estimates of 2000-2001,
indicate that around one third of the population lives at or below the
poverty line, with poverty being concentrated in rural areas. Available
international literature indicates a strong and clear cut relation ship
between agricultural growth and poverty reduction. The agricultural
sector is a major determine of the overall economic growth and well
being in Pakistan, contributing 23 percent of total GDP; employing
42% of the total employed labor forces; and accounting nearly 9
percent of the country’s export canings. Thus, high agricultural
growth is essential for significant poverty reduction in Pakistan.
Non-Farm growth and National Betterment:
However, in addition to the direct impact of agricultural growth on
poverty reduction, there is also a much larger indirect effect through
the links between agriculture and non-farm growth in rural areas.
Non-farm growth is closely linked with agricultural growth since
peasant farmers spend a large portion of their incremental income on
locally produced non-agricultural goods thus generating employment
and incomes in the adjoining areas. The increased demand for non-
agricultural lead to much longer increase in employment, which is a
key vehicle for poverty reduction. Available information also points to
a much larger increase in employment, which is a key vehicle for
poverty reduction. Available information that points to increasing the
importance of non-farm incomes in rural Pakistan are households,
transfer income, crop income, rental income and livestock income.
Livestock is a particularly important source of income for the poor
households, especially for endless and small landowners, dependent
on this sector.
Q6. Write a note on agriculture and agricultural products of

Pakistan.
Ans. Agriculture:
Pakistan is an agricultural country. Most of the people here are
engaged in this occupation. It is the largest segment of Pakistan’s
economy. It contributes 26% gross domestic products. Agricultural
sector has great importance in Pakistan because the economy of
Paksitan is based on it. Allah Almighty has blessed Pakistan with
fertile land where we are growing all types of crops.
Crops of Pakistan:
There are two types of crops in Pakistan.
i. Rabi Crops:
The summer crops are called Rabi crops. These include wheat,
barley, gram and oil seeds.
ii. Kharif Crops:
The winter crops are called Kharif crops. These include rice, maize,
cotton, sugarcane, sorghum & millet.
Kinds of Crops:
The above two types of crops are further divided into two kinds.
i. Food Crops:
The crops which are used as food e.g. wheat, rice, maize, sorghum,
pulses, barley, vegetable and fruits.
ii. Cash Crops:
The crops wich are exported for foreign exchange e.g. cotton, sugar
cane, tobacco and oil seeds.
Cash Crops:
i. Cotton:
Cotton is the biggest export of Pakistan. It is also called the
silver fibre of Pakistan. It is mainly cultivated in Punjab and
Sindh. Two types of cotton is sown in Pakistan. One is
indigenous and the other is American cotton. A lot of textile
industries have also been established in the country due to
plenty of cotton.
ii. Sugar Cane:
It is an important crop from which sugar is obtained. It is sown
in all the four provinces. Its residue is used for making paper
too. The province of NWFP is called the ‘home of sugarcane’.
Pakistan produces surplus sugarcane which is exported for
foreign exchange.
iii. Tobacco:
Tobacco is mainly produced in NWFP especially in Peshawar
and Mardan. It is used in cigarettes and cigars. Tobacco is also
exported to other countries.
iv. Oil Seeds:
Oil seeds are important crop of Pakistan. They are grown where
there is abundance of water. The oil seeds include cotton seed,
rapeseed, mustard, ground nuts, sesame, Lin and sunflower.
Our vegetable oil industry uses these seeds. Still Pakistan
imports 80% oil seeds from other countries.
Food Crops:
i. Wheat:
It is the most important food crop of Pakistan. About ¾ of the
total production of wheat is received from Punjab. After Punjab,
Sindh produces plenty of wheat. We are self-sufficient in the
production of wheat. Flour is the main by-product of wheat.
Bread and other food items are prepared from flour.
ii. Rice:
Rice is an important food crop of Pakistan and is largely grown
in Pakistan. We are self-sufficient in the production of rice. We
are also exporting it in large quantity. Especially Basmati rice of
Pakistan have great demand in foreign countries.
iii. Maize (Corn):
Pakistan is self-sufficient in the production of corn but it is not
of good quality. It is a food crop and is also used as animal
fodder. It is mostly found in NWFP where Mardan, Abottabad,
Mansehra, Swat and Peshawar are the main areas, while in
Punjab, Faisalabad and Sahiwal are known for cultivation of
maize.
iv. Sorghum and millets:
It is not generally used as food but it is a part of animal feed.
Pakistan is self-sufficient in the production of sorghum and
millets but we donot export them. They are mostly grown in
Punjab and Sindh.
i. Pulses:
Different varities of pulses are one of the main food crops of our
country. Gram leads in the list of pulses and it is mainly grown
in NWFP. Other varities like lathyrus (Moong), lentis (masoor)
and vetchling(mash) are grown more in Punjab.
ii. Barley:
It is not grown in large areas. It is used in poor families and also
as fodder of animals.
iii. Vegetable & Fruits:
Pakistan is self-sufficient in the production of vegetables like
potato, pumpkin, tomato, lady fingers, brinajl, spinach, onion,
radish, pea, sugar beat, cabbage, carrot, etc. Potatoes and
onions are exported too. A number of fruits and dry fruits are
grown in Pakistan like grapes, apples, pomegranate, plum,
apricot, pears, cherry, mango, dates, banana, water melon and
melons, oranges, almond, pistachio, walnut, etc.
Q7. What are the agricultural problems of Pakistan?

Ans. Pakistan is an agricultural country. Agriculture is the main
occupation of the people of Pakistan. Although a large number of food
and cash crops are grown here still the production rate is less due to
the following reasons.
Low Literacy Rate:
Majority of farmers are not educated due to the low literacy rate. They
don’t have any knowledge about modern farming and are still using
traditional methods of cultivation. They have little knowledge about
insecticides and fertilizers.
Increasing Number of Farmers:
There is a continuous increase in the number of farmers, but the
process of bringing more area under cultivation is quite slow.
Non-Mechanized Cultivation:
Although the farmers of Pakistan are hard working still the per acre
yield is not increase.
In fact, the farmers are not following mechanized cultivation. They
depend onwooden plough and local seeds. Lack of financial resources
is also hindrance in mechanical cultivation.
Limit of agricultural land:
The agricultural land of Pakistan is divided into two groups. The
landlord group has vast area but as they donot cultivate themselves
so the land is barren. The second group has canal-irrigated area
which is not more than 12-15 acre per person.
Role of agricultural Department:
The agricultural department is also not playing its role effectively. As a
result of the lack of co-ordination between the farmers and the staff of
agriculture department the agricultural outputs suffer.
Soil Erosion:
The erosion of soil which removes the upper fertile crust of the earth
is also responsible for low production.
Water Logging and Salinity:
Large canal areas of Punjab and Sindh are effected by water logging
and salinity which is a serious set back to the fertility of land.
Fragmentation of Landholdings:
Fragmentation has divided the land into small holdings which restrict
large scale production.
Insufficient means of Transport:

Due to the bad road condition a good quantity of food do not reach
safely to market.
Difficulties in marketing of Corps:
The role of middleman also creates difficulty in marketing of crops and
the farmers do not get full or proper price of their products. This
disappoints the farmers, who then pay less attention to production.
Unsuitable Conditions:
The lack of medical facilities and bad living conditions in countryside
the strength of farmer for more production is minimized.
Q8. What steps have been taken by the government to solve
the agriculture problems in Pakistan?
Ans. Pakistan is an agricultural country. Therefore the government of
Pakistan has taken a number of steps to solve the agricultural
problems in the country. These steps are as follows:
I. Educational Facilities:
a. The government has extended educational facilities to the
farmers through agriculture department in use of modern
scientific methods.
b. Pamphlets and leaflets to create awareness have been
published.
c. Radio and television programmes on agriculture are
broadcasted.
d. An overall program of adult education has been introduced
in rural areas.
II. Financial Assistance:
a. Soft-term loans are provided for purching fertilizers
equipments, seeds, etc.
b. Loans for tubewells and tractors are also provided on easy
installments.
III. Means of Irrigation:
a. Artificial means of irrigation are being made more effective.
b. Arrangements to eliminate water logging and salinity have
been made.
c. Canals and water courses are being lined.
IV. Introduction of agriculture vocations:
a. Vocations related to agriculture are promoted to reduce
pressure of population on cultivated area.
b. These supplementary professions also give opportunities to
farmers to earn extra money.
V. Land Reforms:
a. Land reforms introduced in 1959, 1972 and 1977 have
fixed a ceiling on landholdings of big land lords and have
distributed surplus land among thelandless farmers.
b. Monopoly of landlords have been abolished.
VI. Agricultural Institutions:
a. Agricultural institutions such as agricultural universities
and colleges have beensetup in the country. Some of the
institution are:
1. Agriculture university, Peshawar
2. Arid agriculture University, Rawalpindi
3. Agriculture University, Faisalabad
4. Agriculture University, Bahawalpur
5. Agriculture University, Tandojam
6. Agriculture College, Multan
7. Agriculture Institute, Dokri (Larkana)
These institutes are engaged in finding the means to
increase agriculturalproduction of the country.
Q9. Write a note on natural resources of Pakistan.

Ans. Resources are defined as a mean of meeting a need particularly an
economic or social need of people. The term usually refers to natural
resources which are largely unchanged materials and that are highly
valuable to people and used in variety of ways.
All living beings have deep relationship with earth. Earth provides
every thing in form of water and minerals. These resources are created
by Allah and they are called natural resources.
Pakistan is rich in natural resources. They are very important for the
development and prosperity of a country. The important natural
resources are.
Soil:
The upper layer of earth which is composed of different thin rock
particles and is helpful in growth of vegetation and plants is called
soil. Generally soil is a compound of salt, silt and clay.
Soil of Pakistan is of red, white and black colour. There is a variety of
soil in Pakistan.
Soils of Pakistan:
i. Indus Basin soils
ii. Mountain soils
iii. Alluvial soils of the flood plains
iv. Alluvial soils of Bar uplands
v. Soils of the piedmont plains
vi. Desert soils
vii. Soils of Potwar Plateau
viii. Soils of Western Highlands
Water:
Water is a basic need of life. Human beings, animals and plants
cannot live without water. In Pakistan its importance is more than
ordinary due to the agrarian nature of economy. The share of
agricultural sector in the gross domestic product (GDP) of Pakistan is
about 25%. The increasing pressures of population and
industrialization have already placed greater demands on water.
Air/Wind:
Air is very important for existence of life because all living things
respire through air.
Forests:
Forests are extensive continous areas of land dominated by trees. The
desired level of forests is 25% of total land of a country. In Pakistan
only 4.5% land is under forest. Area wise and on basis of climate,
there are following types of forests.
i. Alpine forests
ii. Coniferous forests
iii. Sub – tropical dry forests
iv. Tropical thorn forests
v. Riverine or bela
vi. Mangrove forests
vii. Plantation
Importance of forests:
i. It is important natural resources.
ii. They help in reduction of water logging.
iii. They make the weather pleasant.
iv. They are useful in making medicines.
v. They are a source of wild life.
vi. They are a main source of fire wood.
vii. They add beauty to land scape.
viii. They provide recreation.
ix. They act as natural pasture.
x. Thay help in reduction of Carbon dioxide.
Minerals and power energy sources:
Power resources play a vital role in the industrial and economic
development of a country. Pakistan is blessed with these power
resources. They are:
i. Thermal power
ii. Hydro power
iii. Atomic energy
iv. Solar energy
While minerals are the natural wealth found under the ground. They
play a significant role in the economy and progress of any country.
There are three main types of minerals found in Pakistan.
i. Power resource mineral : oil, gas,
coal
ii. Metallic mineral: iron, chromite,
copper
iii. None metallic mineral: salt,
limestone, gypsum and marble
Five Year Plans
1. 1955 – 1960 4863 total million rupees
8. 1993 – 2008
Chapter # 08
Pakistan and Comity of Nations
1. The second Islamic summit conference was held at Lahore in _______.
a. 1973 b. 1974 c. 1972
2. Pakistan became a member of NAM in _________.
a. 1979 b. 1978 c. 1977
3. The UNO was established in ______________.
a. 1944 b. 1945 c. 1943
4. ___________ assisted Pakistan for second Islamic summit conference.
a. Shah Saud b. Shah Abdul Aziz c. Shah Faisal
5. The secretariat of OIC is situated in ____________.
a. Jeddah b. Rabbat c. Riadh
6. The first Islamic Summit Conference was held in 1969 at __________.
a. Riadh b. Jeddah c. Rabbat
7. The secretariat of RCD is situated in ____________.
a. Iran b. Iraq c. China
8. __________ opposed the membership of Pakistan in UNO.
a. Iran b. Iraq c. Afghanistan
9. NAM had so for ___________ conferences.
a. Eight b. Six c. Nine
10. The first conference of NAM was held at Belgrade in ______________.
a. 1960 b. 1962 c. 1961
Answers:
1 2 3 4 5
1974 1979 1945 Shah Jeddah
Faisal
6 7 8 9 10
Rabbat Iran Afghanistan Eight 1961
Short Answers and Questions
Q1. Of which organization is R.C.D the abbreviated form.
What is its new name?
Ans. RCD stands for “Regional Co operation Development” and the new
name is ECO (Economics Co operation Organization).
Q2. Of which organization is SAARC the abbreviation?

Ans. The word SAARC stands for South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation.
Q3. Write the names of the member countries of SAARC

organization.
Ans. The names of the member countries of SAARC are as follows:
i. Pakistan ii. India iii. Bangladesh
iv. Sri Lanka v. Nepal vi. Bhutan
viii. Maldives
Q4. When was U.N.O formed? What was the number of its
member countries till September 1998?
Ans. The U.N.O (United Nation Organization) was established on October
24, 1945 itsmembership till 1998 was 187 Nation – States.
Q5. When and where was second Islamic Summit conference

held?
Ans. The second Islamic Summit conference was held in February, 1974 in
Lahore.
Q6. Of which organization are UNICEF, UNHCR and UNESCO

the abbreviation?
Ans. UNICEF :United Nations International Children EmergencyFund
UNHCR : United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural

Organization
UNESCO : United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Q7. When did Pakistan became a member of United Nation?

Ans. Pakistan became member of United Nation on September 30, 1947.
Q8. Of which organizations are NADRA and IMF abbreviated

form?
Ans. NADRA stands for National Data base and Registration Authority. IMF
stands for International Monetary Fund.
Famous Abbreviations
RCD Regional Cooperation Development
UNO United Nations Organizations
KANUPP Karachi Atomic and Nuclear Power Plant
UNICEF United Nations International Children Emergency
Fund.
UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugee
UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
PIDC Pakistan Industrial Development Cooperation
NAM Non Alligned Movement
SEATO South East Asia Treaty Organization
CENTO Central Treaty Organization
OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference
ECO Economic Cooperation organization
ILO International Labour Organization
PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
WHO World Health Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
NADRA National Database and Registration Authority.
IBRD/WB International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
Summit Conferences
1st 1969
2nd 1974
3rd 1981
4th 1984
5th 1987
6th 1991
Agencies of Islamic Conference
1. Islamic Development Bank
2. International News Agency
3. The Organization of Broad Casting of Islamic States
4. Islamic Unity Fund
5. Al – Qudus Fund

Q1. Describe the geo – strategic importance of location of
Pakistan.
Ans. Introduction:
Pakistanappeared on the map of the world on August 14, 1947. It is
now Islamic republic of Pakistan, an Islamic state.
Location:
It is located in the North West of South Asia. On globe it is located
between latitudes 23.45o and 36.75o North and between laongitudes
61o and 75.5o East.
Commom boundaries:
The common international boundry between Pakistan and
Afghanistan is called Durand line. It was established in 1893 and is
about 2240 Km long. In north Pakistan meets China. In North West
lies Afghanistan. Iran is in the west and India is situated in the east.
In the south is the Arabian Sea.
Area:
The total area of Pakistan is 796,096 sq Km.
Administrativr division:
Provinces Capital Position
Punjab Lahore highest population
Sindh Karachi gateway of Islam
Khyber Pakhtoon Khaw Quetta Naturally beautiful
Baluchistan Peshawar largest area
Federal Capital:
Islamabad is the federal capital city.
Importance of location:
Pakistan’s geographical location is very important. In the North West
are the high mountains. They not only influence the climate of
Pakistan but are a strong source of defence.
Political importance:
Pakistan is situated in the heart of Muslim countries of East and
West. From Indus valley to Atlantic there is a block of Muslim
countries. Close up to east there is Bangladesh Indonesia and
Malaysia.
Trade relation with China:
The Korakaram highway connects Pakistan to China. This is a very
important trade route between Pakistan and China.
Relation with Central Asian Countries:
Pakistan has developed very close and friendly relationship with all
the central Asian countries.
Relation with East Countries:

India lies in the east. Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei Darus Salam
lies in the east of India. Pakistan enjoys very good relations with these
countries.
Conclusion:
Pakistan is infact a land of splendor and its geographical importance
cannot be overlooked.
Q2. Enlist the targets and objects of Pakistan’s foreign

policy.
Ans: Definition:
Relations among sovereign states is termed as foreign policy.
No country, in the modern world can survive independently in total
seclusion from others. Foreign policy can properly be defined as:
“The general plan of one country concerning its
Relation with other countries”.
Basic Goals of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy:
The basic goals of Pakistan’s foreign policy are:
i. Maintenance of territorial integrity.
ii. Maintenance of political independence.
iii. Acceleration of social and economic development.
iv. Strengthening its place on globe.
v. Keeping cordial and friendly relations with all countries.
Basic Principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy:
Pakistan has very close relations with a large number of countries of
the world. These relations are laid on some principles. These
principles are as follows:
i. Protection of Freedom:
Pakistan considers with deep regards the need for preservation
of its independence and does not allow any country to harm its
freedom.
ii. Non Interference:
Pakistan has sought to establish normal friendly relations with
all countries especially its neighbours. It believes in the
universally acknowledged principle of national sovereignty, non
use of force and non – interference in the internal affairs of
states.
iii. Support for self determination:
Pakistan is in the fore front to eliminate colonialism and racism.
It is a staunch supporter of self determination.
iv. Cordial relationship with Muslim countries:
Pakistan has always tried to establish cordial and friendly
relations with Muslim countries. Pakistan is also an active
member of the organization of Islamic conference.
v. Nuclear non – proliferation and disarmament:
Pakistan is conscious of the fact that international peace and
security cannot be achieved and sustained in the world with
arms.
vi. Better relatuions with super powers:
Pakistan has keen interest in keeping congenial and better
relations with all the big powers of the world but it also wants to
keep itself away from the politics of super power.
vii. Kashmir Issue:
Pakistan has been continuously supporting the right of self
determination for Kashmiri’s, as a result the bilateral relations
between India and Pakistan have been adversely affected.
viii. Promotion of World peace:
Pakistan’s policy is to promote peace among nations. It has no
aggressive designs against any country.
ix. Propmotion of human rights:
Foreign policy of Pakistan is based on the principles that where
so ever human rights are violated an effective voice must be
raised.
Implementation of UN charter:
Pakistan’s policy isto act upon UN charter and to support all
resolutions of UN to implement it.
Members of International Organization:
Pakistan is a member of the following:
1. British common wealth
2. United Nations (UN)
3. Non_Aligned movement (NAM)
4. Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC)
5. Economic co-operation organization (ECO)
6. South Asian Association for regional co-operation (SAARC)
Regional Languages:
It has been Pakistan’s endeavour to establish peaceful and mutually
beneficial relation with its neighbouring countries.
Conclusion:
The guiding principles of Pakistan foreign policy are rooted in
country’s Islamic ideology.
Q3. Write a detailed note on United Nations Organization.

Ans. United Nations Organization:
After the end of the First World War, it was realized that how horrible
and destructive this war was for the mankind and its coming
generation. For securing the future from the devastation of the war,
some big countries founded League of Nations nevertheless; it could
not achieve the goal for which League of Nations was established. In
other words, despite the existence of League, the Second World War
took place which proved more destructive and dangerous for the
common man on the world level. The atomic experiment was carried
in this war which eliminated the two cities of Japan, Hiroshima and
Nagasaki from the surface.
The nations which emerged as the big nations of the world just after
the Second World War, to protect the future from another World War,
laid the foundation of the United Nations Organization on October 24,
1945 so that all the nations of the world could peacefully work for
their social and economic prosperity. There were a few countries
which acquired the membership of UNO but the number of the
members increased rapidly and today, United Nations Organization is
the biggest institution of the world.
The aims and objects of the United Nations Organization can be
referred as under:
i. To make efforts for the peace and security at the global level.
ii. To promote mutual security and wellbeing on the world basis so
that the social, political, economic and cultural problems of the
world may be solved peacefully.
iii. To provide the guarantee of basic human rights irrespective of
colour and creed, language, religion and sex and to respect
human liberty.
iv. To take steps for providing protection to the world peace by
eliminating racial and partial incidents and to solve the
international disputes according to the international laws.
v. Respecting the mutual freedom and sovereignty, promotion to
the friendly relations on the basis of equality.
vi. Avoiding the interference in the internal affairs of one another.
Main Institutions of United Nations
Organization:
United Nations Organization is the combined institution of more or
less all the countries of the world therefore; it has created its various
small organizations so that the vast objectives of UNO could be
achieved. The details of these institutions are given below:
General Assembly:
All the member countries of UNO are the members of its General
Assembly also therefore; it is the biggest institution at the world
forum. The annual meeting of the General Assembly is called every
year at its head office New York. Every country can send her 5
representatives in this meeting. Apart from this, an extra ordinary
meeting can also be called upon at the request of any member country
she needs. The matters presented in the General Assembly, may be of
two natures; the common matters and the specific matters. If the
matter is of common nature, the Assembly can decide on the basis of
simple majority of votes but in case of specific matters, two third
majority votes are required. If the subsidiary of UNO, the Security
Council is unable to tackle any problem, the General Assembly could
transfer the same to itself to decide. The General Assembly, to decide
upon the problems, constitutes committees and on the basis of the
reports of these committees the decisions are taken.
Security Council:
The Security Council of UNO is held responsible to maintain peace at
the global basis. Five members of this council are permanent
including Great Britain, France, America, Russia and China. These
permanent members have the veto power. The decision in this council
is taken on the basis of votes. The temporary members are elected for
the tenure of 2 years. The Security Council is empowered to consider
any matter which it deems necessary to protect the global peace and
order. The meeting of Security Council could be called upon the
request of every member country.
International Court:
This is the biggest legal institution of the world consisting upon the 15
judges. These judges are appointed by consultation and consent of
both General Assembly and Security Council. The quorum of the
judges to hear any matter is completed when out of 15 judges, 9 are
present. The judges of the International Court are appointed for the
period of 8 years but one third of this number is retired after every 3
years. The chairman is appointed by 15 judges amongst themselves. If
the equal votes in favour and opposition of any matter are cast, the
chairman uses his casting vote for the final verdict, the head quarter
of the International Court is situated at the Hague; the capital of
Holland.
United Nations Education, Scientific and
CulturalOrganization:
This world organization was established in November 1946 with the
following objectives:
i. To promote education, science and culture amongst all the
member countries.
ii. This organization makes the efforts for the promotion of
scientific cooperation amongst the member countries through
the provision of opportunities of transfer of ideas amongst the
scientist of the member country. The scientific education should
be made popular and the opportunities must be provided for the
scientific research.
iii. This organization makes the utmost efforts to eradicate the
illiteracy at the global basis.
iv. The educationists should be transferred from one to the other
member country.
v. This organization, in addition to propagate education, also
provides the educational facilities.
vi. To suggest the member countries that how could they satisfy
their needs through the promotion and utilization of science and
education.
vii. This organization provides opportunities for the publication of

the books, inter transfers of the teachers and the students.
United Nations Children Education Fund:

United Nation Children Education Fund was created in December
1946 with the following aims and objectives:
i. Providing assistance and help in the completion of development
and welfare programmes prepared by the member countries.
ii. Helping the governments of the developing countries in the
programmes of the children development.
iii. Making the plans for the health, nutrition, education and
welfare of the children families.
iv. Providing better opportunities of children welfare.
Q4. Write a detailed note on Islamic Summit Conference.

Ans. A new organization of Muslim countries, to make Islamic political
unity strong, was established in 1969 called Islamic Conference. The
charter of Islamic Conference was approved in its conference held in
Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) in 1972 and immediately after it started to
function. The head of the Islamic Conference is called Secretary
General and its head office is situated at Jeddah. The total number of
the members of the Islamic conference is 51.
Aims and Objectives:
The following are the objectives of the conference:
i. Possible expansion and development in every sector of the
member countries of Islamic Conference.
ii. Consideration of the problems being faced by the Islamic world
and efforts for their solution.
iii. Military cooperation amongst the Muslim countries and
provision of all the possible facilities for this purpose.
iv. Result oriented efforts for the unity of Islamic world.
v. Propagation of Islamic theory and principles.
vi. Preserving impartiality and keeping aloof from the cold war
amongst the super powers.
vii. Protection against external invasion of the Muslim countries.
viii. Continuous contact amongst the Muslim countries for the
solution of the common problems.
Islamic Summit Conference:
Six summit conferences of Islamic Conference have so far been held
as under:
i. First Summit Conference was held from September 22 to 25,
1969 at Rabat (Morocco) attended by 24 countries and it was
decided that the threats confirmed by the Islamic world will be
faced with unity.
ii. Second Conference was held at Lahore (Pakistan) in February
1974 attended by 37 countries in which the protection from the
exploitation by the super powers was considered.
iii. Third Conference was held at Taif (Saudi Arabia) in January
1981 attended by 38 countries. The ruler of Saudi Arabia King
Khalid was elected as president of the Conference on the motion
moved by late President General Muhammad Ziaul Haque.
iv. Fourth Summit Conference was held at Casablanca (Morocco) in
January 1984 attended by 24 countries.
v. Fifth Summit Conference of Islamic Conference was held on
January 27, 1987 at Kuwait attended by 29 countries in which
the external financial help to Jews was criticized, and
vi. Sixth Summit Conference was held on December 9, 1991 at
Dakar (Senegal) which was attended by 45 heads of the Muslim
states in which special attention was paid to the inhuman
treatment of Indian troops with Kashmiris.
Q5. Write detailed note on the following:

i. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC)
ii. Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD)
Ans.SAARC:
The organization which, after the Second World War, came into being
for the regional cooperation. South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) is the most new emerged on the international
scene. Prior to establishment of SAARC. The seven countries including
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives,
had raised the international problems before the World Organizations.
These organizations included UNO, Nonaligned Movement, Common
Wealth etc, but there was no exclusive organization for raising the
common problems belonging to the South Asian countries due to the
differences prevailing in these countries including mutual wars.
Consequently, these seven countries, for the mutual cooperation in
the economic, social, scientific and cultural fields, established SAARC
in December 1985.
Objectives of SAARC:
SAARC was founded to achieve the following aims and objectives:
i. Maximum promotion to the shipping amongst these seven
countries.
ii. Efforts for the agricultural development and growth as all these
seven countries are basically agricultural.
iii. Development of the means of transport in these countries.
iv. Promotion of tourism to bring all the member countries closer
with one another.
v. Laying maximum concentration on the agricultural research.
vi. Making common development programs and projects for the
development of all the seven countries.
vii. Emphasizing the scientific education in the member countries.
viii. Making internal communication systems better and effective.
ix. Initiating technical education in these countries at the same
time.
x. Enhancing cultural cooperation amongst these seven countries.
Sessions of the SAARC:

Right from the establishment of SAARC, 5 seasons and the
conferences have so far been taken place attended by the heads of
these countries. The briefs of these conferences are given as under:
i. The first conference of the SAARC was held in Dacca in 1985
under the chairmanship of President Hussain Muhammad
Irshad office of SAARC of Kathmandu was decided.
ii. The Second Conference held in 1986 at the city of India,
Banglore under the chairmanship of Prime Minister of India
Rajive Gandhi in which the curb on arms by the big powers of
the world was demanded.
iii. The Third Conference was held at Kathmandu, the capital of
Nepal in 1987 in which the issues of regional peace and security
were discussed.
iv. The Fourth Conference was held in Islamabad in 1988 in which
it was decided to invite other countries also to join SAARC.
v. Sri Lanka was the next country where the Fifth Conference of
SAARC was to be held in 1989 at Colombo but it could not be
taken place due to the differences between India and Sri Lanka
therefore, it was held after one year at Male in Maldives in 1990
in which complete ban on the atomic weapons was demanded
from the super powers of the world.
Regional Cooperation for Development(RCD):
An agreement came into being amongst Pakistan, Iran, Turkey in 1964
for the mutual development which is known as Regional Cooperation fro
Development (RCD). It is a comprehensive and vast agreement which is
based on the aggregate development of its member countries.
Aims and Objectives:
The basic objectives of this agreement are as under:
i. Establishment of strong relations amongst the three countries
in the fields of education and culture and issuing scholarship to
the students of one another for higher education.
ii. Promotion to the trade of the goods amongst these countries.
iii. Assisting one another in the fields of technology and science.
iv. Establishment of chamber of commerce in Turkey, Iran and
Pakistan.
v. In addition to establishing a combined shipping country, promotion
to the shipping services amongst the member countries.
vi. Developing the means of communication amongst the member
countries.
vii. Fixing the postage and telegram rates whatever they are existing
within these countries.
viii. Establishment of fertilizers and chemical factories with the
mutual financial and technical cooperation.
ix. Connecting the three countries, abolishing visa system, through
railways and roads; and
x. Arranging the sufficient and easy supply of paper for printing
currency in these countries.
Under the agreement of Regional Cooperation for Development the
combine projects which have emphasized to begin with and to
complete include agricultural implements iron and steel, motor
vehicles, mining etc. These project have also been assigned to these
countries. For example, Pakistan will make parts and implements for
buses and trucks and machines for the textile mills, Turkey will make
railway engines and Iran and Pakistan will have the projects of
petroleum and petroleum products.
ECO:
The name of Regional Cooperation for Development was changed in July 1966
and the new name of RCD is ECO (Economic Cooperation Organization)
Q6. Write a note on the Kashmir issue?
Ans. Pakistan had to face a sea of troubles and toils right after its birth.
There was a long trial of trials; however the most important of these
was the dispute of Jammu and Kashmir.
Location of the State of Jammu and Kashmir:
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is situated in the North of Pakistan.
It was the largest princely state in the sub-continent. This state is
contours to Pakistan, China, Tibet and Afghanistan.
Population of the State:
The total population of the State Jammu and Kashmir was 4 million
according the census of 1941.
Area ofthe State:
The area of the state was 84471 sq km.
A Muslim State:
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is predominantly a Muslim state
with Muslims being majority in the area.
Kashmir and Dogra Rajas:
The British Government sold the whole area of the state to the Dogra
Raja, Gulab Singh for Rs. 75 lac only in the year 1846. The Raja and
his successors played havoc with the Muslims of the state. The
Muslims were crushed socially, economically and culturally.
Freedom Movement in Jammu Kashmir:
The struggle for independence from the Dogra atrocities started much
before the Pakistan movement. The Raja restarted the freedom fighters
with an iron hand but spirit for freedom can never be crushed through
atrocity. The Kashmiri’s even today are struggling to win the
destination of freedom. They aspire for annexation with Pakistan
“Kashmir banay ga Pakistan” is the main slogan of Kashmiri people.
Kashmiri ties with Pakistan:
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is very close to Pakistan both on

religious as well as geographical grounds. Most of the rivers that
irrigate the soil of Pakistan flow from Kashmir. The Kashmir is
emotionally attached with Pakistan. Therefore they passed the Raja to
join Pakistan.
Fake Annexation of Kashmir with India:
Raja did everything to crush the freedom movement of the Kashmiri
people. He forced to slaughter 2 lac Kashmiri but the movement got
momentum with the passage of time. Being unable to handle the
situation in Kashmir, the Raja requested the India to come to his
rescue. Indian government offered on the condition to get Raja’s
signature on the document of annexation. Raja utterly refused and the
Indian government prepared a fake document of annexation which
said that the state of Jammu and Kashmir had annexed with India.
Azad Kashmir:
The Kashmir people did not lose heart even in such a grim situation.
They kept on fighting with the Indian army for their cause until they
got librated a large area of Kashmir. This area is under the control of
Pakistan and is called Azad Jammu Kashmir.
The Interference of the Security Council:
Soon India got frightened of the Kashmiri freedom frenzy. When the
situation became tense on the line of control, the Indian government
ought to help of the Security Council of the United Nations. The
Security Council intervened and passed two resolutions.
Two Resolutions of the Security Council:
The Security Council passed the following resolutions:
 Both the parties (Pakistan and India) were advised to accept
cease-fire.
 The dispute of Kashmir must be resolved according to the
aspirations of the people. For this purpose plebiscite was not be
held.
The Kashmiri freedom fighters co-operated with the Security Council
to bring about peace.
Two wars between Pakistan and India over
the KashmirIssue.
The armed struggle stopped in Kashmir on Security Council’s promise
of holding a plebiscite. But unfortunately Security Council could do
nothing in face of the Kashmiriinterests of the major powers. The
plebiscite could not be held and the Kashmir is were deprived of their
basic rights. Pakistan was denied justice. This tyranny led to two wars
between India and Pakistan. The wars resulted in nothing but blind
bloodshed. Security Council passed more resolutions but nothing was
done practically.
Conclusion:
The dispute of Jammu and Kashmir has not been resolved since many
decades. India has sent large number of army personnel in the valley
of Kashmir who are writing chapters of tyranny on the annals of the
history. The problem of Kashmir is still pending on the agenda of the
United Nations. Every now and then, many resolutions are passed but
these resolutions proved nothing but lip service.
Q7. Write a note on Non-Aligned Movement:

Ans. Foundation and Reasons of inception:
1. Non-Aligned Movement or NAM is an important international body.
2. Its foundation was laid in April 1955 in Indonesia, inspired by
three world leaders
a. Nehru of India
b. Tito of former yungosalavia
c. Naseer of Egypt
3. This movement was against colonial and federal heritage.
4. The countries wanted to maintain their soverignity under all means.
Declaration:
1. To respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries.
2. To refrain from using any force against any country.
3. The liberty and equality of all countries was accepted.
4. To work towards an equitable economic order.
5. To work towards eradication of colonial and racial discrimination.
Conferences:
i. First conference was held at Belgrade in September 1961.
ii. Second conference at Cairo in October 1964.
iii. Third conference at Lusaka in September 1970.
iv. Fourth conference at Agiers in September 1973.
v. Fifth conference at Culombo in 1976
vi. Sixth Conference at Havana September 1979. Pakistan’s
membership was accepted.
vii. Seventh conference at New Dehli in March 1983.
viii. Eighth conference at Havare in September 1986
Matters Considered:
1. Soviet aggression and occupation of Afghanistan.
2. Problem of Palestine and Namibia
3. Politics of South Africa
4. Request to ioen the dialogues on Nuclear disarmament to
super powers
5. To lessen economic disparity.
ix. Ninth conference at Belgrade in September 1889.
Matters Considered:
a. Elimination of Terrorism.
b. Eradication of Colonials.
c. Maintainance of Economic Stability.
x. Tenth conference at Jakarta in 1992.
xi. Eleventh conference in Colombia.
Q8. Write a detailed note on Pakistan and the Muslim World.

Ans. Introduction:
Pakistan emerged on the world map on 14th August 1947 on the basis
of two nation theory and Islamic Ideology.
Islamic Principles:
As an Islamic state Pakistan believes in the spirit of brother hood.
This principle of Islamic society gives us an opportunity to deal the
Muslims all over the world as our brothers. Inspite of geographical,
social and status differences we believe that all Muslims are brothers
to one another.
Principle of Foreign Policy:
According to the foreign policy of Pakistan it is important to have
better, positive and strong relationship with all the Muslim states. It is
a policy of Pakistan to be aware of the difficulties of the Muslim world
and reach for their help in crisis. The crisis may be natural disasters
or any foreign attack.
Pakistan and Kashmiri Brother:
Right from 1948when the Indian Army started ruthless killing of Muslims
in the valley. Pakistan is providing complete help to their Kashmiri
brothers according to its policy. Inspite of two wars in 1965 and 1971-72
and continued tension at the broders, Pakistan hasn’t changes its policy
towards the independence and freedom of Kashmiri Muslims.
Palestine Problems:
In 1969, the Israel forces set “Al-Aqsa” mosque on fire against which
Pakistan felt very sad keeping in view the circumstances. Pakistan not
only supported Palestine but also took an active part for
establishment of organization of Islamic conference (OIC) to restore
the status and dignity of Muslims all over the world. In 1947 Pakistan
hosted the 2nd Islamic summit conference held at Lahore.
Attitutde towards Iran-Iraq war:
In mid 1980’s the two Muslim countries Iraq and Iran had gone for
war against which Pakistan played a very positive and natural role.
Gulf Crisis:
In August 1990 Iraq invaded Kwait claiming that Kwait was once the
territory of Iraq. Kwait being the member of UNO sought their help.
UNO force reached and gave deadline to Iraqi president Sadam
Hussain. Once again Pakistan played a neutral role.
Pakistan and NAM:
NAM is an important international body which came into existence in
April 1955 in Indonesia. Pakistan is an active member of it and is on
fore front in the development of peaceful environment in the world.
Pakistan and OIC:
OIC was established in the year 1969 against Isreali aggression in the
land of Polestine. Right from that period Pakistan is a regular member
and has always promoted its aims and objectives which are:
i. To unite Muslims.
ii. To promote greater harmony and co-operation.
iii. To protect and project their interest and culture.
Conclusion:
Pakistan is a leading country of the third world which has yet to cover
the stages of its development but at any stage if a Muslim country is
in trouble. Pakistan has played a leading and prominent role to up lift
Muslim brothers.
The Lybian leader Col. Moammar Gaddafi has rightly said:
“Pakistan is a fort of Islam”.

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PAK STUDIES

a. 1885 b. 1886 c. 1887

Q2. Name the four Castes of Hindu society?

Q3. How many ministers of All India Muslim League were

Q4. When and why was the Khilafat Movement started?

Q5. Who were the leaders of the Khilafat Movement?

Q7. When did the partition of Bengal take place?

Q9. When and in which Pamphlet did Chaudhry Rehmat Ali

Q10. Name the two newspapers brought out by Maulana

Q11. When did the Muslims observe the “Day of the

Q12. In which language did Shah Wali-ullah translate the

Q13. When did Quaid – e – Azam joined Muslim League and

Q14. When and by whom Indian National Congress was

Descriptive Questions and Answers

Q2. What is meant by ideology of Pakistan? State the basis

Ideology of Pakistan in the light of

In January 1941, he said:

Q4. Explain two nation theory?

Initially Muslim League demanded separate identity in constitution

Q5. Describe the political and educational services of Sir

Q6. Write a short note on role of N.W.F.P in Pakistan Movement.

Support of Pakistan Resolution:

Aurangzeb Khan represented N.W.F.P provinceto support Pakistan

Rise of Muslim League:

Role of Ulma, students and Ladies:

Q7. Discuss the role of Baluchistan in Pakistan Movement.

Favour of Pakistan Resolution:

Q9. Discuss the role of Sindh in Pakistan movement.

Role of Muslim Leaders:

Q10. Elucidate the role of Muslim League in the struggle for

The Role of Muslim League In The Struggle For

Q11. Write a short note on Lucknow Pact.

Q13. Write a note on Simon Commission.

Q14. Write a short note on Nehru Report.

Q15. Write down the fourteen points of Quaid – e – Azam with

Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam:

Summary of Fourteen Points:

ii. A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all

Importance of Fourteen points:

leaders had rejected such right and balanced demands in

Q16. Describe Allama Iqbal’s Presidential address at Allahabad.

Q17. Write a short note on round table conferences.

conference on constitutional issue. It held three sessions in 1930,

First Round Table Conference 1930:

Q18. Write a note on Congress Ministers.

Impact ofCongress Ministers:

v. Injustice in government employment:

Q19. Describe Pakistan resolution or Lahore resolution and

agreed to it who belonged to different provinces. This resolution was

Q20. Describe the aims and objectives of the struggle of

Advent of Muslims in the Continent:

Protection of Separate Identity:

Q21. Write a note on Cripps Mission.

vii. Acception or Rejection:

Q22. Write a brief note on Quit India Movement.

Q23. Write the details of Cabinet mission.

Q24. Write a short note on Redcliff Awards.

16. 2nd round table conference took place in ____________.

Short Answers and Questions

Q3. When and who presented the Pakistan resolution?

Q4. Name any two ministers of cabinet mission.

Q5. Who was the chief of the boundary commission and

Q6. When did “Quit India Movement” started and what

Q7. When and under whose leadership did the Simla