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A W S WHB-9 P A R T 2-ENGL 1998 0 7 8 4 Z h 5 0540038 8 2 b m

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 WELDING
HANDBOOK

Eighth Edition

Volume 4

MATERIALS A N D APPLICATIONS - PART 2

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 S T D - A W S WHB-4 P A R T 2-ENGL L998 = 07842b5 0510020 484

The Four Volumes of

the Welding Handbook,
Eighth Edition

1) WELDING TECHNOLOGY

2) WELDING PROCESSES

3) MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS - PART i

4) MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS - PART 2

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 WELDING
HANDBOOK
Eighth Edition

Volume 4

MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS

PART 2

William R. Oates
Alexander M. Saitta
Editors

AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY

550 N.W. LEJEUNE ROAD
MIAMI, FL 33126

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 International Standard Book Number: O-87171-549-X

American Welding Society, 5.50 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126

O 1998 by American Welding Society.

All rights reserved.
THE WELDING HANDBOOK is a collective effort of many volunteer technical specialists to
provide information to assist with the design and application of welding and allied processes.
Reasonable care is taken in the compilation and publication of the Welding Handbook to
insure authenticity of the contents. However, no representation is made as to the accuracy or
reliability of this information, and a n independent, substantiating investigation should be
undertaken by any user.
The information contained in the Welding Handbook shall not be construed as a grant of any
right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction in connection with any method, process,
apparatus, product, composition, or system, which is covered by patent, copyright, or trademark.
Also, it shall not be construed as a defcnse against any liability for such infringement. Whether or
not use of any information in the Handbook would result in an infringement of any patent,
copyright, or trademark is a determination to be made by the user.

Printed in the United States of America

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 S T D * A W S WHB-4 P A R T 2 - E N G L 377A 07ALi265 0 5 3 0 0 2 3 173 D

CONTENTS

WELDING HANDBOOK COMMITTEE ................................................................................. ix

WELDING HANDBOOK COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN. 1938-1998........................................................... x

PREFACE .......................................................................................................... xi
~ ~~

CARBON AND LOW-ALLOY STEELS ...................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
WELDING CLASSIFICATION............................................................................ 2
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................... 3
CARBON STEELS ..................................................................................... 11
HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY STEELS .................................................................. 25
QUENCHED AND TEMPERED STEELS ................................................................... 36
HEAT-TREATABLE LOW-ALLOY STEELS .................................................................. 48
CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEELS .................................................................... 56
APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LIST....................................................................... 73

HIGH-ALLOY STEELS ........................................................................... 75

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
NICKEL-COBALT STEELS .............................................................................. 77
MARAGING STEELS................................................................................... 84
AUSTENITIC MANGANESE STEELS ..................................................................... 96
SAFE PRACTICES ..................................................................................... 106
APPLICATIONS ....................................................................................... 107
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LIST....................................................................... 110
~~~~

COATED STEELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
TERNEPLATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
TIN-PLATED STEEL (TINPLATE)......................................................................... 115
GALVANIZED STEELS ................................................................................. 118
ALUMINIZED STEELS ................................................................................. 155
CHROMIZED STEELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
OTHER COATED STEELS ............................................................................... 165
PAINTED STEELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
SAFETY AND HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LIST....................................................................... 195

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~ ~~ ~

............................................. 197
INTRODUCTION . . .................................................................... 198
........................................ 199
......................... 201
..................... 206
HEAT TREATMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
ARC WELDING.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
FLASH AND FRICTION WELDING . . . . . . . . ...... .......... ......... 221
BRAZING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. 221
SAFE PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ..................... 223
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LIST . . ................................................ 231

STAINLESS AND HEAT- RESISTING STEELS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS .... .... ...... ...... ......... 246
FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
AUSTEN IT1C STA1N LESS STEELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... 257
PR EC IP ITATIO N - HARDEN IN G STA1N LESS STEELS ... .... ...... ..... 296
SUPERFERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS. . . . . . . . . . . .............................................. 302
SUPERAUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................ 309
BRAZING AND SOLDERING . . . . . ........ ..... ......... 315
THERMAL CUTTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................ 324
SAFE PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
A PPLICATIO N S . ...... .... ....... ..... 327
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

____ ~ ~~~ ~~

CLAD AND DISSIMILAR METALS . ................................................. 333

I NTROD UCTION ... ............. ... .. 334
................... ............................................ 335
SERVICE CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
FILLER METAL SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ... .................. ..... 344
WELDING PROCESS SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
SPECIFIC DISSIMILAR METAL COMBINATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
WELDING CLAD STEELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................. 370
APPLIED LININGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 380
SAFE PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
APPLICATIONS . . . . .... ... ..... ........................................ 384
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

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CONTENTS

~~

1 SURFACING ........................................................................................ 391

FUNDAMENTALS OF SURFACING ....................................................................... 392
SPECIAL CO NSIDERATIONS ........................................................................... 398
SURFACING PROCESSES .............................................................................. 403
BASE METALS FOR HARDFACING OVERLAYS ............................................................ 420
METALLURGY OF HARDFACING ALLOYS ................................................................. 420
SURFACING METALS.................................................................................. 427
APPLICATIONS ....................................................................................... 434
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LIST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

CAST IRONS ....................................................................................... 437

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 438
GENERAL PROPERTIES................................................................................ 439
WELDING CONSIDERATIONS .......................................................................... 448
METALLURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................... 456
WELDING FILLER METALS ............................................................................. 458
WELDING AND JOINING PROCESSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
SAFE PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
APPLICATIONS ....................................................................................... 474
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LIST....................................................................... 485

TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS ..................................................... 487

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 488
PHYSICAL METALLURGY OF TITANIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
WELDING METALLURGY OFTITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS ............................................ 500
PROCESSES FOR JOINING TITANIUM ................................................................... 510
SAFE PRACTICES ..................................................................................... 530
APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LIST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

REACTIVE. REFRACTORY. AND PRECIOUS METALS AND ALLOYS . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

INTRODUCTIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
REACTIVE METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
REFRACTORY METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
PRECIOUS METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LIST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

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WELDING HANDBOOK INDEX OF MAJOR SUBJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... 595

...
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WELDING HANDBOOK COMMITTEE

May 31,1998

F1 I. Temple, Chairman DetroitEdison

H. R.Castner; Ist Vice Chairman Edison Welding Institute
B. J. Bastian, 2nd Vice Chairman Benrnar Associates
W ß. Oates, Secretary American Welding Society
D. ß. Amos Westinghouse
J. M. Gerken Consuitant
L. Heckendorn Intech R&D, USA
J. H. Myers Welding Inspection & Consuhng Services
B.ß. Somers ConcurrentTechnologies Corporation
C.L. Tsai Ohio State University

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 WELDING HANDBOOK COMMITTEE
CHAIRMEN, 1938-1998

Temple, P: I. Rarnsey, I? W.
(1996-1999) (1969-1970)
Somers, B. R. Lockwood, L. E
(1992-1996) (1968-1969)
Case, C. W. Burch, W. L.
(1990-1992) (1967- 1968)
Tomsic, M. J. Lesnewich, A.
( 1987-1990) (1966- 1967)
Hannahs, J. R. Schwartzbart, H.
(1984-1987) (1965-1966)
Condra, J. R. Claussen, G. E.
(1981-1984) (1962-1965)
Wilcox, w. L. Randall, J. F.
(1978-1981) (1960-1962)
Pense, A. W. Stout, R. D.
(1975-1978) (1958- 1960)
Weiss,S. Plummer, F. L.
(1972-1975) (1956-1958)
Jackson, C. E. Boardman, H. L.
(1971-1972) (Circa 1950)
Wilcox, D. V. Jacobus, D. S.
(1970-1971) (Circa 1938-1942)

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This is the fourth and final volume of the Eighth Edition of the Welding Handbook. The title of
Volume Four is Materials and Applications-Part 2. Publication of this volume not only completes
the Eighth Edition, it also concludes publication of the Welding Handbook for the 20th Century.
The first edition of the Welding Handbook was published in 1938. In this volume, the American
Welding Society recognizes those who worked in developing, interpreting, and sharing the technolo-
gies described in these editions by serving as chairmen of the Welding Handbook Committee (see
facing page). The Eighth Edition of the Welding Handbook is a fitting tribute to their legacy, as it is
the result of thousands of hours of preparation by current volunteers.
Originally the Welding Handbook Committee had planned to publish Materials and Applications
as a single volume. However, it became evident during compilation of the text that the material was
too voluminous to be contained in a single volume. Evidence of this is that the final two volumes
exceed 1100 pages, compared to 547 smaller pages in the Seventh Edition.
Volume Four contains ten chapters supplementing the ten chapters contained in Volume Three.
Both of these volumes represent a considerable expansion of the information in the previous edi-
tions. In many instances, it is new material never before published by the American Welding Society.
One example of new content is the chapter on coated steels. It is 85 pages in the Eighth Edition,
compared to 11 in the previous edition. The chapters on stainless steels, tool and die steels, and tita-
nium also have been revised extensively. The stainless steels chapter provides an overview of ferrite,
its effects, and its measurement. The tool and die steels chapter presents previously proprietary infor-
mation. The titanium chapter greatly expands the previous treatment of welding metallurgy.
It should be noted that the Welding Handbook is unique, in that it is a far more lengthy disserta-
tion on broader subject areas than other peer-reviewed AWS publications. Volumes Three and Four
of the Welding Handbook have a high level of technical content, yet this material is presented in a
manner understandable to typical readers. The authors drew on industry sources to independently
confirm that the information represents the latest technology. Volumes Three and Four should stand
as authoritative texts for welding information on the vast array of materials welded in the world.
This volume, like the others, was a voluntary effort. The title page of each chapter bears the names
of the Chapter Committee members and the Welding Handbook Committee members responsible
for that chapter. Other individuals also participated in a variety of ways, particularly in chapter
reviews. Preparation of this volume alone required the collaboration of more than 100 volunteers.
All participants contributed generously of their time and talent, and the American Welding Society
expresses its sincere appreciation to them and to the employers who supported their work. They
have enabled the Welding Handbook Committee to realize its goal of issuing the Welding Handbook
as a peer-reviewed and peer-approved publication.
The Welding Handbook Committee expresses its appreciation to the AWS staff members who
assisted with this volume, especially Bill Oates and Alex Saitta for editorial assistance, the Technical
Division staff engineers for their technical assistance, and the Publication Services Division staff for
graphics assistance.
The Welding Handbook Committee welcomes your comments on the Welding Handbook as well
as your potential interest in contributing to future volumes. Communications may be addressed to
the Editor, Welding Handbook, American Welding Society, 550 N. W. LeJeune Road, Miami,
Florida, 33126.

P. I. Temple, Chairman W. R. Oates, Editor

Welding Handbook Committee A. M. Saitta, Editor
1996-1999 Welding Handbook

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