FACTORS INFLUENCING PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

STUDENTS’ PERSPECTIVES ON COVID-19

VACCINATION

Balancio, Jasmine

Certeza, Jessa

Cortez, John Louie

Fajardo, Aiman

Garcia, Jhoed

Lim, Jamie

Nedia, Renz G.

Rabusa, Reiven

Silva, Lester

Valeriano, Mica R.
Abstract
I. INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 

            The corona virus disease that soon became a global pandemic known as

COVID-19 was first discovered in Wuhan, China in the year 2019 (WHO, 2020). The

COVID-19 virus affects different people in different ways and might cause

complications from mild to severe illness such as pneumonia, respiratory illness,

multi-organ failure, and even death. This pandemic disease outbreak brought

difficulties to people in every possible way. According to worldometers’ data, there

are more than 240 million confirmed positive cases of COVID-19 virus with almost 5

million deaths across the world (as of October 15, 2021). In the Philippines the

positive cases of this virus almost reached 2.7 million as of October 15, 2021,

according to the World Health Organization's report. Due to the continued spreading

of this disease worldwide, prevention is an important public health issue so the

distribution of developed vaccines against this virus has started aligned with existing

safety health protocol and stay-at-home policies. Based on the data of Statista

Research Department as of October 14, 2021, nearly 24 million individuals were

completely vaccinated against COVID-19 virus stratified by age and vulnerability

where in mostly are elderly who are at the highest risk of dying from the virus.

However, to meet a "herd-immunity" threshold and decrease the total burden of

COVID-19 disease, adolescents and young adults must also be immunized (Salerno et
al. 2021). Thus, the Department of Health (DOH) announced last September 29, 2021

that COVID-19 vaccination will soon begin among minors aged 12 to 17 with

underlying conditions to improve vaccination rates and protect themselves against

deadly diseases (Tomacruz, 2021).

            Based on the information gathered, COVID-19 vaccinations that have been

given an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by the Food and Drug Administration

(FDA) are considered safe and effective,but complications are possible, although

severe or life-threatening symptoms are rarely present. The possibility of severe

COVID-19 is countered by the benefit of protection. To further reduce any harm,

everybody who receives the vaccination will be thoroughly assessed and continuously

followed by health professionals.

          The development of vaccines against various diseases has greatly aided in

disease and virus prevention. Nevertheless, the willingness and perspective of people

to get vaccinated especially against the current corona virus varies from person to

person. In the recent study of N. Jiang et al. (2021), the vaccination status of family

members was found to be a significant factor in influencing students' attitude

regarding the COVID-19 vaccine in multiple linear regression analysis. While the

family members' vaccination status and adverse effects experienced after getting other

vaccines were also important influencing factors in the willingness to be vaccinated.

On the other hand, according to Lucia et al. (2020), concerns about major vaccination

side effects, as well as a lack of faith in the information provided by public health
specialists, are contributing reasons in this group vaccine apprehension. Furthermore,

students who left comments cited vaccine politicization, the need for transparency,

and concerns about vaccine development speed potentially compromising vaccination

safety.

          The majority of studies revealed that multiple factors like attitude, knowledge,

vaccination status of family members, willingness, vaccine safety, and variables based

on health belief model have greatly influenced the perspective of individuals about

vaccination especially against COVID-19 virus. In the current situation, being

vaccinated against the spreading virus is crucial to prevent the most possible severe

symptoms. In light of preceding discussion, the researchers aim to contribute in the

education and medical field to analyze and identify more possible ways to encourage

people and increase the vaccination rates. The present study was designed to

investigate and assess the factors that influence the perspective of Punturin Senior

High School students in regards of COVID-19 vaccination.

Conceptual Framework 
      A conceptual framework is a method of getting a full understanding of a

phenomenon through analysis. This framework serves as a template for the

researcher's investigation in order to gain a deeper understanding of the occurrences.

The researchers were able to classify the elements influencing PSHS students'

decision to receive the Covid-19 immunization using the research problem as a guide.

Theoretical Framework
 This present study anchored to the following theories: 

THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL: The model defines the key factors that influence

health behaviors as an individual's perceived threat to sickness or disease (perceived

susceptibility), belief of consequence (perceived severity), potential positive benefits

of action (perceived benefits), perceived barriers to action, exposure to factors that

prompt action (cues to action), and confidence in ability to succeed (self-efficacy).

The model identifies perceived susceptibility to illness or disease (perceived

susceptibility), belief in the severity of the consequences (perceived severity),

possible positive effects of action (perceived benefits), perceived obstacles to action

(perceived barriers), exposure to circumstances that trigger action (cues to action),

and confidence in one's capacity to succeed as the major elements that impact health

behaviors (self-efficacy).
CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY OF PERCEPTION: According to Richard

Gregory (1970), the constructivist theory of perception, prior knowledge and

experience are the most essential factors in making sense of the world around us.

Gregory suggested that perception works by making educated predictions about what

we are seeing based on what is most plausible.

Statement of the Problem 

This study aimed to determine the factors influencing Punturin Senior High

School students' decision on COVID-19 vaccination:

1. What are the respondent's demographic profile in terms of:

A. Age

B. Sex

C. Grade and Strand

2. What are the interpretations of the students in Punturin senior High School about

COVID-19 vaccination?
3. What are the possible factors that influence students' perspectives about COVID-19

vaccine? 

4. How do these factors influence the students' perspectives about COVID-19?

Hypothesis 

    There is no significant relationship between the factors influencing the students’

perspective and the COVID-19 vaccination.

Significance of the Study

The study was undertaken to find out the different influencing factors

affecting the perceptions and perspective of the students on covid-19 vaccines. This

study would be immensely beneficial for the various sectors that follow.

Students- the students would gain different knowledge and essential information

from this study, as this research aimed to determine the different kind of influencing

factors that affects their fellow students’ perspective on covid-19 vaccines. 

Parents- Parents would be informed about the factors that have a significant impact

on their child's perspective toward covid-19 vaccinations. They will be able to more

effectively guide their children on the vaccine with the help of this study.

Administrators- since the administrators also play a vital role in securing the

student’s health and safety; this research paper would help them educate students on

vaccines and to conduct a plan with regards to piloting a safe and a better new

learning method amidst the pandemic.

Community- this study can give some ideas to the community about the different

influencing factors that affects student’s perspective on covid-19 vaccine and have a

better understanding on perception of students towards the vaccine.

Medical Professionals- this research paper can be used as guide for medical and

health professionals on what influencing factors mostly affects student’s perspective

on covid-19 vaccines, and how they can improve a better method for distributing and

convincing individuals to take the vaccines for their safety.

Future Researchers- this study would serve as their guide to scrutinize the different

influencing factors that affects the student’s perspective on covid-19 vaccines and can

be used as their reference and a stepping stone to conduct a future study related to this

paper.

Scope and Delimitation 

The main objective of this study is to find out the influencing factors affecting

the perspective of students of Punturin Senior High School on COVID-19 vaccines.

This study only focuses on assessing the various factors and characteristics that

influence students' views and perceptions about vaccination in the midst of the

pandemic.  The researchers did not include any other contextual dimension; the

researchers only included the students of Punturin Senior High School and stated that

the study would not be generalized to other populations.

Definition of Terms 

COVID-19 -It is a virus that affect people differently and can produce problems

ranging from moderate to severe sickness such as pneumonia, respiratory illness,

multi-organ failure, and even death. People faced hardships in every aspect as a result

of the pandemic illness epidemic.

Influencing Factors - Those factors that can affect some features of target object.

Influencing factors can be used as control variables to determine the key influencing

factors of an object.

Pandemic - A pandemic is defined as a disease epidemic that spreads across many

nations or continents. It impacts and kills more people than an epidemic.

Perspective -a specific attitude or manner of looking at something; a point of view a

particular attitude toward or way of regarding something; a point of view. The mental

interrelationship in which a thing or its pieces are regarded

Vaccination -Immunization is the use of a vaccine to produce immunity against a

disease.

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

LOCAL

Due to the accelerated production of COVID-19 vaccines and other related

problems, many Filipinos are reluctant to receive the vaccination program established

by the government. That is why it is important to gain the public's trust in COVID19

vaccines. Unless the church goes with the government to distribute vaccines to  the

people, since Filipinos are usually religious people (Gopez, Jose Ma W. 2021).

According to Reyes., Dee , et al. Vaccinations in the Philippines are a big deal

for many Filipinos, especially after what has happened in the past with the

controversial dengvaxia vaccination that killed a lot of young people in the

Philippines. Because of that, a lot of Filipinos have changed their perceptions about

vaccines and vaccinations. 

 As claimed by Migrino Jr et al., (2020) When it comes to vaccinations, people

always have hesitancy if they want to be vaccinated. Many parents, as well as their

children and youth, are changing their minds due to vaccine apprehension.

As stated by Guevarraet et al., (2021) Fear of side effects is always there when

it comes to vaccines. That's why a lot of people are scared of being vaccinated.

Irritation and embarrassment are some of the factors that affect their perceptions of

vaccines, because some people are not convinced to be vaccinated or not sure to be

vaccinated.

In the Philippines the positive cases of this virus almost reached 2.7 million as

of October 15, 2021, according to the World Health Organization's report.

Based on the data of Statista Research Department as of October 14, 2021,

nearly 24 million individuals were completely vaccinated against COVID-19 virus

stratified by age and vulnerability where in mostly are elderly who are at the highest

risk of dying from the virus.

Based on the information gathered, COVID-19 vaccinations that have been

given an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by the Food and Drug Administration

(FDA) are considered safe and effective,but complications are possible, although

severe or life-threatening symptoms are rarely present.

As claimed in the research of Alvarico, Camua,Carandang et.al, (2021), one of

the main cause that affects majority of mother's perception on the vaccines were the

fear of past event that happened in Dengvaxia vaccination program, which results to

their vaccine hesitancy. Lack of knowledge and confidence are also one of the

influencing factors on their doubtfulness on vaccines

 As reported in a study conducted with the use of an online survey by Caple,

Dimaano, Sagolili et.al (2021), majority of individual who were single are more likely

to take the vaccines without hesitancy rather than married participants. Their study

also shows that, in terms of occupational category, Individuals who identified as

students made up a much higher proportion of those who were not vaccine hesitant.

Whereas, Individuals in urban areas indicated a higher proportion of an intention to

vaccinate than respondents in rural areas, indicating that vaccination reluctance for

COVID-19 differed significantly by location.

In the study conducted by Migriño, Gayados, Birol et.al (2020), Financial and

logistical concerns have not prevented 96% of respondents from getting their children

vaccinated on time; other pressures in life have not prevented 92.7 percent of

respondents from getting their children vaccinated on time. While on the other hand,

72% of the hesitant respondents consider the negative information they read online

about the vaccine as one of the factors that affects their decision on getting their

children vaccinated, and most of these negative information were about Dengvaxia

vaccine.

INTERNATIONAL

Millions of people in the United States have been safely vaccinated in recent

months. The FDA has fully approved the PfizerBioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and

may fully approve other coronavirus vaccines in the future. The FDA and CDC

continue to carefully monitor each of the approved COVID-19 vaccines for safety

concerns (M.D., M.P.H. Maragakis, Lisa Lockerd and M.D. Kelen, Gabor David.

2021).
 The corona virus disease that soon became a global pandemic known as

COVID-19 was first discovered in Wuhan, China in the year 2019 (WHO, 2020). The

COVID-19 virus affects different people in different ways and might cause

complications from mild to severe illness such as pneumonia, respiratory illness,

multi-organ failure, and even death.

According to worldometers’ data, there are more than 240 million confirmed

positive cases of COVID-19 virus with almost 5 million deaths across the world (as of

October 15, 2021).

However, to meet a "herd-immunity" threshold and decrease the total burden

of COVID-19 disease, adolescents and young adults must also be immunized (Salerno

et al. 2021).

The Department of Health (DOH) announced last September 29, 2021 that

COVID-19 vaccination will soon begin among minors aged 12 to 17 with underlying

conditions to improve vaccination rates and protect themselves against deadly

diseases (Tomacruz, 2021).

In the recent study of N. Jiang et al. (2021), the vaccination status of family

members was found to be a significant factor in influencing students' attitude

regarding the COVID-19 vaccine in multiple linear regression analysis. While the

family members' vaccination status and adverse effects experienced after getting other

vaccines were also important influencing factors in the willingness to be vaccinated.

 On the other hand, according to Lucia et al. (2020), concerns about major

vaccination side effects, as well as a lack of faith in the information provided by

public health specialists, are contributing reasons in this group vaccine apprehension.

Furthermore, students who left comments cited vaccine politicization, the need for

transparency, and concerns about vaccine development speed potentially

compromising vaccination safety.

As stated in the study of Walker, Zhang et. al (2021), lack of trust and

misinformation were one of the key factors that influences student's hesitancy on

getting vaccinated. Their study also indicated that adequate information relation to

vaccines are very vital for the students ,in the instance of rejecting the vaccination

without being informed about the benefits of being vaccinated. In addition, young

students does not normally influenced by peers and relatives when it comes to

vaccines.

According to Rzymsk., et al (2021) Hesitancy is a major threat to the success

of COVID-19 vaccination programs across the globe. Vaccines are made by

professionals and are proven and tested, but because of the hesitancy that affects the

perceptions of every person around the world, trust in vaccination programs is

decreasing, causing a lot of people to not be vaccinated.

In line with Jadhav., et al (2018) The recurrence of vaccine-preventable

diseases is more common among the purposefully unvaccinated, putting young adults

who aren’t up to date on their vaccines at danger. It is important to be vaccinated to

prevent or decrease the risk of disease that will affect the health of everyone,

especially those students, and at the same time, it will provide a lot of good health

benefits for them.

As stated by Biswas., et al (2021) One of the variables influencing the

students’ view of the COVID-19 vaccination programs is their depression and other

mental illnesses, which is one of the causes affecting their perception of vaccines and

vaccination programs. Because it is seen that most of the students doubt the

effectiveness of the vaccine, which keeps them from taking the vaccine willingly.

According to Xu (2021) The internet and social media have transformed the

way people receive information and connect, but the impact on society these days is

not good. In this pandemic era, especially for young people who are constantly

connected to technology. Exposure to vaccination messages has a significant

relationship with vaccination perceptions. A lot of fake news on the internet is one of

the factors that affects the perception of everyone being vaccinated.

III. METHODOLOGY
Research Design

Quantitative research is the method used by the researchers in determining and

analyzing the factors influencing Punturin Senior High School student's perspective

on Covid-19 vaccination. Quantitative research is defined as a systematic

investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical,

mathematical, or computational techniques.

Subject of the Study

It's important to distinguish the subjects and respondents of the study. When

learning about the factors influencing student’s perspective on the Covid-19

vaccination, selected Senior High School students at Punturin Senior High School are

the subjects and respondents of the study. The researchers conducted a survey through

questionnaires in order to obtain salient information.

A total of 86 respondents are used as sample, including people from various ways of

life yet have comparative experiences of situation during Covid-19 pandemic.

Research locale
 The locale for the present study was Punturin Senior High School and the

sample was selected from the students of the same school. At present, Punturin Senior

High School is located at # 155 P. Faustino St., Punturin, Valenzuela City. The school

was established and has operated since 2018.

Sampling Technique

Simple random sampling had been chosen by the researchers because a simple

random sample is a subset of a randomly selected population. With this sampling

method, every member of the population has exactly the same chance of being

selected (Thomas, Lauren, 2020).

The researchers believed that with this sampling technique they would be able

to get them to answer the survey without any unfairness to the selected sample of

students.

Research Instrument

The researchers used quantitative method and questionnaire form in order to

obtain data from the respondents. The questionnaire has five sections: Specific

questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

 Specific Question 1 is about the student-respondents profile.

  Specific Question 2 is made up of interpretations of students in regards of

Covid-19 vaccination.

 Specific Question 3 focused on the variables that students may have

encountered that have influenced their views on the COVID-19 vaccine.

 • Specific Question 4 examined the impact of potential factors on the student’s

perception of the Covid-19 vaccine.

The instrument was structured in the modified Likert fashion with different

kinds of degree such as;

 Degree of level of agreement in specific question 2, 3, and 4 on 5-point scale

ranging from Strongly Disagree(1), Disagree(2), No opinion(3), Agree(4), and

Strongly Agree(5).

The respondents are instructed to respond to their degree of frequency and

satisfactory with the statement contain in the instrument used.

Data Gathering and Procedure

The researchers used a survey questionnaire and a request for registrar to

collect the needed data for the study. This survey is created using individual questions

formed by the researchers that comprises the possible influencing factors on the

perspective of student’s about Covid-19 vaccination. For selecting the respondents for

this study, the researchers themselves would going to use a probability sampling

procedure. This technique is primary employ to ensure a fairly equal representation of

the variables for the study within each section, respondents were achieved through

systematic sampling. After the respondents take the questionnaire, the papers will be

check, tally, interpret and analyze by the researchers.

Statistical Treatment

The statistical method used is the arithmetic mean formula for calculating a set

of values on average and chi-square goodness of fit test to know if there is a

significant relationship between the factors and Punturin Senior High School students’

perspective of Covid-19 vaccination.

Mean

The sum of the number set divided by the count of numbers in the group.

m=
∑ of tℎe terms
number of terms
 The Chi-square goodness of fit test is a statistical hypothesis test used to

determine whether a variable is likely to come from a specified distribution or not. It

is often used to evaluate whether sample data is representative of the full population.

Chi-square formula was chosen by the researchers to used to determine if there is

significant relationship between the student’s perspective of Covid-19 vaccination and

possible variables presented.

 χ2 = chi-square

Oi = observed value

Ei =expected value

Chi-square formula is a statistical formula to compare two or more

statistical data sets. It is used for data that consist of variables distributed across
various categories and is denoted by χ2. The chi-square formula is: χ2 = ∑(Oi –
Ei)2/Ei, where Oi = observed value (actual value) and Ei = expected value.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS