die y Desk LEARNING REIMAGINED ) I Mathematics i \ Ratio and Proportion| INTRODUCTION Baking is one of the hardest skills one can master. You need ingredients and exact measurements to have the perfect dish. One wrong partand the dish will be ruined. For example, the recipe says it can only serve 4 pieces of cookies. How will you adjust the measurements of the ingredients for 30 pieces of cookies? This is one of the real-life applications of ratio and proportion. This module focuses on ratio and proportion. It will cover the following standards and competencies: Content Standard: Demonstrate understanding of ratio and proportion, percent. Performance Standard: Apply knowledge of ratio and proportion in mathematical problems and real-life situations. Learning Competencies: Express one value as a fraction of another given their ratio and vice versa (M6NS-Ila-129); define and illustrate the meaning of ratio and proportion using concrete or pictorial models (M6NS-IIb-131); find how many times one value is as large as another given their ratio and vice versa (M6NS-Ila-130); set up proportions for groups of objects or numbers and for given situations (M6NS-IIb-132); find a missing term in a proportion (direct, inverse, and partitive) (M6NS-IIb-133); solve problems involving direct proportion, partitive proportion, and inverse proportion in different contexts such as distance, rate, and time using appropriate strategies and tools (M6NS-IIc-134); and create problems involving ratio and proportion, with reasonable answers (M6NS-IIc-135).LESSON 1: Fractions and Ratios 2D ) TARGET ‘At the end of this lesson, you will be able to convert s fraction inte @ ratio ane wee versa, @) OPTIMIZE Belore you proceed to the first lesson of this module, recall your lesson about fractions. A. Mdentty the kind of fraction for each of the following 1 2 12 7 6 * 19 4 7 2 35 Bee 10 ai a B, Convert the following mixed numbers to improper fractions. 3 3 3 Ss a 1G 2 25 « 2) CAPTURE Learn about science. Read the paragraph below: Try breathing slowly. Inhale, exhale. The air that you are breathing out is called carbon dioxide. The ratio of carbon to ‘oxygen is one part carbon to two parts oxygen. The previous paragraph says that the ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbon dioxide is one is to two. Can you think of more situations where you hear such phrases? @ NAVIGATE Recall that ratio is defined as a comparison of two quantities that are expressed in the same unit of measure. The ratio of two numbers a and b may be written in any of the following forms: In words - ato b Using a colon - a:b Asa traction -arison of the numerg means to have @ ea naratO®, Follow this wi tion to a ratio me t, write the m ha To convert a fee fraction to ratio, firs olen: yminator. To rewrite a me ex. 4 Then, write the denominator. Here are $0" . 2 can be written as 3:8. . & can be written as 15: 4. eo 13 . is equal to —>-. Then, + 32 can be changed into an improper fraction, which is eq : 7 Je written as 13; 4. CHECKPOINT 4 , a: Wei rin the blank Change the following fractions into ratios. Write your answe 7 3 7 1. 4 2 167 13. ——__ Now, if you are given a ratio and you are asked to convert it into a fraction, you will consider a part of the whole set. Follow these steps: 1. Use the first number as the numerator. 2. Change colon into a fraction bar. 3. 4. it means 4 Use the second number as the denominator. ‘Simplify the fraction if necessary. Examples: 5 5:9 can be written as a 7 | 7: 14 can be written as 14 4nd can be simplified as ; | CHECKPOINT 2 102:TAKEAWAYS: Erections can be written as ratios. To convert a fraction to a ratio, follow these A 2. ' ' i i ' Write down the te i : 3. i ' ' ' ' ' ' t i Write a colon. Write down the denominator. ft number as a numerator. Ifthe given fraction is a mixed number, change it first into an improper fraction. Ratios can be written as fractions, To express it as a fraction, follow these steps: Use the first number as the numerator. Change the colon into a fraction bar. Use the second number as the denominator. ! ~ _ Simplify the fraction if necessary. RB ENRICH Guided Activity 1: Check how much you have leamed from the lessor n. Express the following fractions into a ratio (the first two items are done for you). 1. 3 7 3:17 6. 23 = 2 9F east 7 ¥- 4. we a aa 4, 5. 2 5 mu 2% “————wwii Independent Activity 2: Complete the table below by writing the fraction form and the colon form ratios. Write your answers in simplest form. Fraction Form Colon Form 1. 25 boys to 30 girls 2. 30 stars to8 planets 3. 25 pencils to 4 pencil cases 4. 54 books to 36 bags 5. 220 erasers to 40 pencils of they WitLESSON 2: Ratio and Proportion £) TARGET At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: define and illustrate ratio using concrete or pictorial models; find how many times one value is as large as another given their ratio and vice versa; convert rate into unit rate and simplify ratio; and | define proportion and determine whether the given ratios are proportion. @ OPTIMIZE Recall the previous lesson. Write the following ratio into their colon and fraction forms. Word Form Colon Form Fraction Form 1. 3isto8 2 10isto15 3. 19isto25 tT 4. 23isto 10 5. 50isto75 @& CAPTURE Do you like mangoes? Mango is the national fruit of the Philippines. It is the third most produced fruit crop of the country next to banana and pineapple. This fruit is usually highly requested in homes. Isabel is asked to buy mangoes. She bought 3 green mangoes and 7 yellow mangoes. What is the ratio that represents the green mangoes to yellow mangoes? How can you illustrate this using pictorial models? i@ NAVIGATE quantities. Thus, the quantities ing, , ison of two , it can be j a polo a fantom re vag © Dt model 8P beat following: ‘ 6 re In the illustration above, the three shaded a eagors. "80¢5, the seven unshaded squares represent the yello\ - 4 toy airplanes, while Rain has § toy Daly Try another example: Raven has model. number of toys of both boys can be illustrated using @ ae i Raven's toy Rel Separately, it i the following: Pe ly, it can be illustrated as the Rain's toy boats Raven's toy airplanes Pes The ratio of the number of Raven's toy atplanes to the number of Rain's oy 4, can be written as 4: 5, Similarly, the ratio of the number of Rain's toy boats to the Numbe, Raven's toy airplanes is 5 : 4. Here is another example: Expressing these fruits as bar models, you will have the following: Pineapples Atis LT) The ratio of the number of pineapples to atis is 3 is to 4,0r3:4, b. The ratio of the number of atis to mangoes is 4 is to 5, or 4: 5. The ratio of the number of pineapples to mangoes is 3 is to 5, or 3: 5. 8 MangoesCHECKPOINT 3 pots oad the following problem: Ryan has 10 toy trains, his brother Kris has 7 toy provided. |S fiend Flel has 11 toy cars. Write the ratio of the following in the blank 1. Ryan's trains to Kris’ robots 2. Kris’ robots to Fiel’s cars 3. Fiel’s cars to Ryan's trains ___Aratio should be expressed in simplest form, which means that the numbers in the ralo: ate relatively Prime to each other. That means they should have no common factors other than 1. To reduce a ratio to lowest term, divide the numerator and denominator by the greatest common factor (GCF). For example: 8 In 79: the GCF is 4. The lowest term is 2 15 3 In 3g: the GCF is 5. The lowest term is 5- . Say that in a class, there are 20 girls and 10 boys. The ratio of girls to boys is 20: 10. In its simplest form, this can be written as 2 : 1. Thus, you can say that there are 2 times more girls than there are boys. Try another example: In a meeting, the ratio of the number of employees to the number of facilitators is 25 : 5. How many times as many employees are there as facilitators? Here, you can write the ratio in its simplest form, which is 5 : 1. Therefore, there are 5 times more employees as there are facilitators. CHECKPOINT 4 Read the following problem and write your answer in the blank provided. Ina school, the ratio of teachers to students is 2 : 50. How many times as many students are there as teachers? Rates are another real-life application of ratios. Usually, rates are expressed in a “per unit" form and are often written with a slash (/), which is read as “per,” “for each,” or “for every.” 100 kilometers For example, the rate 2 hours compares the number of kilometers traveled 5 oranges to the number of hours. In. oer compared; it is read as “five oranges per basket.” 9 , the number of oranges to the number of baskets isae tor Rates can also be written as a unit rate. To write a rate as a unit numerator it ray 2nd the denominator of the rate by the denominator, For oom Si i 10 games can be written as S0Penalties +, fing its unit rate, divide botp, um 10 games Ma denominator by the denominator by 10, which is the GCF of 30 and 70, i 30+10_3 10+10 Therefore, it wit be 3 penalties per 1 game. CHECKPo nT 5 Simplify the following ratios, Write your answer in the blank. 1. 18 children's books to 30 fiction books = 25 rosal lowers to 100 gumamela flowers as 8. Express each Tatio as a rate. 1. 150 kilometers on 3 gallons of gasoline —— 100 Kilometers in 5 hours | Now, Say that ina Mango plantation ata given time ofthe ay, a 10-meter mango tree casts a shadow 15 Meters long. Since Mang Noli's height is 43 meters, he casts @ Shadow that is 2.625 meters at the same instant. The two ratios mus: it be the same since they occur at the same time of the day and are related. This is an example le of a proportion, A Proportion is an equality of two ratios. In a proportion ? “ @ and d are called olon form, check the following: extremes, and b and c are called means. In means — a:b=e:d extremes 10The product of the extremes equals the product of the means. Thus, you will know a proportion ifaxd=b xc. __ Writing the proportion as an equality of two fractions, you can also determine if the two fractions form a proportion. if the products are not equal, then it is not a proportion. ze 9x6 = 54 Since the product of the extremes and means are both 54, then g = 4g is a proportion. CHECKPOINT 6 SS 3x18 =54 3 3_6 Identify if the pair of ratios form a proportion. Ifitis, then write the means and the extremes, 1 1:3and2:6 {sit proportion? ‘Means Extremes 2. 2:4and4:5 3. 2:5and4:10 b,a:b, or. a:b, OF. simplest form. Ifa: b=c:d thet Learning Aratio is a comparison of two numbers or two quantities. It can be written as ato To find how many times one value is as large as another given their ratio, find its Aproportion is an equality of two ratios. Ina proportion, the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes. naxd=bxe. Enhancement Content Using your smartphone, scan the QR code for more. ‘examples and activities about ratio and proportion (MT_6_IM_LEC_1). 11| i nk. ANSWETS Should 4, enrich tne ba fraction 0" aity tt ing in guided activity reach ofthe fallen ot for You" 4 ot 2 io 4 A write the We first tW° item 70 5 in simplest fo 5 1 sa 15 of = 4 4 identical twins in BOs cakes 2, 1smangoes for 26 mane ils an . “out of 200 PUP! a 3, 20 outstanding pupils out ° and 4 12 guitars in @ 72-instrunent 5. 98 cout of 100 questions correct Guided Activity 2: | done for you: Express each ratio as a rate- The first two ean are 0 viometers per gallon 4. 150kilometers O” 3 gallons of gasoline 3 ior per hour 2, 100 kilometers in 5 hours aaa 3, 10 packets of alipoPs for P5.00 SS 4, 50 chocolate bars for 25 minutes 5, 15kilos of fish in 3 baskets _ fe each number. Independent Activity Answer the following. Write your ans\ 4, IfJose can walk 28 kilo 2. IfMario can bike 45 kilomet 3. If Raven can swim 200 met swimming per hour? wer i Independent Activity 2: tios mak in the blank befo! meters in 7 hours, W ters in 3 hours, wl ters breaststroke in re nat is nat is his rate of bik’ 2 minutes, what is his rate of his rate of walking per hour? ing per hour? ea proportion, Put a check mark (~) before the Identify whether the following ral place a cross mark (*). number if it is a proportion; otherwise, 3 t 1.9 and 5 10 344 20 2. 20 anda 1 2 3, ganda 9 10 12 4. Sana z 4 3 5, and 4 12 7 4 14 and >LESSON 3: Missin, ) TARGET atthe end of this lesson, you will be abi le to: * com i in Pare direct, inverse, and Partitive i find missing term in a proporti scien Solve real-life word Problems tha! involve direct, inverse, and partitive proportion. ¢ 2) OPTIMIZE Before proceedin a following ratios are ‘9. recall your lesson about means and extremes. Identi proporti Identify whether the a proportion; otherwise, use esate blank before each number, put a check mark (¥) if itis n (direct, inverse, and partitive); and © @ cross mark (x), 1. Zana Ei) 4 Sanat 2. ang 10 6 25 3. 3 ana * @ CAPTURE Paete, Laguna is known as the Wood Carving Capital of the Philippines. The woodcarvers are known to produce some of the best wood carvings, such as images of saints used in some churches, souvenir items, religious articles, and Christmas decors. The industry has expanded to include the production of items made of resin, paper maché, and other materials. The woodcarvers also deal with mathematical problems. Can you answer these for them? 1. If the cost of 2 dozen Christmas tree decors is offered for sale at P100.00, how much will a it Remon , OF BY-SA30, buyer pay for 5 dozen of the item? freee: coe 2. Ittakes 10 days for 8 persons to finish one ife-sized Santa Claus made of paper maché . If a customer wants the product finished in only 5 days, how many workers will be needed to finish the job? Assume that they work at the same rate. 13~ , i istmas decors from 3 manufact |. Abig departmentstore ordered 3,600 pieces of Christmas tere 3 Abia ‘and Cn the ratio of 1 : 2: 3, respectively. How many pieces should each manufacturer produce? @. NAVIGATE Try to answer the questions in the previous activity. How do you think the woodcarve, will be able to solve the problems? In all three problems, you will notice that the quantitigg involved are related in different ways. Analyze the first problem: /f the cost of 2 dozen Christmas tree decors is offered. for sale at P100.00, how much will a buyer pay for 5 dozen of the item? First, represent the missing value as n. Let n be the cost that the buyer should pay, Next is to find the involved ratios and proportion. The ratio of the cost of 2 dozen to their price is 2 : 100. Since you want to find out the price for 5 dozen and you know that the cost increases as the number of dozens of the product increases, you can write the proportion as: number : cost = number : cost 2:100=5:n Third is to solve for the missing number. Since the product of the extremes equals the product of the means, then you will have: 100x5=2xn 500=2xn n=500+2 n= 250 Lastly, check if the answer is correct by replacing n with your answer. 100 x 5 =2 x 250 250 = 250 So, the final answer is “A buyer needs P250.00 for 5 dozen.” As you may nolice, as the number of dozens increases, the cost also increases. Here, the quantities are directly Proportional. In a direct proportion, an increase in one quantity causes an increase in the other quantity. A decrease in one causes a decrease in the other as well. Analyze the second problem: It takes 10 days for 8 persons to finish one life-sized Santa Claus made of paper méché. Ifa customer wants the product finished in only 5 days, how many workers will be needed to finish the job assuming that they all work at the same rate?rst, represent the missing value as p the number 4 renbe T Of workers needed to finish the job in 5 d jays. Portions, n ould decrease: if the num Pe! Of Workers increases, the number of days to finish a ps numb , id increase. er Of Workers decreases, the number of days to finish a job shou . vy Thus, you c eed a fewer number of workers f the correct Way to write itis; 7 fer number of days, gecond, find the involved ratios and pro You expect that as the more days : fewer days 10:5 ‘ten, you can now solve for n, 5xn=10x8 5xn=80 n=80+5 n=16 Lastly, check if your answer is i i a0, then your answer is correct. correct. Since 5 x 16 is 80 and 8 x 10 is also 80, Thus, 16 workers are needed to finish the job in § days. The quantities here are inversely Proportional. In an inverse proportion, when one quantity increases, the other quantity decreases; when one quantity decreases, the other quantity increases, Now, analyze the third problem: A big department store ordered 3,600 pieces of Christmas decors from 3 manufacturers A, B, and C in the ratio of 1: 2: 3, respectively. How many pieces should each manufacturer produce? The whole is divided into parts according to the given ratios. This is a partitive proportion. For such problems, first, add the numbers in the given ratio. 1:2:3-414+2+3=6 Then, divide the total number of units by the sum of the terms of the ratio. 3,600 = 6 = 600 Finally, multiply each term of the ratio by the result above to find the number of items be produced by each manufacturer. A: 1x 600 = 600 items B: 2x 600 = 1,200 items C: 3x 600 = 1,800 items To check if it is correct, the sum of the items should be 3,600 items 15INT 7 or partitive CHECKPOINT direct, oF Pa PrOpOMn Identify if the given situation ret Write your answer in the blank before e2 4. The fewer the men working in’ {0 finish the job. 2. The shorter the sid 3, The longer the radius of the circle, the 9! the circle. I sents 0 direct, Fa ch number. construction. tho longer the time it win, lake the area. ler square, the small . Je of a Sa) the area of the region insigg eater As one quantity decreases, the other quantity increases. . In a partitive proportion, a whole is divided into parts prop’ ratio. ortional to the give n : TAKEAWAY: ! |. To solve the missing term, use the cross-mutipicalion process. Femember the | ' principle that the product of the means is equal to the Pro ui ames, 1 + Inacdirect proportion, an increase in one quantity corresponds to an increase j, ! the other. js : : In an indirect proportion, as one quantity increases, the other quantity decreases | ' 1 1 1 1 \ _enricu Guided Activity 1: Draw a circle if the situation represents direct proportion, a triangle if it Tepresents, inverse proportion, and a square if it represents partitive proportion. Draw YOUr answer j the space provided before each item. The first two items are done for you. : 4. Nora earns P12,000.00 in 20 days. How much will she earn in 15 days? 2. Gael, Bianca, and Kenneth shared 180 stamps in the ratio 1: 2: 3. How many did each person receive? If 60 persons can consume a certain amount of food in 3 months, in how many months can 30 persons consume the same amount of food? 4. If6 men can clean a wall in 48 hours, find the number of men required to clean the wall in 56 hours. 5. A farmer has enough feeds for 72 chickens for 6 days. If he sells 10 chickens, how long will the feeds last? 16( appcy In your performance-based task, imagine that you are a planner. Create a Plan beautify your own barangay and make it clean and environment friendly. Consider inclugj e the following people: ng . A landscaper who plans how many tree seedlings and other plants are needed and where to plant them A painter who estimates the amount of paint to be used for the empty walls, street gutters, fence, and posts Community members who can paint, plant, and clean the barangay 18WSS _ ent your © que. gian. Present Your Plan in a short bonqon® @bout the ratio and proportion of the details of their pelow! Paper and use Arial 12 for formality. Follow the format ame of the planner: parangay; Bea i utification Project of Barangay Draw here the Plan of the trees Draw here the artwork to be painted on to be planted, empty walls, street gutters, fence, and posts. 4. List the names and th, ; ‘© number of trees that will be planted for the barangay. List all th i 2 ist all the color paints and the amount of each paint needed. . Create five pr . 5 caints from Rertrerm® about ratio and proportion given the number of trees and TS 1 and 2. Provide solutions and answers. Problem 2: Problem 3: Problem 4: Problem 5: 19