244 CH.6 TORSION Stretched Mebrane membrane (a (b) _ Fig.6-35 Membrane analogy: (a) simply connected region. and (b) multiply con- nected (tubular) region. Formulas such as these are available for many other types of cross: sectional areas in more advanced books." For cases that cannot be conveniently solved mathematically, a remark: able method has been devised.'7 It happens that the solution of the partial differential equation that must be solved in the elastic torsion problem 6 mathematically identical'to that for a thin membrane, such as a soap fi" lightly stretched over a hole. This hole must be geometrically similar to the cross section of the shaft being studied. Light air pressure must be kept on one side of the membrane. Then the following can be shown to be true: L The shear stress at any point is proportional io the slope of A oe membrane at the same point, Fig. 6-35(a). . 7 the si eer particular shear stress at a point is at right angles 3 “Twice the vol te meats the same point, Fig. 6-35(a). _ ie torque carried by the section. the membrane is proportional The fore; . " ie its value gr eE0iN8 analogy is called the membrane analogy: In addition © lue in i Nae A xperimental applications, it is a very useful mental aid for vi "R. J. Roark 7 McGraw-Hill 1918) Pied Young, Formulas for Stress and Strain, Sth ed. (NOW ie available. See, for example, clement analyses for solid bars of arbitrary cross sectio® 875 0," J. Eng. Mech. Divs, ASCE Gree Herrmann. “Elastic torsional analysi of irregular 50” - Div, ASCE (December 1965).91 EMD. 11.19. snares ve 1903. This is is analogy was introduced by the German engineering scientist L. Prandtl itSEC. 6-14. SOLID BARS OF ANY CROSS SECTION 245 (a (by to {Fig.6-36 Iilustration of the membrane analogy for a rectangular bar in torsion. alizing stresses and torque capacities of members. For example, consider a narrow rectangular bar subjected to torque T, as shown in Fig. 6-36. A stretched membrane for this member is shown in Fig. 6-36(a). If such a ‘membrane is lightly stretched by internal pressure, a section through the membrane is a parabola. Fig, 6-36(b). For this surface, the maximum slope, hence maximum shear stress, occurs along the edges, Fig. 6-36(c). No shear stress develops ulong a line bisecting the bar thickness t. The maximum -shear stresses along the short sides are small. The volume enclosed by the membrane is directly proportional to the torque the member can carry at a given maximum stress. For this reason, the sections shown in Fig. 6-37 can (far. approximately the same torque at the same maximum shear stress ; (Same maximum slope of the membrane) since the volume enclosed by the smembranes would be approximately the same in all cases. (For all these tshapes, b = 1 and the f’s are equal.) However, use of a little imagination wal Convince the reader that the contour lines of a soap film-will “pile up” thee NS @ Of reentrant corners. Hence, high local stresses will occur at ita oes An inscribed circle within the cross-sectional area of a section : to the maximum stress at a boundary. ionion analogy. the sand-heap analogy, has been developed for plastic the cre pean is poured onto a raised flat surface having the shape of umes 9g tON Of the member. The surface of the sand heap so formed 2 Pyramid taht slope. For example,a cone is formed on a circular disc, or “SPOnds 1 cay tateee base. The constant maximum slope of the sand corre- Whine of the imiting surface of the membrane.in the previous analogy. The sand heap, hence its weight, is proportional to the fully plastic “py "A: Nadas i sytth Theory of Flow and Fracture of Solids, Vol. 1, 2nd ed. (New York: MeGraw-Tarsien of Newetrenlar Members Pembront treks a See Parte of che CTorsien) from Eng. Mecharles of Solids p , oe LE, apn witien by Eger P. Popey Shewr— Straw (Q) aL amnge powd da, prapriioed ~ the aslefe of the steteheal mem Fore~ ot he dom. pot. Le eo sore] Foci the padre enclrsedl by Ah membrane Un _Pupertlimad He Porque [ pesenod manent comud by ple. seariom favor] Cw $n came] Mambo mh ~ 3S + eS = Me 5 Y 4 Valine boundest & le Me wo} 2 (cond) Vee & by clefieedek amambrone & Ay plana ~ “= s wen daveion SE re oo, — Slope ey otras fue 2 at Taefos? a eee 4 | ow 1 PER Spee 5 eee k——__-e—_4 z A> heterol Premure por wait eee. 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