Also As ble from MeGraw-Hil Schaum's Outline Series in Mechanical Haginceing ‘lamest rote th owen Titles on the Current List Include: Fi cn tak tion Sg of Mare 2 on Schaum's Solved Problems Books Related ‘Titles on the Current List Include: Sen Ste reas nit tone 2500 Sd Proton Fd Mechs a yma etn Sed Poon aa lees 50 Sed Preto nestor Mans Ege: Dri {0 Shed Pte instr Moan rEg: Se ite a yur Clap Hokstor. compet Shum kr ey be bain by isan 908520 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS ‘Third Edition James W. Dally Pra of Meanie aging ect 9 Mand Cote Po William F. RileySS eae Ea eng 19,17 1b Mei a ee rite ‘GE oo Sp yn ter rid eC hot sop yp er 7 seu o-02-mse18-7 i ng Ct a Daa ‘apa ome Waly, Wa Ri. 1 tun en tei ABOUT THE AUTHORS James : Dilly obtied schlr of ince deste apd a mer fans ical engesing, om he Crepe noe of Toto. Ie ein doctor deren mechan How the Me Insta ace logy He hs taught Cornel Unter nas eo acho td the Unive of the od He cael pres a the parent of “Mechanal Bgieerng atte Unveyof Nayar ‘Prlesor Dal hs ao wrk tthe Nota Machine Carpany, Armour esach Fount, ed 1M, Fede Sptane Devin, He low ft ‘Artin Seay of Mecha Ensers Soy or Experimental Mevhanes ‘i American Aca of Mechanix He was el (the National Asn ‘taney 194 aod wa appin tomas uote Sooty Tr Eapeenerial Mechanic in 1983 ‘Profesor Daly has couttoved e boks: Experimenta Ses) Anai, Phootaie Coty, Intranet for Eginerng Mewar, Sate and Pri try on Cutt Paap of Sco Sons He Wiliam Hiky bot the rank of Ditngitel Profesor Psi i the College of Engnering at Towa Sats Univer He resced bash oh ‘eine dere fo mecha enioeesing othe Cathe Hasta ef Teka: Togyin 1981 ana mast of asenes degre inca rom te io Fae ot Tecnology 1988 He worked tow 191 to 1984 asa mechanical engineer for the Mest Mache Company inthe dean td devdopmet of cl elpet a ‘avy touche to Pom 199 fo 1906 he engaged in apenas aly sctien a IT Henark neitle as reach engsr, manage of ‘te capeimetl re sais prouy, aly ec nie tbe mesa ‘sch cvson During the sumer of 196 an 1970 eve Scat {Er USAIDINGP i Ind intr cue inctte prop or alee tec Se 1965 he hs tea sgeeing edt a ova Stat UnversityProfesor Ray wast flow ofthe Sot for Esparimetal Mes ics" 177 and an honorary mer i986 197? be reveed the LM. Foch Avaed ofthe Secxy for xprnental Mechanics for exsns [ening scion an in 1990 wa he rope ofthe Mens Divo Distal Eonar Awan othe Aten Soc for Eaginerng Pe ‘Professor Riky has pulses apromatly 50 tect papers delon ‘i ea pm antl a teal prin Sd ht = “ores bcs: Exprinet Svs naj, odes Photoechns, ‘Born of Meth Moshe of Matera, ramentato fo gion Memuremeni el Intatacon echo of Maia CONTENTS Preface List of Symbols Elementary Elasticity and Fracture Mechanies EEE amen =. So egp ate Strain and the Strese-Stain Relationships Deon Dine and Sie Pol Sa ‘te pnt Fi Cont to in Fal srl astoncomo Part It ees Basie Equations and Plan-Elasticity Thoory Taman hewn op ~ 0 lar CorSnater is mena Tt a Fe ‘Recent Sato ‘Sujet Ona Tess La — lementary Fracture Mechanics Be il ea eo te Ron Ace te Cah Ti ina Unio Lone Pate Strain-Measurement Methods and Related Instrumentation Tatroduction to Stain Measurements Den i de Rac pir etic Siin a Sa etrcal Resistance Strain Gages oe nt oe Mao Strain-Gage Circuits he Pert a Appaton Sin Mewes etch sf a Wi Sty an Shp Ringe tgs era Sea =e Dipl Coovoon a ‘Renin een Strain- Analysis Methods {Teh cg Rte ‘eS GapPart 2 Panta 0 egie Gae ‘These iment For age Ky Encode ney Fs eens Optical Methods of Stress Analysi ai One ee oma bial earn: Toe one ‘Sc! sro: Ts terete ‘Sheers Se Ce Moiré Methods ‘Be Deennt PApwo ae Poehsii ‘utctnane Spe ence Stemi Muto of Moe ns Expos Proce sd Tecue ue ierraaty rf Pty ES irene ie zeeacen tease, Sakoene's SE ce nari Scenes eatin, 1B “ Part IV 15 rigs Map ts Pi Mire Applied Photoclastcty: Two- and ‘Throe-Dimensional tess Analyis eet Comme ed Pte Maer sien oie rome Stet Method pti Methods for Determining Fracture ‘giorno Dawns Rn boom Fae Patere e-Onaatmine ed te Seve Nota ganas Set ton ec Pr Coating Methods Photoelast we Catge ec tie Rem or is e Contings and Britle CoatingsFringe Order Determinations Costing Application of Statisties ‘Statistical Analysis of Faerimeontal Data esmvn Abie See Tate Index PREFACE 1 this ved tied ion we have ritsined the nl fetes ofthe Previous wo ation of Figrimotal Seve dat, hich fx nen For uppervon undecgoate studets or graduate suds begin to "dy" srperimental mthods of mosh. ave ade extn eons wih eet the ngs i exgerinetl ean ht hve ote ing the pst 12 yeas ad fate ied 4 spent stount of ev stil Fectaremechonic,opcl muha, and sat auton of erpriment hapers on asety and a new inodctory chapter on Senenary ete tesuen tains ech epg wih sn near shaper ecg the ea "Spel of stain Tessromeot One shape cover cia etance sin ‘is aod aber coves sain gapesignal conning eu. The caper ‘cording methods has est changed igianly treet che many ne {yeope’s a codingisrarets sto itd dp conversion gad Si i rgd ring Th hp toate tsa en Ina oop, sd reel ste ‘art, "Opal Meods of Stes) Anas” conus fie chats, beeing wth «thoi on bi ops wich melds a escent the feito steams, The tease of oi ha ban srpandd to 8complte Shaper, whi coves Boh the ces tid tho an the mote wader Powsure of moi inaeromety. The testmest 9 potest hat been reduc 9 two shapers to provi spac orth wre mer eterno Inthe leiden is evson A new caper asobig pte meted or ‘dcoinng tecture pnmete har bom ade To extend the coven 10Past TV, “Coming Metho” consis single cape which combines the expedient approaches of trig contigs and rite cntings The Sevaaprst ofthe sess Ip Soh ef thse coatings ent tough the ‘pont of ib coating othe stoner ile Applian of eating {S's poole note common estar tha sein hi hae, Patt Y, "Appstion of Stair” conti 8 single copter ode ln reapon 10 the Figgas of sew vevewes The eowege opel Fecal 1 show the applioton of sais i enhanc the array of ‘erments and in impronne the metho of seping exper rls ‘wich show vanlon ch prt the book oes independent 2 thatthe itor ct sn bee in oton ofthe corse Content. For ites 2 two. 8 err sours o sai gs ca be oto By Wig two chaps of Par 1d all Prt Hr Parts Cal an be combine fo provide» thoroogh {tre or fouraudit ore on poy tnd mer Seto chaps rom ‘chit oor pare can be outed ood he bear hl of xpress ‘ew annie A comple Sted treatment of esate revered Be fextandsppeented ith aborstory exper on Bs costs rain ap, ‘hotadeteny and mire wil rege sit oh erat Hows "The ese atre of the ext compen ntodig the atc rage einen meted tthe gent A remesbly dep conerape ‘Spmcenid of te tery gue to oder xprinentl sow sal ‘tte fou pinay weogserployed: ie coating, ain Ege. poe ‘sty, an rot Whe the prinary empiast plced on the Uiory of ‘tpotnental ret asl he lpran epee teshiqaer asad ‘wheat of te four major method re covered nee dt o pom the Sedat Lo bela lbortory work witha frm endesacing of expen promsares Faeroe deg a suport a eed the etn ta to show ‘EE latn ofthe henry Rave tn paced steed enh chaper, Tboraoy strom Kae not tenn inde sins he boratry work vil depend song local cons auch ay ike eyiptn tt ppos {lab the ero ofthe iver aod sent, Se the fecal ind robin ferent tre seed fa the nator Be uli tpealy te wanted Toba ees onthe tas of net, egies, ‘pt nd tie svi fr hi important supple ote sous “Asialenn smo fnew ral as ten aed Yo thd ton sf te ek; however, soe lnlatons ind pulang ort id aot perma verge of ster! impetat topes sack at Helopapy, fle her, ‘ondatretine ating icant ta thinatr wil crt stan, ‘es the iy eng er own oar cso by ing een Pape. Duis the occa our. The nhos hope tat mov srr i Sed ofthe endameriat etl gue ops x complet and pact ure oe the thoy of expel ts ana te “The material presned here has en sod by both athe over riod of 8 yore Courses hve Been devlopel om experimental aren sale hotly. and photomecinks a the ios Inte of Testes, re Ue te Sate Ue, tthe Vint of Mine ‘trl ns bat shows to be tein nd pele te dere ipa in these cone thc capoyel the eet et Eta bundy ter wnat Caran staton ano er ‘cation ba be dt eas underuning h d eatons. At {attra dvd he sasion tn peo of te son Stolye These astators compliment te wat an sho al peachy a frst the ae he ede stoi cknowieaeT ton pet smo nyo more etre nathog whith hae ten dcp by the cme ear of many Sic rears In para, we iso fas re Ai Dect ae © {fom oor caot nein scenyurandtncurneai or any dean, Ah.) W- Daly wold ke to acknowl te mary valle cone ton be has bd ith DR. Sno a, Sri conga atthe Unie ff Maran, wh prowl feds 00 te tev mata isd ie fon Net we ack the xen Istsns rove! by Figen {Giang Chon, A Dat, JF Kato W. PT, Month D. Po RI Stra W-N. Share Smith CT, and he many sop Commerc eqepnnt. Thanks areas due to Robot Davi US. itary ‘Radon, West Point Gu Kato, Catton Univer Batey lane Uniemty of Mines: fe Rovian Unierty of Wacom, Madson UUnpehysond A.A Sar, Unie of on Cobo fr ha oct rovow the manuLIST OF SYMBOLS smplde of ight wave ‘tenth ofa magretc sd ‘ive te opie coetent oaons oe momath corecioe flor degen of dng Tolume station +45 H4) hid damping constant fg density of photographic Sn ‘esromodve fore or volage ‘Baentade of Ket vector our of elsticty itar or ser vor muaoe aie potenti grins By tas ole maul flay os contig Fy beck cosrometve fee 2B, xpos lola of photog at gloss vote 2 als of laity fe eimen End of cst of abating ean opti san coeticent 1 sregth of ight ours stm intenay to (opening mode) Ky Gack tata ought IK) Ste toy toe ear mode) js mot) tr erg mode) 'R tannee ety ltr Ky compres conta Of fol ath fo 1 teat 5 ego 1, mageeaath J sing bequency fo wage enh fos bate tenth “j smiag ate toe actor atrial rang vee site gs vale ie inde of faction ‘Fay baling correction cor t ‘ssoeing costo tor ‘etn ee ‘fren compan of the body dere Intensity FF, polar compet oth body fre intensity Cory relat crak exten fore 1 shat models of ast {torsional spring const X oumber of eke pica ting fry le rence > eka 1 cent density 1 sent power deity 1 intensity fh 27 poner dpe by 2 age 1 moet of ein 2, fond sbedang de ling 1, teri of eneging ht 4 este ato 1, gags carat 2 ga of eit Te guenomater caret estate rato 7, fast of niet kt FE Spatetdtnce 1 ony of fle Ham SF rack grow estance Islay ston an ed ara of te rah 1 sli ont of era. R ange Ju dad fi cond ond throats f sn on atti k reel hte of ay 2 at etercaste eatanse uve tans ie rostnce falvonomser estance Ines restance pus retor urine corte long an static Sl tala sey of gage aa sty of tea ‘re sry {advance evi Sasa of gs ne fctor aster sun envy of ae ‘ne sesiy to temperate ‘andar deiton andar enor [venom set temperature torque tration conn Cartcan component of th estat ses ‘Srteincomposent he mace actions ‘Sicsin component of apace! Fela emporent of dolacmet aa energy volte volun eigen voage wt Worergurd croes em fnction te of incice andes ‘setcent of tema exprion orate anse fae of reetion ‘eft of thermal expansion tig of eacion Searrain component furs enerey feopertire cooicent of esvity Sexr-srain component pola cordaes ‘aren sentra components sae pve diflerece relative pase dierence Fesitance change desta orma stain ‘albeton sain rormaltain componet oem component polar corintr thresol saa fora brite uating ude unitate norman component een ences Pencil nor eas rnp orl ris i cota ‘pal onal ia spoon Seay atte deletion os paanonter sence12k uorms shear mods tre arthmetc mean poosiin Poston io Poston ato of coating Poston ati of apesines Poston ato of crating beam sve numer hip coordinates EXPERIMENTAL, STRESS ANALYSIS on learns ce spp ss Prcpal normal stenes Prisapal noses ina coting Prinopl normal stress ina pecien Aig es anton tangle eqeney 1. boar fnewPART ELEMENTARY ELASTICITY AND FRACTURE MECHANICS"CHAPTER | 1 STRESS L_rNTRODUCTION ‘An experinona tees aps mut ave a hoeugh undentanding of are, ‘in tee ating tes tote, Fo tse he hopes lth txt hae bon dove the cemetary conch thy ott ‘Te fst chaper dal at see proud In a bay de to extra abd nyfoce lading. The second copier deals with oman an sala Proce by thenaings and wth ens btacen the wen sa. The thi caper cover pce potens th hoy of dst, prt ce @ Inge put of fst course inex sss seal dea with wo. 2,05 Wha the tena are creed th hin he neal st ving the argent sae value at ven pita The nota st ‘vig thesis lsbvae ale isnprtnt to reclining pron tame streses recone postive nd compresie atone a concordAnte important cons th fst van 1 was noted in So. Ls ht teeter cou eerie by tea cata es component ‘eget to iter the Oye connate sytem ee OF cotiote se. Farther, ge (6) ere eaahed fo ave estou teteen thes fro pte addon fo Ee (15) hee ber ations eth areca theses mano esse hse vain ero Ba (07, whch isthe cubccquton nes tthe anlar, 2889 By real that rsen ad ate depen th cresian coors stan employed, ICs ea that the oes of (7 which conan eaten components "hee mt a be npn nese of be Sorat see, Ths, From Bg (7) net Ut Bement yl alan te on et Meptyctoc Ty tata = Oath ~ nt wher Fa Je he ft sso nd hi invariant fs pect, Ite day cooriate ten este isnt wits the praia tons, get. ees Lemtates heemtestae hn 17 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS 1 developing equation for maximo shear sree, the sail ease wl be onal wih spy 0. No le one ened bY ‘Saige peal ee tole ol a rerio ofthe rence ‘oso conde tht pana Sreons In he floming Sevlopaest my. ‘ht lb ed to donot te pcg detons fe Se. 13 the ret ‘Mono obgue plane wa en Tah eT TE @ Subtitrai icp ao emer ab 0 shar ae yells = choo my ehcoe tn+ ah co? tum) 8) ‘Ao eo (15) 2,608 (asm) +0 0 (nm) +460" Om) o an expression othe she nine rah (ant afer sting tet so the big lave SNordiinhm = oe eh sed neers eet he le bt baal “Tae plans on which msn and minnom string trees osc cn be ‘bee trom Eq yeti with pd othe cton sexes my {nd Ont dntn ones ncaa han bmi by {cling th expen ewe stating ito (Tat B= OE Ho! 08 Ml ol +l =a Hea? WD 1 le he rl dats H(t ith pe and te ith Tape mn ein oye lowing eqn Sed fot ‘String ie Scion Stam need wi Sots hovog mre nd Mle. —69) lel 00?) © les 0316109" —— ro ‘on miata tons bv = = 0 Ti om Bg (n= 41 {pcp per shen us itn om roe pone {ett canon Curt a m=O" en fom Ba = 20 frm ht HP Ao =, then fm Hy 22 ad {fim Bg (hn 2G) Reetng the sve padre by cng | m into tom fg (2 ets te aes or th etn cn wh ne Sicrng aro rato or stow. Setang toe P=) Sd LO) ao Be eae Be iet +04 ted Ga Forte? @ soto, Sitar, wing the otber als for th desion coatee which make the ‘tearing ree mm gee, sale) aed yates ‘ort the pose ele eset site wll blaine rom 4, — 0, Sih rial sence ae odeed sah tate, >on ey Ther He, 69) 9 A af i for vsti the compte at of ses a point i the ‘trees obra Pig Ti repentance nrc the fer twodineaonal Mok cl shore dee rina Sty the mn teacng esa he ane eat wthin wh tbe ‘ovat herent componente Set forage lt see Soa an =18 THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL STATE OF STRESS For tmodinetsonl ares els whee 2 ~ ty = =O! cadet wth ‘nd Othe ange betwen xa xB (4) oa reo eo = SOO yt B62 528 +s 28 tty S10 =e 0B 6S 8 2, in Oca 0 nite 5 S005 18 oy iB ut) Sop S00 O~ 8 Bai 8-4 se? Oh 0 $2 a 20+ 0020 (ate Crete ye ata ‘The telaionshipe between ses componenis gen in Bg (At) canbe Asmphcaly erect by sng Mobs cele of ata a due in Pp Inthe diagram normalstes component oa pte hreomally Wh cee tes coepoent rae plotedvertely. Tee sees are plod ie "eht ofthe cms Compresve tee ae plod to the Kt Sats ‘Spocents wiih tendo proce ctkweetaaion af 2 tal ceca ‘ousding the point are ped akor thew ane Those edge peed g euntesockie rottion ie pte lw. hen pedi hs neon Sie comporcats alte with each pan though te pot we ened ty pont othe ci, The gram ths ser an salt tl ptr fe Site of st Ot = poi: Mohr cede and {hI} se led fe xperincitl sews wrk whe ste nipeaen' at Carafe! ton ‘one cordate sin Lo another Therese wil Be tad ee Ute sects of his text, whe sin past sod Footesty tos ok nub av dts. Sct two enol He ssons se ion coer sant capes wil ec 0 esd te pal see se sm 19 scr in no-nonsense. feo spate chosen that Catan =O tha tate plane tt ita E17 ee Me — (ae 6a nity =O « Soli het oh he icles ett, (eS) oa, ‘The to distin cosine wich dene the wo pnp planes canbe shied om (hw peste an oo and ede ison amd e's aes oa ey ns henist vanish inc no searing seme can etm pip planes. Tha the folowing eatin ete wnt 5 Fs a) 4 082 3} =0 cu Diving hough by cn, smi inet tan 2, 9) tt 6 bace oe 9) se ae Pea ee tutte 0 9 Tea oe uations (L14) we ued in sang forthe dition of mf te cartesian ‘8 components ry ae knoe, 19 STRESSES RELATIVE TO A PRINCIPAL. COORDINATE SYSTEM 11h ure sn Oxy aed to cli with he thei ‘his ede the ot component of rs tec, wich perma Smale ‘Sopthatoe i some fhe previous sls Euan (13) eeome, Ty=0,CO8'68) Tym oy e08(m 9) Tam eycon(ns) (119) snd (15) eds to eg = 6600 3) 42 88 (6 914 0 2) ei =a, Gs 5608 Ye 208 U2) eon =, cm (9) + 0, 0 +95 cm (2) oy = 60883) 08 (7) + se 0 UY) epee, e062) 9 yo eos (Fs ahem 88) 40 a8 ome) Foye (y. ewe Tee = 60 m0 9) 4 0 606% ae 9 oy om 2s 2) ‘fen experimental method yd prin srs diy, an inthe ‘es Bs (1.1) equ wed btn teres acing ler es 1L10- SPECIAL STATES OF STRESS “wo ates of tress ours frequent in pate hat they hve Ros aie, ‘Ty aethe stat pare sheng stot he ys nef ee Bh 1. Atte of pre sar rt ext one paral tf ane Oxy ca be found sch that yey re =A econ e town that taper ‘eto aes Oey ots ad nl the fmt natant see Tae Foal ofthis nnn is beyond the ope of ths ext Two of heii be fare which repent sate of pu shag wr arse 0 te al ln © ome| oe Jen te ‘earings ans In photos woes aprons ste of stat ‘once an trope tof srs The it any rth ese ‘ve partly inpotat property of tent att of re tha hey an te condom gma tate sess OF mor mpi, eve, ithe ct hat any tte of ne an spate! nto 4 ae pest lpn sents Tica he sy oo ot Sal og eso sf-] ole eee af | 00 General sae faces ~ hyo ato to “Psa poe ching ses 1 omediaaly kar that th sry on thee repeets gal sate siesta eee ery repens gestae sate fre bower, The ican ay repre a state pre ar an aly te et tee Inv tr. Thi tps least Bg FV a t= ae | in{2 meremr miearr ve nc a Hence P= ear 69 6) ts the pteprewated in he hydrosaesae of set sis Be. (1.18, hen esr th at ty een i a en of hte, the es ofthe hysteresis eqs ome, {he pine usted above qe moran [BXERCISES 1 tp ing in se wh a sc 2a 71-07 The sarma tothe ser psn wach Tyas gee by he ta lS ane dowd eco ht shan 2) {2 Are pom in asec toy the an congenrat fst 0—7 MP ‘Sa ate ion von i al se se coms eH oeiuclelt 1 aa aig ein ope te cee a eon whan ie canal owing H well 15 fea teeth crn emp ae = SM ‘Bee rl an sir oo lwo ea a cm aet colenad omide he ps notre Fade ve nal 14 Ata ponte oe re compan fs = Pa G0 Mog MPa go 80 Moe = 5 MPa and = Benin he ol nd hie sar on pliner cal HO coin 0514 cle) 090 s)he np Derwent bosom 12, Deke th nor aed hte opr wh ote somal me nde wih he's and tal he cea spon tea pl ae ceregnee tity shea sge ind ee Woe Dhialee==0 hy2 gn as MP ad 98 rr nd hr seen i hon Si a tr Stn sons coamd cla ad coetuslad ea ayn nytt yee eee to-d ed erty d snmeet bytes tynde beh af vi? nk salem ane Peta sei Seam elie ton Oey otf rane whe he OXY wee emp le to an Dee Ww sods ete tc ge ‘eked th 4/2 a oe =e [Do [om ya Pe oe24 umemaey arma ere cut 44 A eit tt ody, the creas compres at at = 0 ‘Stn oye ota det ees meena angry sea SSenneisi oer eotdat h B05/2 e ed Secu MPa can, 2 MPa rg 50 Men at MPa m pone Os te nose ether ere et mm 28 os fo te some pm of rn tie e iip ie so tore anelmpa ie 4 eit ip se Sct tata tay aru on 1 ee el sta tas Dara et Bau haste he ht Pra itntlineassemasarts i Ss aan et at Gyno alls a ee vettg2 Bie ye ad ea Pl aoe a i'ma hp tn oe oe Rey DMP = ha y= 1 Ma Dow ia hn = MPa Deteroie the pinay sieaes ad the seat nln Gio te nots ead van Sones de ete =H MPS, fy = 50 MP = and ge = 6 Fo minimize the eft af sre So ihe si tenes ‘Sameera Sua on eae tan rodent == ei to here Siem terial nt tat ostinato ti uy t= nie at ono eaetg Seine oti 2 Seis ingame Ss pe Soca Ghemiansmeet 4 Ah Re 3 mm sat on ie cons cotenad elo 19 A the i of Ee 2 die mermaid ho oe esd coinyim$ eels 18 AL pit in actne rt, he pe reo = 10 MP, 60 ‘nnd ey =30 ba, Dara he oan ee te OF adsense tem uote Ore we ret ew act oven fie rf an Yr ewe eo ag ve ee ee eee ada? o laine foam Ore reese: whe the On Vs ae mae cae ro i 2pa fj cis a ya i ets a ets t 1 Rh gc ttn i x ye to aa Eee pl on re Bs nt tr a of 14 Rooke pel st fo re Be 15nd sate of 14s she eee ate ate pen Esch 8 il etc zt Sires 9.95 ay Ota oma she ees sont oh pasa REFERENCES tt ee ty An 2 TEESE Sictepe aeearecen 4 CORA co ear Ff ate 2D: ew Yk Slag ayn ni 3 na seme Men Yn EarCHAPTER 2 STRAIN AND THE, STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS. 21 INTRODUCTION In chap the tate tat wih cop a a ty pa ht Dy ‘Site wre tao the copdiions of equ, and mace no impos ‘tse made oping body efron ops properties fhe ate of {Shin the bly war compo, hen ev or any rl an fo ‘Snous fay dtoatn Tn his hap the suet ody eforatin sd ‘sll se wl edu Since sin a poe gonere ant, no Favicon on hoy satel wi bs gp However nor to bine Sjuson: ring dapacenet © Set restone mst be aed 09 te ‘evn dtrmatont, Tot her set, when the wren rations Se ‘evloped, he dae constant the ba} ter tbe sored, 22. DEFINITIONS OF DISPLACEMENT AND STRAIN 1 gies bty i ste oa sytem of rs invita point of he Bay iin som ove. Tis movement an arb pits tector any town Stn diplomat the rious pot ie the body eedergo atest * sso arama 29 movant ech ean erred by is ov ia dpe Yet. ch Vector car be rele ino components pr tos cate sordinate ‘ts wh that an ae the dgsement empath. # Aectlon, rea "Motion a the oy maybe considera he st pats 1A tandation anor rotation of the body a a whe 2 The moeneat ofthe pts ofthe Boy alae Lo ech oer ‘The vamlaton of 1iato of the Holy a8 whole kon a lt idy moon. This pea mation eal to cer the ed ii by oe ‘Sul dione bay. The movemcl fhe pons of te bey tee 1 ach ‘ite tne a maton od tay property of el bois ey. Rigo motion can be lage ot smal Deaton, eral, a ‘twas bterite mates specie ute uh a ent ‘iin na goomettic aunty which depends on he late ovens of too ee pit inthe body tad theo rete un tothe eerie ‘Spicomenr Sins rip-boy Gplacts do noe pods ein hey wil be bg all faer developments ths espera the preseing cope two types of sess were dco normal strand obear sem Thi ae ‘Sulton wil be nl for uetia Anotal sn aed nto change length «te sega tetwce wo polt ded by he evn! eng of he Tressel A tng iin deed athe angular ne hoe le Sept hich mee orgaaly perpen The elon aes se fd dipnconeats can be determine! by conenng the dean ‘ebiery cakes a Bed a zen of lade apped Th orion {Muacted in Fig. 21, in whch general point Ps ove toh a data isthe rrcon, sin they doson, nd n he ton, The hr sae ie cae eal dpc n poe te willbe lcd by aout ‘ich dir rom hve tpt P Fr camp the dace, Pd ‘toil th pat @ canbe exes ine lhe caer 2 Wat pin by means of Talore expan Ths vee Bac Mays Ware en Bt tae ‘The tm shown inthe ave expresons ae the ony igen tere i ‘vase a te ede alent smal righ er em sh (48 (aya? to be epee ner the conan le i Tema atew-(-r) “ thedore sinny an ($09) one “ Subst 1. (imo (7) and mpg iki we Dieses lee) Fm B 0 aredtudde mat ayedsogty ag ieay* ay bea 6 oe oa ans stan sno 3 {na sinilar mamsr by comsidrng wi semen ily ined paraet {ohey and ranean hes ander act oy" ayas! ap ae aye erwin BBE irony pee ela tenia ax Tei gum 23 snd 23) pn «cm cite deton of ‘evelopment then gnome cs of esa. One rtriion va todd boreve, nen the beer ‘rd emi the Talore expansion for dipssace wore npc Tht ‘tration ha thee of liming helena he ne soamet(sge tl ‘ot for sain triton ul ipnenen rats (ul, 8, {he vegioe of teat ae esnly coma If dpsed pacts change ‘spi with potion i theron of inte, vr short page lengths wl te Ta wie vary of eopnaring problems, the iplaenents and tins ‘rouce by te app Toa are ery snal Unde hate conitons, can be ‘Sromed that pric and marr of Gaplacenet aes il be al ih ‘erent the diplcomsnt pcre and theorem te acted. With tht ftmplen Cap (22) aa G3) rede tthe stain plement eatione Fequetyeaenuteed In the Theory of tty. The red form Te ado 2 ay ean ren eae ey tan ean