ENG 4 130 Research Methods

German University of Technology in Oman (GUtech)

Department of Engineering

Title of the Research Proposal

Course Coordinator:
Dr. Thomas Lattimore

Spring Semester 2018

 ABSTRACT

Growing human activity on energy reserves, dangerous farming methods, and rapid
industrialization have all contributed to an increase in contamination of the
environment over the last few decades. Soil pollution is a big concern for everyone
since it can affect humans by contaminating food cultivated in dirty soil, or it can
induce soil sterility and lower productivity. Heavy metals, nuclear wastes,
insecticides, greenhouse gas emissions, and hydrocarbons are among the
contaminants that cause environmental and public health concerns due to their
toxicity. As a result, this chapter will cover the following topics: sources of soil
pollution and treatment of polluted sites utilizing biological methods, which have
proven to be effective and dependable due to their eco-friendly characteristics. Bio-
remediation can be done ex situ or in situ, depending on various of parameters such
as site conditions, pollutant type, and concentration. It's also viewed as a potential
answer to emerging contamination issues.

Keywords:
‫الخالصة‬
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................2

‫الخالصة‬............................................................................................................................ 3

LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................5

LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................6

LIST OF SYMBOLS OR LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................7

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................8

1.1. Heading 2................................................................................................................8

1.1.1. Heading 3.........................................................................................................8
RECENT DEVELOPMENETS IN THE FIELD OF…...............................................9

CURRENT CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF…..................................................10

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGE

OF…...........................................................................................................................11

CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................12

REFERENCES...........................................................................................................13

After finalizing your writing, just update the table

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Sample figure...........................................................................................10

After finalizing your writing just update the table

 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Sample table..............................................................................................10

After finalizing your writing just update the table

 LIST OF SYMBOLS OR LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

µ Coefficient of friction

Add all of your symbols and Abbreviations in the same style as the given example
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Petroleum is necessary for the world's survival. A large amount is used, transported,
processed, and preserved all over the world. The entire gasoline consumption of the
nation in 2003 reached approximately 13.1 billion litres daily. Global oil demand is
expected to climb to 98.3 million barrels per day (15.63x106 m3 day-1) in 2015 and
118 million dollars per day (18.8x106 m3 day-1) in 2030, according to the US
Ministry of Power. With such high consumption, environmental problems are
unavoidable. The most well-known oil disasters at sea are massive vessels like the
Exxon Valdez, which spilled millions of tons of oil. These pollutants have the
potential to cause significant harm to sea and shoreline organisms. The main sources
of contamination are fuel stations, workplaces, scrap yards, sewerage systems,
sawmills, and wood insemination factories. Other research looked at the fate of
petroleum in various ecosystems after that.
Increased research into oil pollution issues, which have been highlighted as the most
major contamination worry, has been motivated by the growth of the hydrocarbon
sector into new horizons, the apparent inevitability of leakages during normal
operations, and records of severe traffic crashes. Fuel is just a complex blend of
chemicals as well as other aromatic substances, with certain heterocyclic elements
tossed in for good measure.
Hundreds or thousands of heterocyclic, branching, and aromatic compounds are
found in it, the majority of which are hazardous to living creatures. This lubricating
oil is unattractive in the ecosystem and poses a harm to humans, wildlife, and
vegetation. Fat-soluble substances can build up in live organisms and be reinforced
throughout the food supply chain, all the way to humans. Long-term exposure to high
oil concentrations can lead to liver and renal problems, as well as bone marrow
destruction and an increased cancer risk. Even a small discoloration by oil can be
harmful to animals. Oil stains can cause a bird's feathers to lose their protection,
leading the bird to starve to death. Furthermore, oil impairs the capacity of birds to
fly, dive, and swim, resulting in malnutrition. When pigeons clean their feathers, they
swallow oil, which makes them intoxicated. Extremely toxic substances can lead to
alcoholism, illnesses, cell damage, developmental disabilities, and reproduction
issues in the long run. Oil products can have physiological symptoms on living
organisms in addition to poisonous effects. A heavy covering of oil suffocates plants
by inhibiting their metabolism. Plant degradation has an impact on the entire food
chain and reduces the natural ecosystems of many species.
Life cannot exist without petroleum and other hydrocarbon compounds. They can be
hazardous since they don't naturally present in the kinds that people find most
advantageous. Petrol and hydraulic oil spills seem to be a major ecological concern
in recent years. As a result of environmental poisoning by petroleum hydrocarbons,
several countries confront significant issues. Man has had to deal with the
remediation of refined petroleum degradation since the discovery of oil.
Agriculture is an important component of the common environment. It's just as
important as plants, animals, rocks, landscapes, lochs, and rivers. It is a true living
space for a diverse range of creatures. It serves as a conduit for water and synthetic
compounds between the atmosphere and the rest of the globe, as well as a source and
storage facility for gases inside the climate. Soils not only impact natural cycles, but
they also reflect human activities in the present and in the history. Soil is a
biologically active and accessible substance that has developed within the Earth's
uppermost layer of coverings. Land is among the most important aspects of life on
Planet, functioning as either a water supply and minerals, a means of material
purification and decomposition, and a component of the environment's universally
available methane as well as other component recycling. Long-term cycles impacted
by biological, climatic, geologic, and geographic causes give rise to it.
Land serves as a link between various ecosystems such as the biosphere,
atmospheric, and greenhouse effect. As a result, soils are critical to the maintenance
of air sustainability on a local, regional, and global scale. Its buffering capacity, for
instance, adds to water quality because its ability to act as a sink for toxins can help
minimize the harmful effects of pollution on the ecosystem. Scholars are attempting
to create and model various bioremediation approaches; even so, no single
bioremediation methodology is capable of treating all types of contaminants and
restoring contaminated areas. Phytoremediation is a biological process that uses
bacteria, fungus, and plants to remove, decrease, degrade, or immobilize
environmental toxins from soil and water, allowing contaminated locations to be
returned to a reasonably clean, harmless state.
Farmland is increasingly acknowledged as a valuable resource, and it might be
deemed nonrenewable due to its sluggish creation. It also has an effect on the
environment, the economy, and cultural activities. The main advantages of
environmental remediation over both chemical and physical methods of cleanup are
that these procedures are ecologically friendly and cost efficient. Bioremediation has
been given various good descriptions so far, with a specific focus on one of the
mechanisms.
1.1. Heading 2

Follow the same format for all heading 2’s

1.1.1. Heading 3

Figure 1.1: Sample figure

Follow the same style for each figure, and just change the Chapter Number

Table 1.1: Sample table

Month Days
1 Year 12 365
2 Years 24 730

Follow the same style for each figure, and just change the Chapter Number

Chapter 2
 RECENT DEVELOPMENETS IN THE FIELD OF…

Bioremediation is the use of living organisms including plants, algae, and microbes to clean
up, reduce, or eliminate contamination in the ecosystem. Other microbial species convert
hydrocarbons to freshwater, Carbon dioxide, and some other inorganic substances, while
microorganisms and plants break them down into greener products. Because
biodegradation focuses on enzyme production to transform contaminants into non-toxic
compounds, processing conditions must be optimized to permit microbes to break down
easily toxins rapidly. This fermentation has evolved being one of the most promising
potential treatments for eliminating oils and derivatives after its first use in 1989 to repair
the Exxon Valdez ecological disaster.

2.1. Bioremediation Strategies

Figure 2.2: Bioremediation strategies

2.1.1. In-Situ Techniques

In the context of bioremediation, the term "in situ" refers to bioremediation that takes
place on the contaminated environment even without removal of polluting substances. In-
situ techniques include intrinsic and projected remediation, the latter of which is a series of
treatments.
2.1.2. Intrinsic bioremediation

Intrinsic phytoremediation, often known as passive bioremediation or production of

natural, is a natural metabolic system that depends purely on the metabolic activity of
biological bacteria to eliminate toxic compounds, with no artificial help.

2.2. Projected Bioremediation

2.2.1. Permeable Reactive Barriers

Permeable Reacting Barriers (PRBs) are an in-situ technology for treating freshwater
polluted with a wide range of pollutants, such as organic contaminants and toxic materials.
A continuous or semipermanent reactive obstacle comprised mostly of metal is embedded
in the filthy underground flow. Particles are retained and respond when contaminated
water passes through the barriers naturally, releasing pure water. PRBs should be reactive
to catch contaminants, permeable to release water, inert with low energy consumption,
and expense. The type of pollutants, environment, health implications, biogeochemical,
hydrography, stability, and budget all influence the success of this kind of technique. PRBs
have already been utilized in combination with some other ways to remediate a range of
contaminants in recent times.

2.2.2. Scheme of Permeable Reactive barriers

Figure 2.2.2: Scheme of Permeable Reactive barriers

2.3. Improved Techniques

2.3.1. Bioslurping

Bioslurping, also known as multi-stage extraction, combines higher volume pumping, soil
vapor excavation, and biostimulation to undertake hydrology and crop monitoring while
also improving pollutant degradation by indirect O2 delivery. It's an effective strategy for
removing luminous non-aqueous phases liquids (LNAPLs), which are minimal, moisture
aquifer contaminants that float in the water. It works in the same way as a pipe that deep
throats up LNAPLs from a container and carries them higher. Bioventing is used to
biodegrade pollutants once they have been removed from the surface. When the liquid
pressure in the well reduces due to vacuum separation of LNAPLs, the bioslurping tunnel
initiates to extract gases from the unsaturated region. Steam extraction aids in the
movement of soil gases by improving aeration and aerobic decomposition. Following the
removal of all pollutants, the facility can be used for standard bioventing to complete
bioremediation. Because the air compressor is unsuccessful at collecting LNAPLs at larger
altitudes, the bioslurping device should be used only if the impurities are less than 7 metres
underneath the topsoil.

2.3.2. Scheme of operation of Bioslurping

Figure 2.3.2: Scheme of operation of Bioslurping

2.4. Bioventing

Bioventing is the controlled stimulation of air movement with the goal of increasing
microbiota and thereby improving microbial activity. Minerals and moisture are frequently
used to accomplish environmental transformations and enhance cleaning by converting
pollutants into less environmentally hazardous pollutants. This approach was successfully
utilized to treat soils affected by liquid fuels.
2.4.1. Typical Bioventing system

Figure 2.4.1: Typical Bioventing system

2.5. Biosparging

Air is introduced into the ground during biosparging to stimulate microorganisms to

breakdown organic materials. Unlike bioventing, gas is injected into the saturated region,
pushing volatile pollutants to rise. Soil permeability influences both the accessibility of
contaminants to microbes and the biodegradability of impurities, which affects biosparging
performance. Biosparging is the process of cleaning up aquifers that have been
contaminated by liquid fuels, especially gasoline and petroleum, that have a high microbial
degradation of the BTEX group and naphthalenes.
 Figure 2.5: Biosparging

Mineral oils, BTEX, and naphthalenes can all be broken down using aerobic microorganisms.
The deepest layers of soil and groundwater, on the other hand, are primarily anaerobic.
Injection filters infuse oxygen into the soil and groundwater to encourage the growth of
aerobic bacteria. Bacteria's capacity to breakdown pollutants is boosted by this direct
oxygen source.

2.6. Phytoremediation

The technique of employing vegetation in hazardous regions to induce physiological,

biochemical, mechanical, microbial, and biochemical reactions that lower pollutant damage
is known as phytoremediation. Depending on the type of pollution, several procedures such
as biodegradation, vaporization, and filtering are applied. The majority of pollutants are
eliminated through small reduction, bioremediation, vaporization, or stabilization, whereas
elemental contaminants such as hazardous metals or radioactive elements are recovered,
transformed, and stored.
 Chapter 3

CURRENT CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF…

Biological treatment can be used to completely polymerize environmental contaminants,

convert them entirely, or change their movement. Heavy metals and radioactive elements
are non-biodegradable elements that can be microbially into less phone device. Microbes
may not entirely mineralize the pollution in some situations, resulting in a more dangerous
molecule. During anaerobic environments, reactive dehalogenation of TCE may produce
dichloroethylene (DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC), although both are potential or known
carcinogenic. The bacteria Dehalococcoides might further convert DCE and VC to the non-
toxic chemical alkenes. It will take more research to create techniques to ensure that
biodegradation products are less persistent and toxic than the contamination they are
replacing. As a consequence, understanding the metabolic and chemical activities of the
microorganisms in question is necessary. Considering these pathways can also facilitate the
achievement of technical advancements that can deal with areas with unequal contaminant
concentrations.

Biodegradation requires a bacterial growth with the biochemical capacity to digest the
pollutants, a microenvironment with the suitable growth conditions for the bacteria, and
the perfect amount of calcium and contaminants. Many atmospheric factors must be
addressed and regulated since the biochemical processes used by these bacteria are so
specific. As a reason, phytoremediation processes must be customized to the specific
circumstances of the contaminated site. Many factors are linked, such as small-scale tests
conducted before the process is carried out at the polluted site. Extrapolating outcomes
from limited test trials to large-scale field activities, on the other hand, might be difficult. In
many cases, phytoremediation takes more time than alternative treatments such as land
filling and cremation. Bioaugmentation is another notion, which is a low-cost means of
bioremediating contaminated sites, albeit the process is slow and can take several years.

In agricultural industries, pesticides use is a primary factor to direct land deterioration and
discharge contamination of water. Pesticide solubility is either a constraint or a solution.
Enhancing accessibility by altering the pH and temperature of contaminated soils causes
dangerous compounds to decompose down more quickly. Acrylonitrile is a molecule that is
widely used in industrial settings, although it pollutes the environment. Microorganisms
that generate nitrile hydratases (NHase) converted hazardous polyamide substances into
non-polluting chemicals. Experimental approaches are utilized to assess performance,
therapy designs, and medication intervals because expertise with dangerous pollutants is
limited. Depending on the size of the contaminated area, biodegradation could take
anything from a few days to many years.

Bioremediation strategies are numerous and have proven useful in repairing places
damaged with many types of contaminants, as seen by the preceding. Microorganisms play
a critical role in biosorption; therefore, their variation, abundance, and ecosystem
processes in contaminated areas provide insight into the fate of any bioremediation
methodology, assuming that other environmental factors that can obstruct microbial
activities are kept within acceptable limits. Molecular approaches like 'Omics' (genomics,
metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics) have helped to improve our understanding
of microbial identity, functions, biochemical, and catabolic pathways, addressing the limits
of microbial culture-based methodologies. Nutrient limitation, a low community or lack of
degradative microorganisms, and contaminant bioavailability are only a few of the primary
stumbling blocks to bioremediation effectiveness.

3.1. Challenges occur in bioremediation

Bioremediation is only possible with biodegradable chemicals. This approach is prone to

total and quick deterioration. In the environment, bioremediation products may be more
enduring or harmful than the parent chemical.

3.1.1. Specificity

Biological processes are extremely detailed. The existence of metabolically competent

bacterial communities, proper environmental cultivation conditions, and appropriate
quantities of fertilizers and pollutants are all critical site considerations.

3.1.2. Technological Advancement

Further investigations are necessary new ecological remediation solutions suitable for areas
with compound permutations of toxins that are not equally distributed across the
ecosystem. Solids, liquids, and gases are all possible forms.

3.1.3. Regulatory Uncertainty

As there is no globally agreed upon definition of cleanliness, we can't say that the cleanup is
100 percent complete. As a result, assessing bioremediation's efficiency is difficult, and
there is no suitable target for biomonitoring therapies.

3.1.4. Time taking process

In comparison to alternative treatment options, like excavation and soil removal from a
contaminated area, bioremediation takes more time.
 Chapter 4

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS TO OVERCOME

THE CHALLENGE OF…

4.1. Different Strategies and Methods

Bioremediation strategies are diverse and have been shown to be useful in the restoration
of polluted environments. Microorganisms play a critical role in bioremediation; as a result,
their diversity, abundance, and ecosystem processes in contaminated areas provide insight
into the likelihood of any bioremediation strategy supplying other environmental elements
that can restrict bacterial activity. Advances molecular techniques such as 'Omics,' which
includes genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics, have all helped
microbial identification, functions, metabolism, and catabolic processes. Due to food
availability, a low density or lack of degradative bacteria, and contaminant penetration,
biological treatment may be postponed. Bioremediation and biotechnological strategies
promote microbial activity in contaminated areas since bioremediation relies on microbial
activities.

Biostimulation boosts microbial activity by giving nutrients to a contaminated sample.

Contaminant disgusting organisms are obviously found in heavily contaminated
contaminated sites; their progress and physiological activities may be dependent on
pollutant type and concentration; after that, in most contaminated environments, we can
use agricultural production waste material, that also comprise nutrients, nutrients, and
electrolytes, as a food supplement. Pure isolates have been proven to be more effective in
breaking down pollutants than microbial consortiums.

This activity is related to individual isolates' metabolic diversity, which is derived from their
isolated source, adaption process, pollutants composition, and potential interactions, which
can result in complete and rapid breakdown of contaminants when certain isolates are
mixed together. Furthermore, as compared to a non-adjusted configuration, both
bioaugmentation and biostimulation were successful in eliminating contaminant like
polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from extremely polluted samples (control).

Bioaugmentation was shown to promote the decomposition of a range of substances while

being an established successful approach. Certain microorganisms could be delivered as
"introduced organisms" to augment current ecosystems if appropriate biotransformation
microbes really aren't available in the topsoil or bacterial communities have reduced due to
contamination sensitivity. Biological treatment, on the other hand, is a very risky method
because the sick pathogens may not be able to thrive in the new surroundings.
Bioaugmentation is the term for this technique. Phytoremediation is the employment of
natural or biologically created microbes with specific metabolic profiles to clean up sewage,
water contamination, or soil. To solve some of the challenges with beneficial
microorganisms, carriers substances such as glycerin, agar, silica, gelatin, polyethylene
glycol, and polyurethane are utilized.

Biopolymers are chemical counterparts that are environmentally benign and

biodegradable. Therefore, biosurfactant application to polluted sites is uneconomical due
to high construction costs and low sustainability. During the fermentation process, agro-
industrial wastes are used as nutritional sources for the development of biosurfactant
producers. Numerous bioremediation strategies will be used to improve remediation
productivity.

A possible technique is to organize the usage of genetic modification microorganisms (GEM)

to enhance phytoremediation capabilities. This is owing to the capabilities of combining
novel and effective energy metabolism, widening the substrates variety of different
pathways, and boosting catabolic activity endurance to create a designed biocatalyst target
contaminant that contains resistant compounds. On the other side, simultaneous gene
transfer and GEM multiplication in an adsorbents is a potential strategy. Bacterial
encapsulation systems, which recreate any GEM that escapes from a contaminated waters.
Additionally, a derivative approach of genetically engineering microorganisms with a
targeted contaminated chemical could boost bioremediation efficacy using a biological
approach. By covering the surface and reducing the activation energy, nanoparticles reduce
pollutant toxicity to microorganisms, reducing biosorption time and cost.
 Figure 4.3: Bioremediation

4.2. Bioremediation Prospects

Bioremediation has the potential to include a low-cost, non-intrusive, natural means of

rendering toxic compounds in soil less hazardous or harmless over time if the problems of
remediation, especially in situ procedures, can be solved. Presently, research is being
performed to better and overcome the restrictions that impede petroleum hydrocarbon
bioremediation. On a larger scale, significant study has been done and is still being done to
better understand the nature of microbial behavior when microorganisms interact with
diverse harmful pollutants. More study is being done to determine the parameters for
effective introduction of exogenic and genetically altered bacteria into a contaminated site,
as well as how to translate experimental success to field efficiency.

Furthermore, a large number of cleansing microbes and chemicals remain largely unknown,
and a better awareness of their original role in the ecosystem should aid in their better
utilization. Finally, a greater understanding of the diversity of the bacterial population in oil-
and derivative-contaminated environments is critical for identifying prospective oils
contractor, designing effective phytoremediation techniques, and ensuring the long-term
stability of ecological systems.

Simultaneous use of different bioremediation strategies during cleanup will help improve
remediation efficacy (by minimizing individual approach weaknesses) while also lowering
costs. The use of integrated measures of bacterial dispersal network spatial arrangement
will be a useful predictor of biodegradation performance. The coordinated use of
genetically modified microorganisms (GEM) to improve bioremediation performance is a
promising method. This is made possible by developing a designer biocatalyst (GEM) that
can successfully degrade a target pollutant, even recalcitrant pollutants, by combining
better and effective physiological functions, expanding the number of precursor routes, and
enhancing catabolism action consistency.

Horizontal gene transfer and unregulated GEM multiplication in the environment, however,
hinder the adoption of such a promising strategy. Despite this, bacterial confinement
systems, in which any GEM escaping an environment is destroyed via induction of
controllable suicide mechanisms, will aid public acceptance of the use of GEM to remediate
a polluted environment. Furthermore, utilizing a synthetic biology approach to design
microbes with a target compound's degradative pathway, bioremediation effectiveness
could be improved. The usage of nanomaterials may be able to assist lower pollution
toxicity to microorganism. Nanomaterials improve contact area and lowering the activation
energy, allowing microorganisms to degrade waste and harmful materials more efficiently,
leading to a reduction in overall remediation time and expense.
 Chapter 5

CONCLUSION

Bioremediation is a powerful method for cleaning up polluted environments.

Phytoremediation is a concept with a lengthy history. Other applications, on the other
hand, are relatively new, and a slew of new ones are on the way. Based on the bacteria and
electrons acceptors present, this process might be aerobic or anaerobic. This mechanism
could be natural or artificially modified. Aqueous phase contaminants are treated in a
number of rehabilitation ways, notably physical methods, and the boundary between soil
and groundwater has little practical consequence here. Sewage remediation techniques
oriented solely at treating or containing freshwater within 'geological' substances will be
barely discussed, while those typically utilized for dual objectives will be discussed in
greater depth. These methods provide a quick and low-cost solution for treating
groundwater contamination and soil.

Forest conservation and waste substance recycling are two more important methods for
reducing soil pollution. Soil erosion is a common outcome of deforestation, which leads to
soil contamination leading to the decrease of agricultural productivity. As a reason,
replanting is an effective approach to reduce pollution. Another effective and widely used
method of reducing soil contamination is to lower the volume of trash or garbage in
dumpsters by reusing polymers, fibers, and a variety of certain other materials.

Contamination is a threat to human health, as well as to the ecosystem and soils, which
impacts our ability to cultivate food, according to the findings. Bioremediation can aid in
the reduction and removal of pollution, as well as the provision of clean water, air, and soils
for coming generations. The bioremediation technique is entirely natural and has very few
adverse side effects. For most purposes that do not necessitate unsafe transportation, it is
done on-site. It produces a little amount of hazardous byproducts. Since it does not require
a lot of equipment or manpower, bioremediation is much less expensive than most other
remediation procedures.

The total condition of the environment is intrinsically tied to the standard of living on Earth.
For generations, we assumed that the atmosphere, land, and water systems were ready to
accommodate and decompose waste from cities, industries, and agriculture. Today,
however, the earth's wealth are suffering to a considerable extent as a result of our
carelessness and neglect in their use. In many nations, the concerns linked with petroleum-
contaminated sites are becoming more prominent. The biological and chemical elements of
the ecosystem are frequently disrupted as a result of pollution issues. When the amount of
contaminants is large, the standard disposal choices of combustion or burying in safe
dumps might be cost prohibitive. To aid in the microbial restoration of a petroleum site, a
diverse array of microorganisms is utilized, most notably endogenous bacteria present in
soil.
 REFERENCES

All references must be in the APA style, with examples as follows:

 Quintella, C.M., Mata, A.M.T., Lima, L.C.P., J. Environ. & Manag. (2019). Overview
of bioremediation with technology assessment and emphasis on fungal
bioremediation of oil contaminated soils., 241, 156–166. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
 Kuppusamy, S., Maddela, N.R., Megharaj, M. & Venkateswarlu, K. (2020).Ecological
impacts of total petroleum hydrocarbons. In Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons;
Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, Volume 1, pp. 95–138.
 Soleimani, M. (2014). Comparison of biological and thermal remediation methods
in decontamination of oil polluted soils. J. Bioremed. Biodegrad.
 Okrent, D. (1999). On intergenerational equity and its clash with intragenerational
equity and on the need for policies to guide the regulation of disposal of wastes
and other activities posing very long-term risks. Risk Anal. 19, 877–901. [CrossRef]
 Boopathy R. (2000). Factors limiting bioremediation technologies. Bioresource
Technol., 74: 63-67.
 Pieper DH, Reineke W. (2000). Engineering bacteria for bioremediation. Curr. Opin.
Biotechnol., 11: 262-270.
 Furukawa K. (2003). Super bugs for bioremediation. Trends in Biotechnol, 21: 187-
190.

One author (a book chapter)

Easton, B. (2008). Does poverty affect health? In K. Dew & A. Matheson (Eds.),

Understanding health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 97-106). Dunedin,

New Zealand: Otago University Press.

Two authors (a journal article with doi)

Li, S. & Seale, C. (2007). Learning to do qualitative data analysis: An observational

study of doctoral work. Qualitative Health Research, 17, 1442-1452.

doi:10.1177/1049732307306924

Three authors

Barnard, R., de Luca, R. & Li, J. (2015). First-year undergraduate students’

perceptions of lecturer and peer feedback: A New Zealand action research project.

Studies In Higher Education, 40(5), 933-944. doi:10.1080/03075079.2014.881343

Four to seven authors

Szcz Ę Sna, A., Nowak, A., Grabiec, P., Paszkuta, M., Tajstra, M. &

Wojciechowska, M. (2017). Survey of wearable multi-modal vital parameters

measurement systems. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 526.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47154-9_37

More than seven authors

Kasabov, N., Scott, N. M., Tu, E., Marks, S., Sengupta, N., Capecci, E., . . . Yang, J.

(2016). Evolving spatio-temporal data machines based on the NeuCube

neuromorphic framework: Design methodology and selected applications. Neural

Networks, 78, 1-14. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2015.09.011

You should:

1) Click References tab

2) Click Manage Sources on the Citations & Bibliography menu

3) Either Copy sources from the Master List to the Current List or create New

sources that will automatically be added to both the Master and Current List

a. Sources in the Current List will be shown in the dropdown Insert Citation list.

Make your selection.

b. Enter information for each source.

4) Once all your sources are entered, close the window.

5) Select Style on the Citations & Bibliography menu and choose APA style

6) Click the Bibliography dropdown list and select Insert Bibliography

7) The bibliography will appear in your Word doc.

8) Edit accordingly