Jea Dyn N.

Fernandez
I-BSEd Major in Filipino
Prof Ed 101/ The Teaching Profession

MODULE 2- Historical-Legal Foundations of Education

Lesson I. Historical-Legal Foundations of Education

1.) Global
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
1. Present the stages in the development of education in the world from the ancient
period to the modern times by way of a graphic organizer. Describe each period briefly.

Renaissance
Ancient Period
Period

GLOBAL HISTORICAL
FOUNDATION OF
EDUCATION

Middle/Medieval Modern/Contemporary
Period Period

Ancient Period- During ancient period, education both learning and teaching focuses
more on the development of children’s moral values for both men and women.
Middle/Medieval Period- In the middle period, there’s a bigger opportunity for boys in
the access of education and churches has big role in education.

Renaissance Period- This period is more on readings, grammars, and the emergence of
mathematics and science as important subjects.

Modern/Contemporary Period- Education focuses in teaching desired skills for science

and technology.

ASSESSMENT TASK
1. In your own words and in not less than 5 sentences each, explain the importance of
each period:
a) Ancient period
- Ancient period is important because it is the origin/regarded as the source of the
knowledge. The ancient education focuses on imparting ethics that is good for the moral
development of children.

b) Middle/Medieval period
- Medieval period is important because this was the period of formation and rise of
universities. This period also shaped the faith, culture, and belief of the people because
the churches played a big role in educating people then.
c) Renaissance period
- Renaissance period is important for it is the period that dig out some new realizations
about education
(includes teachings and way of teaching) and a lot of discovery about literatures. They
also open up the sense of Humanism.
d) Modern/Contemporary period
- Modern period is important simply because it is the current period that is helping us to
attain the skills we need to acquire in this new era. The modern education has a big
difference to other methods of teaching for it focuses on the students’ needs. The
activity based are more in bringing-out what’s in the students. It is really the best tool for
learners to be more developed in science and technology needed in this 21st century.
REFLECTION
Self-Reflect
1. Is it necessary for teachers to learn about the historical foundations of education in
the world? Why?
-Yes. Because teachers as part of education, it is necessary for them to learn about the
historical foundations of education in the world to better understand the process of
education , how it began, and how it revolves to excellently teach and teach well,
because through it the present will be clearer and be able to move on peacefully into the
future.

2.) Local
LEARNING ACTIVITY 2
1. Present the historical foundations of education in the Philippines from the pre-colonial
period to the post-colonial period by way of a graphic organizer. Describe each of the
period briefly.

Pre-colonial American
period period

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION
OF PHILIPPINE
EDUCATION

Spanish Post-colonial
period
period

Pre-colonial period
- Children in this period given an education both academic and vocation, they are
supervised mostly by their parents.
Spanish period
- Spaniards taught about Christianity, Spanish language, and Spanish culture, the
Spanish missionaries served as teachers.
American period
- American soldiers served as the first teachers of Filipinos, education is the top priority
in this period.
Post-colonial period
- Education continued to receive but there are improvements such as the development
of common national language and revival of native culture and Filipino values.

ASSESSMENT TASK
1. In your own words and in not less than 5 sentences each, explain the importance of
each period:
a) Pre-colonial period
- The Pre-colonial period is important because the enhancement of culture and
traditions began during this period. People also learned both academic and vocation.
Nor can denied that this period is the beginning of everything from the simplest method
of learning up to the broader one.

b) Spanish period
- Spanish period is important consequently Christianity was propagated. Formal
education also bought by the Spaniards. This period introduced the printing presses to
produce books.

c) American period
- American period is important because there are improvements in educational system.
Wherein there was a bigger opportunity for bright Filipino students to take higher
education. It also started in this period the training of teachers for their preparation.

d) Post-colonial period
- Post-colonial period is important because it opens a wider opportunity in education
that ensures the basic learning needs and enables Filipino to be literate. This period
does not only focuses in educational system but also in cultural, social, political, and
economic independence.

REFLECTION
Self-Reflect
1. Is it necessary for teachers to learn about the historical foundations of education in
the Philippines? Why?
- Yes. To be able to understand the current educational system and can adjust and
teach in best ways. Since educating is evolving, learning the history of education can
help educators to improve the future. Understanding involves knowing the strengths and
weaknesses of the past educational system that would be a great help in finding ways
to improve the way of learning and teaching of the present.

Lesson II. Sources of Philippine Education Jurisprudence

a. Constitution
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
1. How are the provisions of Article XIV of the 1987 Philippine Constitution reflected in
the K-12 education program?
- Since K-12 program aims to enhance learners’ basic skills, produce more competent
citizen, and serve as preparation for graduates, the provisions of Article XIV of the
Philippine Constitution reflected in to it in the way that it reaches the higher quality
education and pursue the constitutions goal which is to ensure the country’s strong
foundation in educational system through adding two more years in secondary level
also for free.

2. What education programs were developed and implemented to support this

constitutional provision?
- Some of the education programs that are developed and implemented are DepEd,
TESDA, CHED and the K-12 Program which are for the development of learners and an
education that is free and accessible to all.
3. What should the government do to further improve the quality of Philippine
education?
- Since education is already given as free in some aspects, I suggest to have more
support in learners and educators accessibility in education such as books, training
equipment, materials, and tools and in terms of technology. It is also good to have a
continuous training and a high salaries for teachers, because trainings will make them
more effective in teaching and so students learn in effective way too bringing-out a
productive citizens.

b. Statutes or Acts
LEARNING ACTIVITY 2
1. How does the state protect the rights of teachers?
- Teachers are protected by the state through implementing laws giving them a freedom
of expressions, freedom to organize, and most of all they are protected form certain
harms and be free from discriminations.

2. Interview teachers (online and/or with proper health protocols). How do they perform
their duties in the school and in their specific community?
- According to them, as teachers they are performing their duties in the school by
imparting knowledge to their students to learn effectively. Since pandemic, they
prepared different methods, techniques, and learning materials to reach-out the needs
of their students and for them to learn and understand the lesson. They conduct online
class for their students to understand the lesson clearly and thoroughly. Also, teachers
enlighten the community to become an effective Filipino citizen.

c. Case Law or Jurisprudence

LEARNING ACTIVITY 3
1. Given the facts and decisions in the presented cases, provide your own
interpretations or stand on the decision made in each case.
C. Chua-qua vs. Clave
In this case, the school terminated and dismissed the teacher from her employment
because the school believes that marrying her student is abusive and would downgrade
the high moral values of the school. But the supreme court goes with the teacher's side
for this only lends substance to the truism that the heart has reasons of its own which
reason does not know. In this case I also take the side of the teacher, because I
strongly believe that it is not the difference or even our big differences such as the
disparity in age and academic levels of those involved in this case will prevent the
existence of a love. Because love has no specific meaning and so it can't be explain
once we feel it.

D. Andrade vs. Court of Appeals

In this case, the Court found that there was no "dishonest purpose," or "some moral
obliquity," or "conscious doing of a wrong," or "breach of a known duty," or "some
motive or interest or ill will" that can be attributed to the private respondent. In simple
explanation, bad faith therefore was with Andrade and the presumption of good faith in
favor of private respondent stands. With regards to the deletion of Andrade’s name from
the regular monthly payroll, Andrade’s name was not deleted but merely transferred to
the last page of the roll since she failed to submit her Form 48 or Daily Time Record
(DTR) sheet on time as explained by the school payroll clerk since the school principal
has nothing to do with the preparation of the payroll. I am also in favor of the private
respondent, because he has many bases and there are also witnesses to the actions
and attitudes of the petitioner. It is clear that his explanations do not just come directly
from his beliefs and opinions or mere assumptions.

E. Orcino vs. CSC

It is really true that the school children, their parents, other teachers, the community and
nation are all affected by what goes on in a school. That's why there can be no question
that a decreased enrollment in a school can lead to a reduction of classes and even
when faced with an excess of teachers for it is the duty of the school principal to
recommend a solution to the problem. About the reassignment from Grade VI to Grade
IV, there is no showing in the records that there is less honor in teaching Grades I to IV
than in teaching Grades V to VI and it also involves no reduction in rank, status, or
salary.There is no showing of arbitrary or ill-motivated conduct in this case simply
because the school administrators deserve all the assistance they can get in
maintaining discipline in their schools and solving the problems of education. I agree
with this stands.

2. Has the provisions of the 1987 Constitution on the protection of the rights of all
citizens at all levels, satisfied by the given decisions?
- For me, yes. I noticed that in each case, both sides were really scrutinized, even their
bases, reasons and beliefs. So for me, the rights are satisfied based on the decisions
made.

d. Regulatory Laws
LEARNING ACTIVITY 4
1. How does the state protect the schools, school boards and school systems, as well
as
Students’ rights?
- The state protects the schools, school boards, and school systems as well as
students’ rights through Education law, that deals with laws and regulations about
issues pertaining to schools. Its main purpose is to promote the rule of law through
education that helps learners acquire the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes
creating a peaceful environment for them.

2. In your own words, explain in not less than sentences the statement, “The purpose
of education law is to promote the rule of law through education”.
- It is said that the purpose of education law is to promote the rule of law through
education, because everyone's understanding of the rule of law will be more effective if
it is passed through education itself and another reason is that education is more
powerful tool to use. One of the things that everyone should learn is to be aware of their
surroundings and of what they are doing, so it is very important that by educating
people about the rule of law, everyone's awareness can be opened. It will be effective in
many ways, such as encouraging leaners to value and apply the principles of the rule of
law in their daily lives, they will learn to be responsible especially in decision making,
and most of all it will learners to acquire the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes they
need to contribute to the society. It will also be clear to all that the rule of law is
governed not by the ruler or the nominated people but by the law.

3. Make your own research and enumerate relevant regulatory laws in education?
- [REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10627]
AN ACT REQUIRING ALL ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS TO ADOPT
POLICIES TO PREVENT AND ADDRESS THE ACTS OF BULLYING IN THEIR
INSTITUTIONS
- [REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10648]
AN ACT PROVIDING SCHOLARSHIP GRANTS TO TOP GRADUATES OF ALL
PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS IN STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES AND
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR

- [REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9155]

AN ACT INSTITUTING A FRAMEWORK OF GOVERNANCE FOR BASIC
EDUCATION, ESTABLISHING AUTHORITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY, RENAMING
THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS AS THE
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

- [REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7836]

AN ACT TO STRENGTHEN THE REGULATION AND SUPERVISION OF THE
PRACTICE OF TEACHING IN THE PHILIPPINES AND PRESCRIBING A LICENSURE
EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
- Batas Pambansa Bilang 232
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF AN
INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF EDUCATION

e. Ordinance
LEARNING ACTIVITY 4
1. How does the state protect the schools, school boards and school systems, as well
as
Students’ rights?
- The state protects the schools, school boards, and school systems as well as
students’ rights through Education law, that deals with laws and regulations about
issues pertaining to schools. Its main purpose is to promote the rule of law through
education that helps learners acquire the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes
creating a peaceful environment for them.
2. In your own words, explain in not less than sentences the statement, “The purpose
of education law is to promote the rule of law through education”.
- It is said that the purpose of education law is to promote the rule of law through
education, because everyone’s understanding of the rule of law will be more effective if
it is passed through education itself and another reason is that education is more
powerful tool to use. One of the things that everyone should learn is to be aware of their
surroundings and of what they are doing, so it is very important that by educating
people about the rule of law, everyone’s awareness can be opened. It will be effective in
many ways, such as encouraging leaners to value and apply the principles of the rule of
law in their daily lives, they will learn to be responsible especially in decision making,
and most of all it will learners to acquire the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes they
need to contribute to the society. It will also be clear to all that the rule of law is
governed not by the ruler or the nominated people but by the law.

3. Make your own research and enumerate relevant regulatory laws in education?
- [REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10627]
AN ACT REQUIRING ALL ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS TO ADOPT
POLICIES TO PREVENT AND ADDRESS THE ACTS OF BULLYING IN THEIR
INSTITUTIONS

- [REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10648]

AN ACT PROVIDING SCHOLARSHIP GRANTS TO TOP GRADUATES OF ALL
PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS IN STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES AND
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR
- [REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9155]
AN ACT INSTITUTING A FRAMEWORK OF GOVERNANCE FOR BASIC
EDUCATION, ESTABLISHING AUTHORITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY, RENAMING
THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS AS THE
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

- [REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7836]

AN ACT TO STRENGTHEN THE REGULATION AND SUPERVISION OF THE
PRACTICE OF TEACHING IN THE PHILIPPINES AND PRESCRIBING A LICENSURE
EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
- Batas Pambansa Bilang 232
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF AN
INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF EDUCATION

f. Legal Opinion
LEARNING ACTIVITY 4
1. How does the state protect the schools, school boards and school systems, as well
as
Students’ rights?
- The state protects the schools, school boards, and school systems as well as
students’ rights through Education law, that deals with laws and regulations about
issues pertaining to schools. Its main purpose is to promote the rule of law through
education that helps learners acquire the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes
creating a peaceful environment for them.

2. In your own words, explain in not less than sentences the statement, “The purpose of
education law is to promote the rule of law through education”.
- It is said that the purpose of education law is to promote the rule of law through
education, because everyone's understanding of the rule of law will be more effective if
it is passed through education itself and another reason is that education is more
powerful tool to use. One of the things that everyone should learn is to be aware of their
surroundings and of what they are doing, so it is very important that by educating
people about the rule of law, everyone's awareness can be opened. It will be effective in
many ways, such as encouraging leaners to value and apply the principles of the rule of
law in their daily lives, they will learn to be responsible especially in decision making,
and most of all it will learners to acquire the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes they
need to contribute to the society. It will also be clear to all that the rule of law is
governed not by the ruler or the nominated people but by the law.

3. Make your own research and enumerate relevant legal opinions regarding education?
- Legal Opinion on the issue of whether or not the Local School Board may provide
assistance to construct a Multi-Purpose Room/Laboratory to be financed by the Special
Education Fund (SEF)
June 6, 2018
Reference Number: LO-029s2018

- Longstanding account of the Municipality of Altavas, Aklan, of the books delivered to

grade schools
March 3, 2020
Reference Number: LO-42s2020
g. Resolutions
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
1. Present the sources of Philippine educational jurisprudence by way of a graphic
organizer. Describe each period briefly.

Constitution Statutes

Case Law or Regulatory Law

Jurisprudence
SOURCE OF
PHILIPPINE
EDUCATIONAL
JURISPRUDENCE

Ordinances Legal Opinions

Resolutions

Constitution- it is a fundamental principles and laws specifying governance and duties

and guarantee certain rights of people.

Statutes- it is a rule or law which has been made by government or other organization
and formally written down.
Case Law or Jurisprudence- it is the study of the law and legal concepts.

Regulatory Law- it deals with procedures established by federal and state agencies.

Ordinances- it is a rule or law enacted by local government.

Legal Opinions- it is an evaluation or judgment given by an expert.

Resolutions- it is a written motion adopted by a deliberative body and a statement of

policy by the governing body or an order by the governing body that a specific action be
taken.

ASSESSMENT TASK
1. In your own words and in not less than 5 sentences each, explain the importance of
each of the sources of educational jurisprudence:
a) Constitution
- It is important for it provides the basis for governance in a country and also concerning
the rights of people. It make sure that everyone’s needs are addressed for it determines
how laws are made. Constitution served as set of rules or laws that citizen should
uphold. It also sets limits and boundaries to the governments’ power and remain the
stability of the nation.

b) Statutes
- Statutes importance is its purpose which is to promote justice and prevent harm. It
controls a city, state, or country for it command or prohibit something. It covers the care
and protection of the people.

c) Case Law or Jurisprudence

- Its importance is that it helps to inform people about guidelines in a particular
jurisdiction enables people to analyse and understand it well. It is also a help in effective
expression and application of legal concepts to real-life legal problems.
d) Regulatory laws
- It help to shape the relationship between state and people. It supports the economic
development and proper function of the society. Controls risk that may lead to societal
problems. Protects the rights and safety of citizens.

e) Ordinances
- Since ordinances is a local law of the municipal government, then it has a big role in
maintaining public safety, health, morals, and general welfare. It also restricts some
type of activity in a specific area.

f) Legal Opinions
- It is important for it protects the recipient through its purposes:
1. To inform the addressee of the legal effect of a transaction or matter.
2. identify legal risks that the addressee should consider further and evaluate.

g) Resolutions
- Important especially in situations that they can not vote on something due to the
matter being handled by another jurisdiction or protected by a constitution.

REFLECTION
Self-Reflect
1. Is it necessary for teachers to learn about the sources of Philippine educational
jurisprudence? Why?
- Yes. Laws has big impact and role in a human life especially to teachers who are
responsible agents of the state who need an understanding of their own rights. First of
all, because it is for their protection and to prevent their rights to be violated and also to
protect the rights and ensure the safety of their students. This also implies that teachers
must not only aware about the sources of the Philippine educational jurisprudence but
also be knowledgeable enough to act in accordance with it for they are the mirror of the
society.
2. What should the government do to further improve the quality of Philippine
education?
- Since education is already given as free in some aspects, I suggest to have more
support in learners and educators accessibility in education such as books, training
equipment, materials, and tools and in terms of technology. It is also good to have a
continuous training and a high salaries for teachers, because trainings will make them
more effective in teaching and so students learn in effective way too bringing-out a
productive citizens.

Lesson III. Legal Underpinnings Philippine Education

a. Educational Structure
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
1. Complete the table below by giving a brief description of the levels of basic education
in the Philippines.
Level Description
Elementary School In the Philippines, Elementary school
covers grades 1-6. Through the K-12
program, every Filipino child will undergo
Universal Kindergarten and up until Grade
3 they will be using and learning their
Mother Tongue.

Junior High School Junior High School in the Philippines

covers grades 7-10.

Senior High School Senior High School in the Philippines

covers grades 11-12. This is where
students may choose their specialization
ASSESSMENT TASK
1. In your own words and in not less than 5 sentences each, explain:
a) Basic Education- It has the aim to meet the basic learning needs of every students. It
comprises primary and secondary education. Primary education includes 7 years of
education consisting the Kindergarten and Grades 1-3 where they will be learning and
using Mother Tongue and Grades 4-6 they will be taught through Filipino and English.
Under Secondary education are Junior High School (JHS) and Senior High School
(SHS). Junior High School consist of 4 years of education while another 2 years for the
Senior High School. In SHS, students will choose their specialization following the core
curriculum.

b) Tertiary Education- The Philippine Tertiary Education or also called as the third-level
education takes 4-5 years or up to 8 years depending on the chosen course. Colleges
are classified as tertiary institutions that offers a variety of courses. In this educational
level, the learning focus in specialized fields.

c) Alternative Learning System- The ALS or Alternative Learning System in the

Philippines provides opportunities for out-of-school youth and to all that are unable to
attend and finish formal basic education. The educational equality in the Philippines is
be able to attain through ALS.

REFLECTION
1. Behind all these laws the lawmakers crafted for the Philippine education, we cannot
deny that there are still difficulties in the system… As a teacher, what do you think is the
law we are missing which the lawmakers should be crafting for us?
-Laws are intended for order and fulfilment of the common good. It cannot be denied
that behind the laws crafted by lawmakers especially in the matter of education, many
are not paid attention to and often even lack attention. Aside from the fact that
education is free for all, there are still many who cannot get an education. It is also said
that there is a support for the poor for education such as scholarship programs but often
the poor themselves are not selected in scholarship programs. Education also includes
the learning needs of the students and the needs for the teaching of the educators, but
the facilities and equipment are even impoverished. There is also a shortage of
teachers because some prefer to work abroad or choose another profession due to low
wages. There are also abusers and a violations to both students and teachers rights.
Those are the ones I see that are not being addressed properly. Yes, there are laws for
order and to maintain the desires and needs of everyone but we do not see its
effectiveness simply because it becomes complacent that there is a law. What kind of
power does it have? Does it really work? My point here is, don't just make a law, this
law should also see good results. Because the law is not only made up of mandatory
words but it contains the power that must be propagated in order to be effective.

b. Educational Policies
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
1. Complete the table below by giving a brief description of the educational policies of
the government in the following levels of education.
Level Educational Policy
Elementary School Includes early childhood education and
must take Kindergarten and grades 1-6.

Junior High School Must take 4 years of education which are

the grades 7-10.
Senior High School 2 year mandatory education for the
preparation and enhancement of skills
needed in the tertiary level, job trainings,
adult education and entrepreneurship
ALS Equality in education wherein people who
are unable to finish and attain as well as
out-of-school youth can access education

ASSESSMENT TASK
1. In your own words and in not less than 10 sentences, explain:
a) What is an educational policy and its relevance in Philippine education?
- Educational policy from the word itself, this are the policies revolving around
education. It can be principles, laws, rules, regulations, and guidelines. Educational
policies benefits all teaching and non-teaching personnel and as well as the students
because it helps a school to establish rules that creates safety, orderliness, and
equality. Through this they can achieve the needs of the students. The educational
policy in the Philippines focuses on expanding access to all levels of education that’s
why it is very relevant to the Philippine education which offers formal and non-formal
education to attain the educational equality. Having the same objectives makes it
clearer that the two are a great combo.

REFLECTION
Reflect and write your answer to the following questions.
1. As a teacher, do you think that these ever-changing policies in policies in Philippine
education beneficial to the system or not? Defend your answer.
- For me, yes. As long as we see excellent changes, good development and progress in
our educational system through these policies. Moreover, the existence of changes in
policies cannot be eliminated because the state of the world also changes over time, so
our policies should not just be stocked there. Policies need to be appropriate to the
current situation. The Philippine education system has evolved over a hundred years
and now it focuses on expanding the access of education and ensuring that Filipinos
could receive basic education, and there we see what are the obstacles and problems
in attaining this goal. So the policies are changing because through our target we see
the problem that needs to be address. In order for us to reach our needs, we need to
control the system and we have a basis that fits the current situation.

2. What do you think is the law which has the biggest impact on Philippine Education?
Explain your answer.
- In my opinion the Republic Act No. 10533 has a huge impact on education. The
Republic Act No.10533 (RA 10533), entitled “An Act Enhancing the Philippine Basic
Education System by Strengthening Its Curriculum and Increasing the Number of Years
for Basic Education, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for Other Purposes,” otherwise
known as the “Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013,” is all about big changes in the
field of education from the education system, to the students and even to the teachers.
This includes the K-12 program which changes basic education to both primary and
secondary education. It is estimated that a child will spend 13 years in basic education,
with Kindergarten being added as a mandatory child's first entry. In addition, from
Kindergarten to Grade 3 the so-called MTB-MLE or the Mother Tongue-Based
Multilingual Education will be added to their curriculum. This alone has a wide impact on
a student as well as on teachers because it will require major adjustments especially in
teaching and how students will learn. In secondary education, there is an additional 2
years for Senior High School where it will further developed and will serve as
preparation for the students as they enter the third stage of education. This is very good
because the skills will be developed first and sharpened, creating productive citizens.
Also under this law is the availability of trainings of teachers precisely because of the
new curriculum and due to many adjustments, resulting in us achieving the availability
of expert teachers who will excellently teach its students. It also contributes a lot when it
comes to educational equality. Some of the offerings are having Technical Education
and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) for at least 18 years of age, high school
graduate and undergone a pre-training assessment and Alternative Learning System
(ALS) for those unable to finish and attain education as well as to those out-of-school
youth. In general, having high quality education will create productive citizens for the
development of our economy as well. The impact of this law is huge because it also
offers great opportunities.

c. Curriculum and Instruction

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
1. Present by way of a graphic organizer the different curricula implemented in the
country from the Pre-Spanish period to the present. Describe each period briefly.

Pre Spanish Curriculum Spanish Curriculum

American Devised Commonwealth

Curriculum
Curriculum CIRRICULA IMPLEMENTTED
IN THE COUNTRY FROM THE
PRE-SPANISH PERIOD TO THE
PRESENT

Japanese Devised The K to 12

Curriculum Program

Philippine Republic
Liberation Period Curriculum
Pre Spanish Curriculum- In the Pre Spanish Curriculum, education is informal,
unstructured, and devoid of methods. Children were provided more vocational training
and less academics by their parents and in the houses of tribal tutors.

Spanish Curriculum- The curriculum then consisted of 3 R’s (Reading, Writing, and
Religion). Education is focused on Catholicism and acceptance of Spanish rules. The
schools were parochial or convent schools and it was for the elite class only.

American Devised Curriculum- Americans prioritizes education to conquer the Filipinos

not only physically but also mentally. The curriculum was based on the ideals, values
and traditions of America. English was the medium of instruction.

Commonwealth Curriculum- Considered as the period of expansion and reform in the

Philippine Curriculum, during this time they introduced courses in farming, domestic
science, etc.

Japanese Devised Curriculum- They devised a curriculum for the Filipinos to suit their
vested interest. Just like abolishing English as the medium of instruction and subject
and includes Nippongo in the curriculum.

Liberation Period- There are improvements in the curriculum existing before the war,
some steps to attain it were to restore grade VII, to abolish the double-single session,
and to adopt the modern trends in education taken from U.S. The curriculum remained
subject-centered and basically the same as before.

Philippine Republic Curriculum- There is the use of vernacular in the first two grades of
the primary schools as the medium of instruction and experiments in the community
school that led to a change in the Philippine Educational Philosophy.

The K to 12 Program- Covers 13 years of basic education (seven years of primary

education, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school [SHS])
that has the aim to give learners the opportunity to master concepts, develop skills, and
prepare graduates for the tertiary education, middle-level skills development,
employment, and entrepreneurship.
 LEARNING ACTIVITY 2
1. By way of a graphic organizer present the different curricular designs implemented in
the country. Describe each curriculum design briefly.

Spiral Core
Subject/Teacher curriculum curriculum
centered curriculum

Learner centered Hidden

curriculum
curriculum
CIRRICULAR DESIGNS
IMPLEMENTED IN
THE COUNTRY
Collateral
curriculum
Activity based
curriculum
Integrated Null
curriculum
curriculum
Subject/Teacher centered curriculum- All knowledge is transferred through the subjects
since the curriculum is based on subject.

Learner centered curriculum- It is in accordance of learners interests.

Activity based curriculum- Anything that learners do in a classroom.

Integrated curriculum- A learning theory that helps students to make connections

access curriculum or a non-compartmentalized approach.

Core curriculum- Refers to the heart of experiences every learner must go through and
usually made mandatory for all students.

Hidden curriculum- May support or contradict each other as well as the written
curriculum.

Collateral curriculum- Designed intentionally to afford students the opportunity to learn

empowering concepts, principles and ideas peripheral or outside the subject being
taught.

Null curriculum- is that which is not taught in schools it sends a covert message about
what is to be valued.

Spiral curriculum- is a curriculum as it develops should revisit this basic ideas

repeatedly, building upon them until the student has grasped the full formal apparatus
that goes with them.