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Calculating benefits from EAT is difficult due to: Soil Temperatures Conductivity Performance
of EAT can be calculated ...
COP based on: Amount of heating or cooling done by EAT (Heat Flux) Amount of power
required to move the air through the ...
[8]
ETHE based systems cause no toxic emission and therefore, are not detrimental to environment.
Ground Source Heat Pumps (...
Require large space to make setup. Give a limited cooling effect. Initial cost high.
ISSUE • Condensation inside the tubes has been observed • Condensation occurs if temp. in the
tube is lower that dew p...
EATs are based on the following principles Using earth as a source or sink Uses Soil Thermal
inertia Depends on the The...
1. A passive solar system for thermal comfort conditioning of buildings in composite climates†,1
p. RAMAN, SANJAY MANDE a...
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1. 1.
Submitted by Amandeep Singh Vikas Mahala Ashok Dhayal
2. 2.
Introduction Passive cooling Earth Air Tunnel Principle Factors affecting thermal conductivity Applications of EAT Design guidelines Classification
Advantage and limitations Potential issues Conclusion References
3. 3.
Energy Saving: One of the most important global challenges Energy Efficiency: Supply Side: Higher Efficiency power plants, renewable sources of energy,
Smart Grids, etc. Demand Side: Energy efficient, Building Envelopes (direct systems), Earth Air Tunnels(indirect systems), etc.
4. 4.
• Passive cooling systems are least expensive means of cooling a home which maximizes the efficiency of the building envelope without any use of
mechanical devices. • It rely on natural heat-sinks to remove heat from the building. They derive cooling directly from evaporation, convection, and radiation
without using any intermediate electrical devices. • All passive cooling strategies rely on daily changes in temperature and relative humidity. • The
applicability of each system depends on the climatic conditions. • These design strategies reduce heat gains to internal spaces. - Natural Ventilation - Shading -
Wind Towers - Courtyard Effect - Earth Air Tunnels - Evaporative Cooling - Passive Down Draught Cooling - Roof Sprays [1]
5. 5.
• The Earth Air Tunnel (EAT) systems utilizes the heat-storing capacity of earth. • The fact that the year round temperature four meter below the surface
remains almost constant throughout the year. That makes it potentially useful in providing buildings with air-conditioning. • It depends on the ambient
temperature of the location, the EAT system can be used to provide both cooling during the summer and heating during winter. • The tunnels would be
especially useful for large buildings with ample surrounding ground. • The EAT system can not be cost effective for small individual residential buildings. •
The ground temperature remains constant and air if pumped in appropriate amount that allows sufficient contact time for the heat transfer to the medium
attains the same temperature as the ground temperature.
6. 6.
Underground heat exchanger Also called: Earth-Air Heat Exchangers Air-to-soil Heat Exchangers Earth Canals
7. 7.
Earth acts a source or sink High thermal Inertia of soil results in air temperature fluctuations being dampened deeper in the ground Utilizes Solar Energy
accumulated in the soil Cooling/Heating takes place due to a temperature difference between the soil and the air
8. 8.
SOIL: Moisture content Most not able impact on thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity increases with moisture to a certain point (critical moisture
content) Dry density of soil As dry density increase thermal conductivity increase Mineral Composition Soils with higher mineral content have higher
conductivity Soils with higher organic content have lower conductivity Soil Texture Coarse textured, angular grained soil has higher thermal conductivity
Vegetation Vegetation acts as an insulating agent moderating the affect of temperature [2]
9. 9.
EAT’s can be used in a vast variety of buildings: Commercial Buildings: Offices, showrooms, cinema halls etc. Residential buildings University Campuses
Hospitals Greenhouses Livestock houses
10. 10.
The design parameters that impact the performance of the EAT are: • Tube Depth • Tube Length • Tube Diameter • Air velocity • Air Flow rate • Tube
Material • Tube arrangement  Open-loop system  Closed-loop system • Efficiency • Coefficient of Performance (COP) [3]
11. 11.
Ground temperature defined by: External Climate Soil Composition Thermal Properties of soil Water Content Ground temperature fluctuates in time, but
amplitude of fluctuation diminishes with depth. Burying pipes/tubes as deep as possible would be ideal. A balance between going deeper and reduction in
temperature needs to be drawn. Generally ~4m below the earth’s surface dampens the oscillations significantly.
12. 12.
Heat Transfer depends on surface area. Surface area of a pipe: Diameter Length So increased length would mean increased heat transfer and hence higher
efficiency. After a certain length, no significant heat transfer occurs, hence optimize length. Increased length also results in increased pressure drop and hence
increases fan energy. So economic and design factors need to be balanced to find best performance at lowest cost.
13. 13.
Heat Transfer depends on surface area. Surface area of a pipe: Diameter Length Smaller diameter gives better thermal performance. Smaller diameter
results in larger pressure drop increasing fan energy requirement. Increased diameter results in reduction in air speed and heat transfer. So economic and
design factors need to be balanced to find best performance at lowest cost. Optimum determined by actual cost of tube and excavation cost. [4]
14. 14.
As the velocity of air increases the exit temp decreases [6]
15. 15.
For a given tube diameter, increase in airflow rate results in: Increase in total heat transfer Increase in outlet temperature High flow rates desirable for
closed systems For open systems airflow rate must be selected by considering: Outlet temperature Total cooling or heating capacity
16. 16.
The main considerations in selecting tube material are: Cost Strength Corrosion Resistance Durability Tube material has little influence on performance.
Selection would be determined by other factors like ease of installation, corrosion resistance etc. Spacing between tubes should enough so that tubes are
thermally independent to maximize benefits.
17. 17.
EAT can be used in either: Closed loop system Open loop system Open Loop system: Outdoor air is drawn into tubes and delivered to AHUs or directly to
the inside of the building Provides ventilation while hopefully cooling or heating the building interior Improves IAQ Closed Loop system: Interior air
circulates through EATs Increases efficiency Reduces problem with humidity condensing inside tubes. Hybrid System: EATHE system is coupled to another
heating/cooling system, which may be an air conditioner , evaporative cooling system or solar air heater
18. 18.
EAT can be used in either: One-tube system Parallel tubes system One tube system may not be appropriate to meet air conditioning requirements of a
building, resulting in the tube being too large Parallel tubes system More pragmatic design option Reduce pressure drop Raise thermal performance
19. 19.
Classification of EATHE system According to layout of pipe in ground According to mode of arrangement There are four different types according to
layout of pipe in the ground Horizontal/ straight Loop Vertical Looped Slinky/ spiral Looped Pond/Helical Looped
20. 20.
Calculating benefits from EAT is difficult due to: Soil Temperatures Conductivity Performance of EAT can be calculated as: where; To = Inlet Air
Temperature To (L) = Outlet Air Temperature Ts = Undisturbed ground temperature
21. 21.
COP based on: Amount of heating or cooling done by EAT (Heat Flux) Amount of power required to move the air through the EAT Q= Heat Flux W=
Power COP decreases as system is operated COP can be integrated into system control strategies When COP down to a certain point, EAT should be shut
down and conventional system should take over
22. 22.
[8]
23. 23.
ETHE based systems cause no toxic emission and therefore, are not detrimental to environment. Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) do use some
refrigerant but much less than the conventional systems. ETHE based systems for cooling do not need water - a feature valuable in arid areas like Kutch. It is
this feature that motivated our work on ETHE development. ETHEs have long life and require only low maintenance Low operating cost.
24. 24.
Require large space to make setup. Give a limited cooling effect. Initial cost high.
25. 25.
ISSUE • Condensation inside the tubes has been observed • Condensation occurs if temp. in the tube is lower that dew point temp. • Condensation occurs
in systems with low airflow and high ambient dew point temperature • Removal of moisture from the cooled air is always an issue and system may be used
with a regular air conditioner or a desiccant • Water in tubes also results in growth of mould or mildew leading to IAQ issues SOLUTIONS • Good
construction and drainage • Tubes are tilted to prevent water from standing in the tubes • In the service pit at the lowest point water can be captured and
pumped • Water tight tubes can be used to prevent ground water from entering into the system
26. 26.
EATs are based on the following principles Using earth as a source or sink Uses Soil Thermal inertia Depends on the Thermal Conductivity of Soil Various
Factors affect the performance of EAT which need to be optimized to maximize performance. Integrate the EAT into the building systems to maximize
performance and maximize energy savings.
27. 27.
1. A passive solar system for thermal comfort conditioning of buildings in composite climates†,1 p. RAMAN, SANJAY MANDE and V. V. N. KISHORE
received 19 august 1998; revised version accepted 13 october 2000 2. Earth air heat exchanger in parallel connection manojkumardubey1, dr. J.L.Bhagoria2,
dr. Atullanjewar M.Tech student1 MANIT bhopal professor mech deptt. , MANIT bhopal asst. Professor mech deptt, MANIT bhopal(figures) 3. Jalaluddin,
Miyara A, Thermal performance investigation of several types of vertical ground heat exchangers with different operation mode, Applied Thermal
Engineering 33-34 (2012) 167–74. 4. Performance analysis of earth–pipe–air heat exchanger for winter heating vikas bansal *, rohit misra, ghanshyam das
agrawal, jyotirmay mathur 5. Performance analysis of earth–pipe–air heat exchanger for summer cooling vikas bansal *, rohit misra, ghanshyam das agrawal,
jyotirmay mathur 6. Performance evaluation and economic analysis of integrated earth–air–tunnel heat exchanger– evaporative cooling system vikas bansal∗,
rohit misra, ghanshyam das agrawal, jyotirmay mathur 7. Thermal performance investigation of hybrid earth air tunnel heat exchanger rohit misraa, vikas
bansala, ghanshyam das agarwala, jyotirmay mathura,∗, tarun aserib 8. ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR HEAT TRANSFER IN ANUNDERGROUND AIR
TUNNEL MONCEF KRARTI and JAN F. KREIDER (received 27 october 1994; received for publication 11 july 1995)
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