Rac Lab Manual

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR (C.G.)
REFRIGERATION AND AIR

CONDITIONING LAB
MANUAL
SUBMITTED BY-
HARSHITA SINGH
ROLL NO. – 19119044
5TH Semester,
Mechanical Engineering,
B. Tech
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR TEST RIG
AIM:
To conduct performance test on Vapour Compression type Ice plant tutor and to find out co-efficient
of performance (COP).
SYSTEM COMPONENTS/SPECIFICATION:
1. Refrigerator: VEDIOCON, Model: VAE173AR/2010,170 LTR.
2. Compressor: - Model: ASB45R, R-134a
3. Air cooled condenser
4. Fan motor with blade: 1/35 HP
5. Expansion Device – Capillary
6. Filter Drier – make: INDFOS, Type: DM-50
7. Energy meter -make: BENTEX, Input: 3200imp/kWh, 5-20 amps
8. Thermostat
9. Pressure/ compound gauges: For HP-LP measurement.
10. Digital temperature indicator: -50 to +199.9 oC
11. Thermocouples: k type (Cr/Al)- 5 nos
12. Refrigerant: R-134a
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus is a laboratory scale working model of a Refrigeration cycle unit, portable trolley
mounted on a powder coated MS square tube frame.
A Domestic / household Refrigerator of VEDIOCON make is fitted on the frame containing,

compressor with Thermostat, air cooled condenser with fan motor, Capillary Expansion and
evaporator / freezer.
The pressure gauges, energy meter and digital temperature indicator with selector switch are mounted
on the control panel.
Figure 1 Domestic Refrigerator Test Rig
THEORY:
Now days, the refrigerator has become an essential part of household rather than a luxury. It is used
for preserving food and there by reducing waste. The primary function of refrigerator or freezer is to
provide food storage space maintained at low temperature for preservation of food. Its secondary
function is the formation of ice cubes for domestic consumption. They are usually specified by the
internal gross volume and the deep freezer’s volume.
A storage temperature of 0oC to 4oC (273 K to 277 K) is satisfactory for the preservation of most of
fresh foods. For the short term storage of frozen foods (such as in a domestic refrigerator), temp much
bellows the freezing point required. The freezers are generally provided at the top portion of the
refrigerator space. In some refrigerators, freezers are provided at the bottom. This arrangement seems
to be based on heat transfer consideration but it may be noted that the time taken to cool products
kept at upper portion would be more.
The mechanical Vapor compression cycle as well as absorption cycle may be adopted for
domestic refrigerator and freezers, but the mechanical vapor compression system is actually used
over absorption system, because of its compactness and more efficient use of electrical energy, as
shown in figure. The refrigerant used is generally R-134A. the compressor is mounted at the bottom
of the refrigerator frame. The power of compressor can vary according to size of the refrigerator,
(i.e. 75 W, 92 W, 125 W, 180 W etc.). The condenser is put at the back about 40 to 60 mm away from
the cabinet. The condenser may be either chassis type or tube and wire type. In the former the
condenser tube is mounted on metal sheet which act as fins. The tube and wire type condensers are
quite simple in which few tubes are held tightly under wire frame from both sides. These wires act as
cylindrical fins increasing the rate of heat transfer. The capillary tube is kept in contact with
evaporator inlet pipe. A drier is connected between the receiver and the evaporator to eliminate traces
of moisture if any.
The evaporator coil is wrapped around the freezer in a suitable manner to give efficient heat
transfer. Sometimes, the freezer chamber is made from a pair of sheet joined together in such a way
that the passage between the sheets act as an evaporator coil. The cooling of lower space is
accomplished by free convection (due to density gradient). The thermostatic sensing element is
provided to the evaporator coil which can control temperature in the freezer up to -15 oC in steps or
continuously depending upon the type of controlling switch employed.
The refrigerator body is provided with good quality insulation in order to prevent heat transfer
into the system. Usually 60 to 100 mm thick glass loose-fill fiber or glass rolls or thermo Cole is used
since the conductivity of these insulating materials are quite low.
The principal parts are shown on the diagram, and path of the refrigerator flow is also shown
on the diagram. The pressure is maintained at different levels in two parts of the system by the
expansion valve (high side float valve). The function of expansion valve is to allow the liquid –
refrigerant under high pressure to pass at a controlled rate into low pressure part of the system. Some
of the liquid evaporates passing through the expansion valve, but greater portion is vaporized in
evaporator at low pressure (low temperature). The liquid refrigerant absorbs its latent heat of
vaporization from the air, water and other materials, which is being cooled. The function of the
compressor is to increase the pressure and temperature of refrigerant above atmospheric, which will
be ready to dissipate its latent heat in the condenser. In passing through condenser, the refrigerant
gives up the heat, which is absorbed in the evaporator plus the heat equivalent of the work done upon
it by the compressor. This heat is transferred to the air water, which is used as cooling medium in the
condenser.
The standard vapour compression cycle consist of following process:

1. Process 1-2 represents reversible adiabatic compression from saturated vapour to the
condenser pressure or superheated vapour.
2. Process 2-3 represents reversible heat rejection at constant pressure, de preheating and
condensation.
3. Process 3-4 represents irreversible constant enthalpy expansion from saturated liquid to the
evaporator pressure.
4. Process 4-1 represents reversible heat addition at constant pressure.
(Evaporation to saturated vapor)
The refrigerant such as R-12, R-22 and R-134a (commercially known as freons) are used as
working medium because of their properties, which are required as refrigeration cycles.
Performance of standard vapour compression cycle:

Process 1-2 is the compression process where in mechanical work is to be supllied to a
compressor. This is the quantity to be spent. Process 4-1 represents the useful refrigeration effect.
The index of performance is defined as coefficient of performance.
Thermocouples Details:
1. T1= temperature of refrigerant at inlet of compressor.
2. T2= temperature of refrigerant at outlet of compressor.
3. T3= temperature of refrigerant at outlet of condenser.
4. T4= temperature of refrigerant at outlet of expansion device.
5. T5= temperature at evaporator.
OPERATING PROCEDURE:
1. Put ON mains (DP switch).
2. Now switch on the compressor, by using a rotatory switch provided.
3. Allow the freezer to cool for 0oC. to achieve this temperature it will take approximately 1 to
1.5 hours.(depending on ambient temp and power)
4. For COP calculation,
A. Put known quantity of water/brine solution in a bowl/plate then keep that inside the
freezer.
B. Note down the initial temperature of water/brine solution.
C. Allow it to cool for some-time, simultaneously note down the corresponding reading for
every 10 minutes duration till it reach 5oC.
D. Calculate the COP using given formula.
5. Then switch OFF the compressor using rotatory ON/OFF switch and mains.
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
EXPERIMENTAL BOTTLE COOLER
AIM:
 To study vapour compression type refrigerator cycle for cold storage
 To find out co-efficient of performance (cop) of the unit.
 To chill the bottles to lower temperature
SYSTEM COMPONENTS:
1. COMPRESSOR_ MAKE : Emerson
Model: KCJ444HAGB220
INPUT: 230V, 1PH, 50HZ
2. Energy meter- MAKE: BENTEX
Input: 3200imp/kwh,5-20A, 240V
3. Temperature indicator:50degree to +199.9degree
4. Cold space= 1530mm*770mm*760mm
5. Top cover plate =690mm*660mm
6. Condenser fan- input:1\35hp, 1280rpm, 35watts
7. Condenser-make: MAXWEL,size:11inch*10inch
8. Thermostat
9. Pressure/compound gauges
10. Thermocouple selector switch
11. Thermocouples- k Type(cr/Al)
12. DP switch for mains
13. Filter drier- make: UNIWEL, TYPE: dm-50
DESCRIPTION:
The bottle cooler unit is similar to cold storage unit having a cold cabin in which the bottles are stored
within well defined temperature range.
The apparatus is a laboratory scale working model of a refrigeration cycle bottle cooler unit, portable-
trolley mounted, housed on a MS square Tube frame with power-coated metallic platform to give
elegant finish.
The compressor is fitted on the platform with fan-cooler condenser. The cold room/freezer- made of
galvanized iron enclosure, well insulated with bitumen and thermo Cole, coiled with copper tube
housed in an ME chamber duly power coated.
Figure 2 Experimental Bottle Cooler
THEORY:
The major difference in theory and treatment of vapour refrigeration system as compare to the air
refrigeration system is that, the vapour alternatively undergoes a change of phase from vapour to
liquid and liquid to vapour during the completion of a cycle. The latent heat of evaporation is utilized
for carrying heat from the refrigerator, which is quite high compared with ate air- cycle, which depend
only upon the sensible of the air.
The substance used does not leave the plant but are circulate through the system alternately after
condensing and re-evaporating. During evaporating, it absorbs its latent heat from the brine, which is
used for circulating around the cold chamber. In condensing, it gives out its latent heat to the
circulating water or air of the cooler, the machine is , therefore, known as latent heat pump. It absorbs
its latent heat from the brine and gives out in the condenser.
All the principal parts are shown on the diagram, and path of the refrigerant flow is also shown on
the diagram. The pressure is maintained at different levels in two parts of the system by expansion
valves (high side float valve). The function of the expansion valve is to allow the liquid refrigerant
under high pressure to pass at a controlled rate into the low pressure part of the system. Some of the
liquid evaporates passing through the expansion valve but greater part is vaporized in the evaporator
at the low pressure (low temperature). The liquid refrigerant absorbs its latent heat of vaporization
from air, water or some other material which is being cooled. The function of compressor is to
increase the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant above atmospheric which will be ready to
dissipate its latent heat in the condenser. In passing through the condenser the refrigerant gives up the
heat which is absorbed in the evaporator plus the heat equivalent of the work done upon it by
compressor. This heat is transferred to the air or water which is used as cooling medium in the
condenser.
2 3
Condenser
Compressor Expansion Device
Evaporator
1 4
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE
The standard vapour compression cycle consists of following process:
1. Process 2 represents reversible adiabatic compression from saturated vapour to the condenser
pressure or superheated vapour.
condensation.
4. Process 4-1 represents reversible heat addition at constant pressure(Evaporation to saturated
vapour)
The refrigerants such as a R-12,R-22, R-134a(commercially known as freons) are used as working
medium because of their properties which are required at refrigeration cycle.
Process 1-2 is the compression process where Mechanical work is to be supplied(usually in

the form of electrical energy) to a compressor. This is the quantity to be spent. Process 4-1 represents
the useful refrigeration effect. The index of performance is defined as coefficient of performance (not
as efficiency as for heat engines)
C.O.P is defined as follows: (theoretically)
Useful refrigeration (output)

COP =
Network (Compressor work, input)
CARNOT COP:
A Carnot refrigeration cycle consists of all reversible process. It will have the highest coefficient of
performance when operating between any temperature limits.
𝑇1
C.O.P (CARNOT) = =
𝑇2−𝑇1
T = Temperature in Kelvin
Note: Carnot cycle COP depends only on condenser and evaporator temperatures. Carnot is an ideal
cycle. It can’t be constructed in practice. However it is used as a guideline for comparison.
Difference between Carnot cycle and Standard vapour compression cycle
1. Process 1-2 is a wet compression process on carnot cycle whereas it is dry compression
process in SVCC
2. Process 3-4 is a reversible process in carnot cycle whereas it is an irreversible process in SVC.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the pressure gauges readings whether they are showing above 65 psi before starting
unit.
2. Do not open bypass valve between main line and filter.
3. Do not close the bypass valve between filter and Rota meter. It is recommended to keep it
always open.
4. Before starting the compressor put ON the condenser fan and then switches ON the
compressor.
5. Study the working procedure before starting the process.
6. Do not try to attempt any repaint work without informing us.
7. Do not open the charging valve.
8. Run the unit for at least thrice a week for 15 min.
9. Mishandling may lead to accidents.
10. Please contact us for any query.
THERMOCOUPLE DETAILS:
1. T1= temp of refrigerant @inlet of compressor
2. T2 =temp of refrigerant @outlet of compressor
3. T3= temp of refrigerant @inlet of condenser
4. T4= temp of refrigerant @outlet of expansion
5. T5= temp. Of cold room
C= Condenser, E=evaporator
Let p1, p2 be pressure,
H1, h2, h3,& h4be the specific enthalpies of the refrigerator (R-12, R-22, 2-134a etc)
respectively.
These are to be found out from relevant p-h chart
1. (h2-h1) denotes the compressor work input

2. H3=H4 (THROTTLING PROCESS IS ALSO A CONSTANT ENTHALPY PROCESS)
3. (h1-h4) is the enthalpy rise on the evaporator i.e. the refrigerator effect
h1 − h4
COP(𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) =
h2 − h1
1. Puts on main and condenser fan, respectively.
2. Now the temperature indicator will show varies temp. At various points from to 6 by rotating
the TSS knob.
3. Now switch on the compressor by using thermostat.
4. Allow the cold room to cool for 0 degree. To achieve this temp.,
5. It will take approximately 3-4 hrs.
6. For COP calculation.
A. Keep known quantity of water bottles inside the cold room
B. Note down the initial torture of water
C. Allow it to cool for some time, simultaneously note down the respective readings for
every 30 minutes duration till it reach 10 degree.
D. Calculate the COP using given formula
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
EXPERIMENTAL WATER COOLER(STORAGE TYPE)
AIM:
1. To study/demonstrate Vapour Compression type refrigeration cycle.
2. to find out co-efficient of performance (COP).
3. To conduct heat balance at the evaporator.
4. cooling capacity calculation.
SYSTEM COMPONENTS:
1. Compressor-make : EMERSON, Model: KCE461HAE B470
2. Rotameter-make: sun flow, Size: 15 to 150 cc/sec.
3. Filter Drier- DM-50
4. Energy meter- make: BENTEX, Type: ac 1ph, 2 wire static, 3200 imp/kWh
6. digital temperature indicator -50 to +199.9 oC
8. Thermocouples- k type (Cr/Al)
10. Water cooler – make: USHA, Model SP60120, Size: 1090 X 660 X 560 mm
11. Condenser fan – make ROLLWELL MOTORS, 1/35HP
12. cooling capacity 60 ltr/hour
13. storage capacity 120 ltr
14. power supply 230 V
15. Full load current 3.6 amp
16. energy consumption 775 W
17. Refrigerant R-22 0.470 gram
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus is a laboratory scale working model of a water cooler unit, portable- trolley
mounted, housed on a MS frame with powder – coated metallic platform to give elegant finish.
A brand new Vapour Compression type water cooler (make: USHA, Model SP60120)
consisting of basic refrigerant components like compressor, condenser and fan motor, capillary and
evaporator / chiller tank is mounted on the frame with water inlet and outlet fittings. A control panel
consisting of pressure gauges, water Rota meter, filter – drier and sight glass is also mounted adjacent
to the cooler.
Figure 3 Experimental Water Cooler (Storage Type)
THEORY:
The purpose of water cooler is to make water available at constant temperature irrespective
of the ambient temperature. They are mounted to produce water about 7 – 13 oC for quenching the
thirsty of the people who working in hot environment. The warm and normal water can serve the
physical requirement of our system for the proper functioning of the body organs but it does not
quench the thirst especially in summers. The temperature of the cold water is controlled with help
of a thermostat provided. There are two types of unitary water coolers.
a. Storage Type
In the storage type water coolers, the evaporator coil is soldered on the walls of the storage tank of
the cooler, generally on the outside surface of the walls. the tank may be of galvanized steel or
stainless steel sheets. the water level in the tank is maintained by a float valve. In this type of water
cooler, the machine will have to run for a long time to bring down the temperature of the mass of
water in the storage tank. Once the temperature touches the set point of the thermostat the machine
cycle is stopped. When the water is drawn from the cooler and an equal amount of fresh water is
allowed in the tank the temperature will rise up slowly and the machine starts again. As such there
is always a reservoir of cold water all the time.
b. Instantaneous Type
In case of instantaneous type water coolers, the evaporator consist of to separate cylindrically
wound coils made of copper or stainless steel tube. the evaporating refrigerant is one of the coils
and the water to be cooled is in the other coil the water is cooled by refrigerant in evaporator by
conduction.
All the principal parts are shown on the diagram, and path of the refrigerant flow is also shown
on the diagram. the pressure is maintained at different levels in two parts of the system by the
expansion valve (high side float valve). The function of the expansion valve is to allow the liquid
refrigerant under high pressure to pass at a control rate into the low pressure part of the system. Some
of the liquid evaporates passing through the expansion valve but greater portion is vaporised in the
evaporator at low pressure( low temperature). The liquid refrigerant absorbs its latent heat of
vaporization from the air, water and other materials, which is being cooled. The function of the
compressor is to increase the pressure and temperature of refrigerant above atmospheric, which will
be ready to dissipate its latent heat in the condenser. In passing through condenser, the refrigerant
gives up the heat, which is absorbed in the evaporator plus the heat equivalent of the work done upon
it by the compressor. This heat is transferred to the air water, which is used as cooling medium in the
condenser.

condensation.

Process 1-2 is the compression process where in mechanical work is to be supplied (usually
in the form of electrical energy) to a compressor. This is the quantity to be spent. Process 4-1
represents the useful refrigeration effect. The index of performance is defined as coefficient of
performance (not as efficiency, as for heat engines).
C.O.P. is defined as follows: (Theoretical)
( )
COPth = =
( , )
CARNOT COP:
A Carnot refrigeration cycle consists of all reversible process. It will have the highest co-
efficient of performance when operating between any temperature limits.
COPcarnot = =
T = Temperature in Kelvin.
Note:Carnot refrigeration cycle C.O.P. depends only on condenser and evaporator temperatures.
Carnot is an Ideal cycle. It cannot be constructed in practice. However it is used as a guideline for
comparison.
Difference between Carnot cycle and Vapour Compression cycle
1. Process 1-2 is a wet compression process on carnot cycle whereas it is a dry compression
process in SVCC.
2. Process 3-4 is a reversible process in carnot cycle whereas it is an irreversible process in SVC.
Thermocouple Details
T1= temperature of refrigerant at inlet of compressor.
T2= temperature of refrigerant at outlet of compressor.
T3= temperature of refrigerant at outlet of condenser.
T4= temperature of refrigerant at outlet of expansion device.
T5= water outlet temperature.
T6= water inlet temperature.
Let P1, P2 be pressure,
h1, h2, h3 and h4 be the specific enthapies of the refrigerants ( R-12, R-22, R-134a etc.) respectively.
These are to be found out from the relevant p-h chart.
1. (h2-h1) denotes compressor work input.

2. h3=h4 (throttling process is also a constant enthalpy process)
3. (h1-h4) is the enthalpy rise on the evaporator i.e. the refrigeration effect.
COPth=
Units of h- kJ/kg
OPERATING PROCEDURE/INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Switch on the mains through the DP switch.
2. Fill the water to the chiller tank through the rotameter till the float valve stops the flow and
do not close the inlet valve.
3. Switch ON the compressor, condenser fan.
4. Run the unit till the chiller water temperature reaches 10 degree C.
5. Then slightly open the outlet valve.
6. By controlling the water inlet or outlet valve, maintain the constant water level in the chiller
tank.
7. Wait for 10-15 minutes for steady state.
8. Note down the temperature, pressure, time, energy meter and rotameter readings.
9. repeat the same procedure for different flow rates of water.
10. Then switch OFF the compressor and mains.
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
EXPERIMENTAL COLD STORAGE UNIT
AIM:
To study vapour compression type refrigeration cycle for cold storage
To find out co-efficient of performance (COP) of the unit
To chill the brine solution to lower temperature
SYSTEM COMPONENTS:
1. Compressor -1/6 hp cap. make: EMERSON , model: KCN411LAGB230
2. Air cooled condenser – 1/3 hp, size 12’’×13’’×2 rows
3. Fan motor with blade, 1/83 hp
4. Expansion device – capillary and thermostatic expansion valve
5. Rota meter – 6.2 to 62 lph (eureka)
6. Hand shut off valve 1/4’’ & 3\8 ‘’
7. Filter drier – make :UNIWEL , type :DM 50
8. Energy meter –make ;BENTEX , type : ac 1ph , 2 wire static
Input – 3200 imp / kph, 5-20 amps
9. Thermostat
10. Pressure gauges
11. Digital voltmeter 0-300 V AC
12. Digital ammeter 0-5A AC
14. Digital temperature indicator -50 to +1500C
15. Thermocouples –k type(Cr/Al)
16. LP/HP cut out
18. Cold storage Cabin
Outer cabin: 600mm×600mm×500mm(LBH)
Cold room: 480 mm 480mm 450 mm (LBH)= 100 litres
19. Condenser fan – make: ROLL WELL MOTORS

Input: 1/35HP, 1280 RPM, 35 Watts
DESCRIPTION:
The cold storage is a cabin or a building designed to store certain goods like food stuff, fruits,
vegetables and dairy products within well defined temperature range and relative humidity. The
temperature and humidity conditions are maintained inside a cold storage depend upon the type of
product being stored.
It may be noted that the refrigeration does not improve the quality of the products, it only slows down
its deterioration. The product must be under refrigeration for the entire course of the passage from
the producer to the consumer and this continuity is known as the cold chain. During storage fresh
vegetables and fruits produce heat of respiration. thus the refrigeration plant must be design to take
care of these load in addition to the usual heat loads, load due to heat released on defrosting etc. the
apparatus is a laboratory scale working model of a refrigeration cycle cold storage unit , portable –
trolley mounted , housed on a ms square tube frame with powder coated metallic platform to give
elegant finish.
The compressor is fitted on the platform with fan-cooled condenser . the cold room freezer made of
galvanized iron enclose , well insulated with bitumen and thermo cole ,coiled with copper tube
housed in an ms chamber duly powder coated.
Figure 4 Experimental Cold Storage Plant
THEORY:
The major difference in theory and in treatment of vapour refrigeration system as compare to the air
refrigeration system is that, the vapour alternatively undergoes the change of phase from vapour to
liquid & liquid to vapour during the completion of a cycle. The latent heat of vaporization is utilized
for carrying heat from a refrigeration , which is quite high compared to the air cycle , which depends
only upon the sensible heat of the air . The substances used do not leave the plant but are circulated
through the system alternatively after condensing and re-evaporating. During evaporating, absorb its
latent heat from the brine , which is used for circulating around the cold chamber. It absorbs its latent
heat from the brine and gives out in the condenser.
the diagram. The pressure is maintained at different levels in two parts of the system by the expansion
valve(high side float valve). The function of the expansion valve is to allow the liquid-refrigerant
under high pressure to pass at a controlled rate into the low-pressure part of the system. Some of the
liquid evaporates passing through the expansion valve, but greater portion is vaporized in the
evaporator at low pressure (low temperature). The liquid refrigerant absorbs its latent heat of
vaporization from the air, which is absorbed in the evaporator plus the heat equivalent of the work
done upon it by the compressor. This heat is transferred to the air or water, which is used as cooling
medium in the condenser
2 3
Expansion device
cff
Compr
essor
Evaporator
1 4
Block diagram of vapour compression cycle
1. Process-2 represents reversible adiabatic compression from saturated vapour to condenser

condensation.
3. Process 3-4 represents reversible constant enthalpic expansion from saturated liquid to the
evaporator pressure
4. Process 4-1 represents reversible heat addition at constant pressure
The refrigerants such as R12 R22 134a are used as working medium .
Performance of standard vapour compression cycle

Process 1-2 is the compression process where in mechanical work is to be supplied to a
compressor. This is the quantity to be spent. Process 4-1 represents the useful refrigeration
effect. The index of performance is defined as coefficient of performance.
C.O.P. is defined as follows (theoretical)
( )
C.O.P. = =
( , )
CARNOT COP
( )
C.O.P (Carnot) = = ( ) ( )
T = temperature in Kelvin
1. T1 = temp. Of refrigerant @ inlet of compressor

2. T2 = temp. Of refrigerant @ outlet of compressor
3. T3 = temp. Of refrigerant @ outlet of condenser
4. T4 = temp. Of refrigerant @ outlet of expansion
5. T5 = temp. Of cold room
6. T6 = temp. Of specimen
C = condenser, E= evaporator
Let P1, P2, be pressure, h1, h2, h3 and h4 be the specific enthalpies of the refrigerant (R-12, R-
22, R-134a etc) respectively.
These are to be found for relevant p-h chart
1. (h2-h1) denotes compressor work input

2. H3=h4 (throttling process is also a constant enthalpy process)
3. (h1-h4) is the enthalpy rise on the evaporator i.e. the refrigeration effect
C.O.P. (theoretical) =
1. Put on mains and condenser fan, respectively.
2. Now temperature indicator will show various temp. At various points from 1-6 by rotating
TSS Knob.
3. Now switch on the compressor by using thermostat.
4. Allow the cold room to cool for -10 0C. To achieve this temp. It will take aprox. 2-3 hrs.
5. For COP calculation,
A. Put known quantity of water/brine solution in a bowl/plate then keep that inside the cold
room
B. Note down the initial temp. Of water/ brine solution
C. Allow it to cool for some time, simultaneously note down the respective readings for every
15min duration till it reaches 10 0C
D. Calculate the COP using given formulae
6. Depending upon the temperature and humidity conditions inside the cold room, things like
vegetables, fruits, food grains etc., can also be stored in it.
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION TRAINER
AIM:
To Conduct Performance Test on Vapour Absorption System
SPECIFICATION:
Model: EA 3140
Type: MF 20-60
Gross Volume: 41 litres
Man Operation: 220-240 volts AC
Input: 90Watt
Energy Consumption: 1.07 Kwhr
Refrigerate: 245 𝑁𝐻 + 𝐻 𝑂
SYSTEM COMPONENTS:
Voltmeter: 0-300 volts AC
Ammeter: 0-10 Ampere AC
Temperature Indicator: - 50 to + 199.9 degree C
TSS: Thermocouple selector switch (9 way)
Thermocouple: K Type (Cr-Al)
Toggle switches for heater and condenser fan
INTRODUCTION:
Vapour absorption refrigeration system (VARS) belong to the class of vapour cycle similar to vapour
compression refrigeration system. However unlike vapour compression refrigeration system the
required input to absorption system is in form of heat. Hence this system is also called as heat operated
or thermal energy driven system. Since conventional absorption systems use liquid for absorption of
refrigerants these are also sometimes called as wet absorption system.
Similar to vapour refrigeration system vapour absorption refrigeration system have also been
commercialized are widely used in various refrigeration and air conditioning applications. Since this
system run on low grade thermal energy they are preferred when low grade energy switches waste
heat or solar energy is available. Since conventional absorption system use natural refrigerant such
as water or ammonia they are environment friendly.
In the above figure (A and B) show continuous output vapour compression refrigeration system and
a continuous output vapour absorption refrigeration system. As shown in the figure in continuous
absorption system low temperature and low pressure refrigerant with low quality enter the evaporator
and vaporizes by producing useful refrigeration Qe.
From the evaporator the low temperature low pressure refrigerant vapour enters the absorber where
it comes in contact with a solution that is weak in refrigerant. The weak solution absorbs the
refrigerant and becomes strong in refrigerant. The heat of absorption is rejected to the external heat
sink at To.
The solution now that is rich in refrigerant is fed to the generator. In the generator heat at high
temperature Tg is supplied as a result refrigerant temperature is generated at high pressure this high
pressure vapour is then condensed in the condenser by rejecting heat of condensation to the external
heat sink at To. The condensed refrigerant liquid is then throttled in the expansion device and is then
fed to evaporator to complete the refrigerant cycle.
On the solution side the hot height pressure solution that is weak in refrigerant is throttled to the
absorber pressure in the solution expansion valve and fed to the absorber where it comes in contact
with the refrigerant vapour from evaporator. Thus continuous refrigeration is produced at the
evaporator while heat at high temperature is continuously supplied to the generator. Heat rejection to
the external heat sink takes places at the absorber and condenser. If we neglect pressure drop then the
absorption system operates between the condenser and evaporator pressure. Pressure in absorber is
same as the pressure in the evaporator pressure and pressure in generator is same as the pressure in
condenser.
It can be seen from figure that as far as condenser expansion valve and evaporator are concerned both
compression and absorption system are identical. However the difference lies in the way the
refrigerant is compressed to the condenser pressure. In Vapour absorption refrigeration system the
vapour is compressed mechanically using the compressor wherever as in absorption system the
vapour is first converted into liquid and then the liquid is pumped to the condenser pressure using the
solution pump. Since for the same pressure difference work input required to pump the liquid is much
less than the work required for compressing vapour due to very small specific volume of liquid the
mechanical energy required to operate Vapour absorption refrigeration system is much less than
required to operate the compression system. However the absorption requires relatively large amount
of low grade thermal energy and generator temperature to generate refrigerant vapour from the
solution in the generator. Thus while the energy input is in the form of mechanical energy in Vapour
absorption refrigeration system it is mainly in the form of thermal energy in case of absorption
systems. The solution pump work is often negligible compared to the generator heat input. Thus the
COPs for compression and absorption system are given by
𝑄
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑠(𝑉𝐶𝑅𝑆) =
𝑊
𝑄 𝑇 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑠(𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆) = = ×
𝑄 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑇
Thus absorption system is advantageous where a large quantity of low grade thermal energy is
available freely at required temperature. However it will be seen that for the refrigeration and heat
rejection temperatures the COPs of Vapour absorption refrigeration system will be much higher than
COPs of absorption system as high grade mechanical is used in the former while a low grade thermal
energy used in the later.
MAXIMUM COP OF IDEAL ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

In case of single stage refrigeration system operating between constant evaporator and condenser
temperature the maximum possible COPs is given by
𝑇
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐶𝑂𝑃(𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆) =
(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
If we assume the heat rejection at the absorber and a condenser takes place at same external heat sink
To then a vapour absorption refrigeration system operates between three temperature level Tg, To, Te.
The maximum possible COPs of refrigeration system operation between three temperature levels can
be obtained for 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics of the system. Figure shows the various energy
transfers and the corresponding temperature in the absorption refrigeration system.
Figure 5 Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Trainer
WORKING PRINCIPLE (VARS- 245𝑵𝑯𝟑 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶)

The domestic absorption type refrigerator was developed from an invention by Carl Munters and
Baltzer Von Platen. This system is often called Munters Platen system. Ammonia is used as
refrigerant. The operation of this system is based on the concept of Dalton’s law.
The ammonia vapour in the condenser is condensed to liquid and flows to the evaporator by gravity.
The whole part is charged to a pressure of about 15bar. In the evaporator liquid ammonia meets the
atmosphere of hydrogen at about 12bar. The partial pressure of ammonia falls to about 3bar keeping
the same total pressure and temperature falls to about -10 degree C.
The vaporization of ammonia at this temperature produces refrigeration. Water is used as solvent for
ammonia which absorbs ammonia readily. If liquid ammonia is introduced at top of system it passes
on the evaporator and vaporizes. Hydrogen flows upward in the evaporator counter flows to liquid
ammonia that falls from the top. The ammonia vapour and the hydrogen leave the top the evaporator
and flow through the gas heat exchange getting warmed the warmer hydrogen flowing through the
evaporator. Both the gases flow to the absorber. Weak aqua ammonia solution enters at the top of the
absorber and absorbs ammonia gas as it passes counter flow through the absorber. The hydrogen is
not soluble in weak aqua ammonia and gets separated and flows up to the evaporator through the heat
exchanger. Strong aqua ammonia solution leaves the bottom of the absorber and passes on the
generator.
Heat is supplied to the generator from external source by an electric heater expelling ammonia vapour
out from the strong solution. Here the problem is to raise the elevation of weak solution of ammonia
also so that it can pass through the separator and flow back to the absorber. Principle of bubble pump
is used here. The delivery tube from the generator is immersed below the liquid level in generator.
Thus ammonia vaporizes in the tube that carries slugs of weak solution into the separation vessel.
From the separating vessel weak solution flows to the absorber and ammonia vapours passes on to
the condenser.
Thus cycle is completed. The total pressure in the condenser is approximately the same as in
evaporator. Since in the condenser there is pure ammonia the vapour pressure there is more or less
same the total pressure. In the evaporator there exists a mixture of ammonia vapour.
In the evaporator there exists a mixture of ammonia vapour and hydrogen gas. Thus ammonia vapour
pressure is much less this being equal to total pressure minus partial pressure of hydrogen. Being at
the pressure below saturation pressure the ammonia readily evaporates in the evaporator and
refrigerates. Thus the temperature equal its saturation temperature of ammonia at its partial pressure
is theoretically obtained in the evaporator.
1. Fill the water at over head tank
2. Put the main switch ON
3. Now the digital panel meter display their respective readings
4. Now Switch ON the heater and condenser
5. Heater ON/OFF durations (automatic)
ON for 15 seconds
OFF for 10 seconds
(OFF-ON ratio=2/3)
6. Wait for 30 to 40 minutes (approx) to get cooling effect (the door of the refrigerator should be kept
close always)
7. Check the temperature @different points using TSS
8. When the evaporator temperature T4 reaches 5 degree C put the measuring jar inside the
refrigerator chamber put the thermocouple in to the jar. Now allow the water from the overhead tank
by opening the ball valve provided. The water flow through a copper pipe wound around the
evaporator pipe
9. Now note down the temperature at different positions voltmeter and ammeter readings when it
reaches steady state (say 10 or 15 min. approx)
10. Check the quantity of water collected with respect to time.
11. Now switch OFF the heater and condenser fan and mains.
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
AIR CONDITIONING TRAINER (DUCT TYPE)
AIM:
To conduct performance test on air conditioner trainer(duct type) and to find out COP and relative
humidity at different psychrometric conditions.
SYSTEM COMPONENTS:
1. Compressor (1ton capacity)- Make: RECHI PRECISION, Model: 48R313V
2. Suitable condenser with fan motor with blade
3. Expansion device – capillary.
4. Rota meter (R22) – Make: EUREKA, Range: 0.4 to 4 LPH
5. Hand shut off valve – 3/8”
6. Filter – drier – Make: UNIWEL.
7. Energy meter – Make:BENTEX, Type: ac 1ph, 2wire static.
8. Pressure/compound gauges.
9. Digital temperature indicator(-50o to +199.9oC).
10. Thermocouples – k-type(Cr/Al)
11. LP-HP cut-out.
12. DP switches for mains.
13. Refrigerant R22.
14. Evaporator coil placed inside the duct.
15. Finned heaters for de humidification process with electronics dimmers.
16. Boiler for producing steam for humidification process.
DESCRIPTION:
This air conditioning is a laboratory model, portable trolley mounted, housed on a MS square tube
frame with powder coated metallic platform to give elegant finish.
The compressor is fitted on the platform with fan cooler condenser. An MS powder coated “L”
shape duct is provided with blower and the evaporator coil. Finned heaters are provided before
and after the evaporator for dehumidification process with electronic dimmers and a pressure
cooker used as steam generator for producing steam for humidification process.
Figure 6 Air Conditioning Trainer (Duct Type)
THEORY:
This system works on vapour compression refrigeration cycle.
The standard vapour compression cycle consist of following processes-
1. Process 1 -2 represents reversible adiabatic compression from saturated vapour to condenser

2. Process 2-3 represents reversible heat rejection at constant pressure, de pre heating and
condensation.
4. Process 4-1 represents reversible heat addition at constant pressure (evaporation to saturated
vapour).
The refrigerants such as R12,R22,R134a(commercially known as Freons) are used as working

medium because of their properties which are required as refrigeration cycle.
AIR CONDITIONING
Air conditioning signifies the automatic control of an atmospheric environment either for comfort
of human beings or animals or for the proper performance of some industrial or scientific process.
The purpose of air-conditioning is to supply sufficient volume of clean air containing a specific
amount of water vapour and at a temperature capable of maintaining predetermined atmospheric
condition within a selected enclosure
The air-conditioning system are broadly classified into two groups
a) Comfort air-conditioning
b) Industrial air- conditioning
The comfort air-conditioning system are subdivided into three groups ;
1. Summer air conditioning. The problem encountered is summer air conditioning is to reduce
the sensible heat and the water vapour content of the air by cooling and dehumidifying
2. Winter air conditioning. The problem encountered in winter air-conditioning is to increase
the sensible heat and water vapour content of the air by heating and humidification.
3. Year round air conditioning this system assures the control of temperature and humidity of
air in an enclosed space throughout the year when the atmospheric conditions are changing as
per the season
Industrial air conditioning provides air at required temp and humidity to perform a specific
industrial process successfully. The design conditions are not based on the feeling of the human
beings but purely on the requirement of the industrial process.
PSYCHROMETRY AND PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES

Atmospheric air always contain water vapour and water vapour plays an important role in comfort
air conditioning . the sciences which deals with the study of the behaviour of the air and water vapour
mixture is known as psychrometric. The properties of water vapour and air mixture are known as
psychrometric properties.
FOLLOWING ARE SOME PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES

Dry air : the dry air is considered as a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen neglecting the small
percentage of other gases. The volumetric composition of air is 79% nitrogen and 21 % oxygen and
molecular weight of Dry air is taken as 29 approximately
Moist air : it is mixture of dry air and the water vapour. The quantity of water vapour present in the
air depends on the temp of air and it quantity may change from zero to maximum (maximum quantity
of water vapour in air at particular temp of air is saturation capacity of air )
Water vapour : the water present in the air is known as moisture and its quantity in air is an important
factor in all air-conditioning systems.
The mixture of air and water vapour at a given temp is said to be saturated, when it contains maximum
amount of water that it can hold if the temp of mixture of air and water vapour is above the saturation
temp of water vapour, the vap[our is called superheated vapour
Dry Bulb Temp: The temp of air measured by ordinary thermometer is known as dry bulb temp.
Wet Bulb Temp : The temp measured by thermometer when its bulb is covered with wet cloth and
is expose to a current of moving air is known as wet bulb temp. the difference between the dry bulb
and wet bulb temp is known as wet bulb depression. Wet bulb depression becomes zero when air is
fully saturated.
Dew point temp: the temp of the air is reduced by continuous cooling then the water vapour in the
air will start condensing at a particular temp. the temp at which the condensation start is known as
dew point temp. dew point temp is equal to the steam table saturation temp corresponding to the
actual partial pressure of the water vapour in the air,. The difference between dry bulb temp and dew
point temp is known as dew point depression.
Specific humidity (humidity Ratio): it is the mass of water vapour present per Kg of dry air. It is
given in g/Kg of dry air.
Absolute humidity : the weight of water vapour present in unit volume of air is known as absolute
humidity.
Relative humidity: the relative humidity is defined as the rtio of actual mass of water vapour in a
given volume of the mass of the water vapour if the air is saturated at the same temp.
Sensible heat of air: the quantity of heat which can be measured by measuring the dry bulb temp of
the air is known as sensible heat.
PSYCHROMETRY CHART :
A chart which shows the enter relation of all the imp properties like relatve humidity, WBT, specific
Volume, enthalpy, DBT, specific humidity is known as psychrometry chart. (the chart enclose)
PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES:
Sensible cooling:
The process of cooling of air without substraction of moisture is termed as sensible cooling. This can
be achieved by passing the air over cooling coil like evaporating coil of the refrigerant cycle.
COOLING WITH DEHUMIDIFICATION OF AIR:

The removal of water vapour from the air is termed as dehumidification of air. This is only possible
if the air is cooled below DPT of air. By heating (hater 1) the inlet air by6 using electrical heater the
quantity of the water vapour presented in the inlet air will be reduced. This is essential fore
dehumidification. We can also remove some more amount of water vapour presented in the air after
it passing through the cooling coil ( evaporator ) with help of heater 2 ( if needed).
COOLING WITH HUMIDIFICATION :
Adding of water vapour to the air as termed as humidification. This can be obtain by adding steam to
the air at inlet of cooling coil. When air is passed thr4ough a spray chamber , part of water will be
evaporator and is carried with air, thus increasing the specific humidity . the heat required the
evaporator of the water vapour carried with the air is taken fro9m the air it self by decreasing the
temp of air and total enthalpy of air remain constant.
THERMOCOUPLES DETAILS:
T1 = Temp. of refrigerant at inlet of compressor

T2 = Temp. of refrigerant at outlet of compressor
T3 = Temp. of refrigerant at outlet of condenser
T4 = Temp. of refrigerant at outlet of expansion device
T5 = ambient Temp.
WDB1 = Wet & Dry bulb temp. of air @ inlet of duct.
WDB2 = Wet & Dry bulb temp. of air @ outlet of duct.
1. Plug in the mains card of the system.
2. Switch ON the DP switch so that the digital panel meters indicator corresponding readings.
3. Switch ON the condenser fan and blower (CF and EF)
4. Start the system by switching ON the Compressor
5. Allow air to flow through the air conditioning chamber/duct and let it stablize for few
minutesw.
6. Record T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 P1,P2,t and rota meter rading. Also note down DBT and WBT at
inlet and outlet
7. Take 3-4 reading for every 10 min
8. FOR HUMIDIFICATION OPERATION :
a. Fill the water through water inlet valve to the cooker/boiler about half to ¾ and close the
valve
b. Switch ON the boiler heater for about 45 to 60 min
c. When stem is formed, allow it to flow about min (say 10 min)
d. Record DBT and WBT at inlet and outlet
9. FOR DEHUMIDIFICATION OPERATION
a. Swith on the air heater switches
b. Vary the electronic dimmer upto the corresponding indicator glows
c. Allow it for few mins
d. Record DBT and WBT at inlet and outlet
10. Then switches off air heaters/ boliers , compressor, and about 5min switch off CF,EF and
main
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
MULTI EXPANSION DEVICES AND EVAPORATORS TRAINER
Aim: To study different types of expansion systems and evaporators used in refrigeration system.
System Components:
14. COMPRESSOR- MAKE : Emerson
Model: KCJ444HAGB220
INPUT: 230V ,1PH, 50HZ
15. Energy meter- MAKE: BENTEX
Type: ac 1ph, 2 wire static
Input: 3200 imp/kwh, 5-20A
16. Rotameter(R134A)-make: EUREKA
Size:6.2 to 62 LPH
17. Condenser fan- make:ROLLWELL Motors
input:1\10 HP,1280 rpm
18. Temperature indicator:-500C to +199.90C
19. Evaporator: Air Cooled,Chiller Tank, Plate type
20. Expansion Devices: Capillary, Thermo Electric, Auto Expansion
21. Filter Drier- make: UNIWEL, Type: DM-50
22. Thermocouples- k Type(cr/Al)
23. Thermostat
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus is a laboratory scale working model of a refrigeration cycle unit, portable-trolley
mounted, housed on a MS square Tube frame with power-coated metallic platform to give elegant
finish.
The compressor is fitted on the platform with fan-cooler condenser. Three different types of
expansion devices and evaporators are used as mentioned in the specifications above.
The rotameter, solenoid valve,pressure/compound gauge and voltmeter,ammeter and temperature

indicator with selector switch (to measure temperature at different points of the refrigeration
system) are mounted on the panel. Hand shut off valve are provided at different points to control the
flow of refrigerant.
Figure 7 Multi Expansion and Evaporator Trainer
THEORY:
The major difference in theory and treatment of vapour refrigeration system as compare to the air
refrigeration system is that, the vapour alternatively undergoes a change of phase from vapour to
liquid and liquid to vapour during the completion of a cycle. The latent heat of vaporization is utilized
for carrying heat from the refrigerator, which is quite high compared with the air- cycle, which depend
only upon the sensible of the air.
The substance used does not leave the plant but are circulate through the system alternately after
condensing and re-evaporating. During evaporating, it absorbs its latent heat from the brine, which is
used for circulating around the cold chamber. In condensing, it gives out its latent heat to the
circulating water or air of the cooler, the machine is , therefore, known as latent heat pump. It absorbs
its latent heat from the brine and gives out in the condenser.
the diagram. The pressure is maintained at different levels in two parts of the system by expansion
valves (high side float valve). The function of the expansion valve is to allow the liquid refrigerant
under high pressure to pass at a controlled rate into the low pressure part of the system. Some of the
liquid evaporates passing through the expansion valve but greater part is vaporized in the evaporator
at the low pressure (low temperature). The liquid refrigerant absorbs its latent heat of vaporization
from air, water or some other material which is being cooled. The function of compressor is to
increase the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant above atmospheric which will be ready to
dissipate its latent heat in the condenser. In passing through the condenser the refrigerant gives up the
heat which is absorbed in the evaporator plus the heat equivalent of the work done upon it by
compressor. This heat is transferred to the air or water which is used as cooling medium in the
condenser.
2 3
Condenser
Compressor Expansion Device
Evaporator
1 4
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE
5. Process 2 represents reversible adiabatic compression from saturated vapour to the condenser
6. Process 2-3 represnts reversible heat rejection at constant pressure, de preheating and condensation.
7. Process 3-4 represents irreversible constant enthalpic expansion from saturated liquid to the
8. Process 4-1 represents reversible heat addition at constant pressure(Evaporation to saturated vapour)
The refrigerants such as a R-12,R-22, R-134a(commercially known as freons) are used as working medium
because of their properties which are required at refrigeration cycle.

Process 1-2 is the compression process where Mechanical work is to be supplied(usually in
the form of electrical energy) to a compressor. This is the quantity to be spent. Process 4-1
represents the useful refrigeration effect. The index of performance is defined as coefficient of
performance (not as efficiency as for heat engines)
C.O.P is defined as follows: (theoretically)
C.O.P = Useful refrigeration (output)
Network(Compressor work, input)
= h 1 - h4
h2 - h1
CARNOT COP:
C.O.P (Carnot) = =
T = Temperature in Kelvin
Note: Carnot cycle COP depends only on condenser and evaporator temperatures. Carnot is an ideal cycle. It
can’t be constructed in practice. However it is used as a guideline for comparison.
Difference between Carnot cycle and Standard vapour compression cycle
3. Process 1-2 is a wet compression process on carnot cycle whereas it is dry compression process in
SVCC
4. Process 3-4 is a reversible process in carnot cycle whereas it is an irreversible process in SVC
6. T1= temp of refrigerant @inlet of compressor

7. T2=temp of refrigerant @outlet of compressor
8. T3=temp of refrigerant @inlet of condenser
9. T4=temp of refrigerant @outlet of expansion
10. T5= temp. Of cold room
C= Condenser, E=evaporator
Let p1, p2 be pressure,
H1, h2, h3,& h4be the specific enthalpies of the refrigerator (R-12, R-
22, 2-134a etc) respectively.
These are to be found out from relevant p-h chart
4. (h2-h1) denotes the compressor work input
5. H3=H4 (THROTTLING PROCESS IS ALSO A CONSTANT
ENTHALPY PROCESS)
6. (h1-h4) is the enthalpy rise on the evaporator i.e. the refrigerator
effect
C.O.P. theoretical= ( h 1 – h4/ h2 - h1)
Units of h-kJ/kg
Check the pressure gauge and note down the readings before starting the unit.
1. Switch on the mains through the DP switch

2. Fill the chiller with known quantity of water
3. Select operating system i.e, capillary
4. Note initial temperature of water and time
5. Switch on the condenser fan and compressor by rotating the thermostat in clock wise
direction
6. Allow the operating system to run for a known time (30 min)
7. Note down the corresponding reading
8. Repeat the experiment for different types of expansion devices and evaporators.
PRECAUTIONS:
11. Check the pressure gauge readings whether they are showing above 65 psi before starting
unit.
12. Do not open bypass valve between main line and filter.
13. Do not close the bypass valve between filter and Rota meter. It is recommended to keep it
always open.
14. Before starting the compressor put ON the condenser fan and then switch ON the
compressor.
15. Study the working procedure before starting the process.
16. Do not try to attmpt any repaint work without informing us.
17. Do not open the charging valve.
18. Run the unit for atleast thrice a week for 15 min.
19. Mishandling may lead to accidents.
20. Please contact us for any query.
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
AUTOMOBILE AIRCONDITION
AIM: To conduct performance test on automobile air conditioning
SYSTEM COMPONENT:
1. Hand shut off valves – ¼”
2. Filter drier- make : UNIWEL TYPE : DM – 50
3. Energy meter – make : BENTEX , 3200 imp/kwh, 5-20 amps
4. Pressure/ compounds gauges
5. Digital temp indicator -50 to +199.9 oC.
7. Thermocouple – k type (Cr/ Al)
8. DP switch for main
9. Car AC : ALTO car AC
DESCRIPTION:
The above system consist of open type compressor driven by 1HP 3 phase motor with magnetic
clutch arrangement for the compressor pully. A fan cooled compressor, evaporator and
accumulator cum filter drier. The whole assembly is mounted on a study square tube metal frame
duly power coated .
The system has to be connected to a 3 phase 440V power supply with neutral for compressor motor
(DOL STARTER) , DP for condenser fan motor (230V AC). Toggle switches are provided for
magnetic clutch and evaporator blower with step down transformer and DC rectifier.
Figure 8 Automobile Air-Conditioner
The standard vapour compression cycle consists of following processes.

1. Process 1-2 represents reversible adiabatic compression from Saturday b vapour to the
condenser pressure or superhated vapour.
2. Process 2-3 represents reversible heat rejection at constant pressure, depreheating and
condensation.
3. Process 3-4 represents reversible constant enthalpic expansion from saturated liquid to the
evaporated pressure.
4. Process 4-1 represents reversible heat addition at constant pressure (evaporation to saturated
vapour)
The refrigerants such as R-12, R-22, R-134a (commercially known as freons ) are used as working
nmedium because there properties which are required as refrigeration cycles.

T5 = Ambient temp.
Pressure:
P1 = Evaporator pressure = 40psi = 2.81 bars
P2 = Codenser pressure = 220 psi = 15.4 bars
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the wires provided to 440V, 3 phase supply and a neutral
2. Put on the mains ensure all the indicators on the energy meter are glowing and switch ON
DOL starter
3. Ensure the direction of the motor is correct (clockwise)
4. Put ON DP and toggle switch (CF)
5. Put the kit- kat switch ON, so the transformer for the DC source will be ON
6. Switch ON board the toggle switches ON ( clutch and blowers)
7. Note down the necessary reading like temp., energy meter reading etc. for regular intervals
say about 10 mins.
8. After the test , put OFF individual switches and supply
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION TEST RIG
AIM:
Experiment as a cooler/Heat pump
Experiment to determine see back coefficient
Experiment to determine Peltier coefficient
APPLICATIONS AND THEORY:

Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junctions of two
different types of materials. A Peltier cooler/heater are thermocouple heat pump is a solid state
active pump which transfer heat from one side of the device to other side against the temperature
gradient (from cold to hot),with consumption of electrical energy . such an instrument is also called
a Peltier device, Peltier diode, cooling diode, Peltier heat pump, solid state refrigerator , or
thermoelectric cooler (TEC). Because heating can be achieved more easily and economically by
many other methods, Peltier devices are mostly used for cooling. However, when a single device is
to be used for both heating and cooling, a Peltier device may be desirable. Simply connecting it to a
DC voltage will cause one side to cool, while the other side warms. The effectiveness of the pump
at moving the heat away from cold side is dependent upon the amount of current provided ad how
well the heat can be removed from the hot side (this determines the hot side temperature).
Peltier devices can also be used to generate electricity (thermoelectric generator) if a temperature
difference is maintained between the two sides (by supplying heat to one side).
The thermoelectric effect is a physical phenomenon that directly converts temperature difference to
electrical voltage and vice versa. A thermal electric device creates a voltage difference when there
is a temperature difference on its junction of two dissimilar conductors. Conversely when voltage
difference is applied to it, it creates a temperature difference across the junctions. This is called
Peltier effect. At the atomic scale (specifically charged carrier), applied temperature difference
creates electrons or holes (charged carriers) to diffuse from hot to cold side (similar to the gas that
expands when heated) hence the thermally induced current (thermoelectric refers to the fact that the
voltage is created by a temperature difference)
Traditionally the term thermo-electric effect is thermo electricity encompasses three separately
identified effects- the seeback, Peltier and Thompson effect. In many books thermo electric effect is
also called a Peltier – seeback effect. The separation derives the independent discoveries French
physicist Jean Charles Athanes Peltier and Estonian-German physicist Thomas Johann See back.
Joule heating (heat generated when a current flows through a resistive) is also somewhat related but
not classified as thermoelectric effect due to its irreversible in nature. The Peltier seeback and
Thompson effects are in principle thermodynamically reversible, where as joule heating is not.
Many thermocouples connected in series are called a thermopile, which is sometime constructed in
order to increase the output voltage since the voltage induced over each individual couple is small.
Figure 9 Thermo Electric Refrigeration
PROCEDURE FOR EXPERIMENTATION:

Experiment as a cooler-
 The thermoelectric cooler is first given a 12 watt DC input of less than 30watt (rated wattage
for cooling)
 Cooling water is allowed to flow in the jacket cooling the hot plate
 The cooling load is adjusted to suitable value (with a maximum of 15 watt)
Experiment to determine see back coefficient
 Keep the power input to Peltier module equal to zero

 On plate of module is heated (in this case, the normally cold side) while the other side is
cooled by circulating cold water
 After the sufficient temperature difference is attained, the EMF generated is measured.
Experiment to determine Peltier Coefficient
 Adjust the input voltage of Peltier module equal 12 volt.

 Measure the hold and cold plate temperature
 If the temperature difference is significant increase the current and measure the temperature
again after steady state is attained.
 When the temperature becomes very small measure the cooling (heat removed) current flow
and also notes the temperature for reference.
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
COMPUTERIZED VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION UNIT
AIM:-
Vapour compression refrigeration test rig with evaporator (computerized)
INTRODUCTION:
Refrigeration is a process by which the temperature of a given space is reduced below that of the
atmosphere or surrounding. Refrigeration can be realized by several methods for example: ice
refrigeration, vapour compression refrigeration, evaporative refrigeration, air refrigeration, dry ice
refrigeration etc. the modern refrigeration uses the vapour compression method. In this method a
closed system( the refrigerant) experience a thermodynamic cycle by virtue of doing network on the
system in such a cycle.it is possible to extract heat from a low temperature source (the refrigerated
space ) and reject heat to a high temperature sink( the atmosphere or cooling water)
The thermodynamic cycle temperature entropy(Ts) as shown.
The cycle consist of the following processes
1-2 : isentropic compression (in ideal cycle) of vapour refrigerant from lower pressure to higher
pressure, temperature increases. But in actual practise the process is not isentropic because of losses
and in efficiency.
2-3: condensation of high pressure and temperature of saturated of super-heated vapour to liquid at
high pressure.
3-4: constant enthalpy process in throttling valve of capillary tube expansion of high liquid refrigerant
pressure to lower pressure liquid vapour mixture- temperature decreases.
4-1: vaporization of refrigerant in evaporator at constant lower pressure. Cooling of atmosphere or

surroundings takes place due to absorption of latent heat vaporization.
The ideal cycle the refrigerant enters the throttling valve or capillary tube as a liquid at 3 and leaves
at a constant enthalpy as a liquid vapour mixture. The refrigerant enters the evaporator and extracts
heat from the refrigerated space at constant temperature T1 and the lower pressure in the
vapourazation process 4-1.the refrigerant may leave the evapourator as 2 phase mixture or as a
saturated vapour or as highly super heatedvapour.ideally the heat is rejected from the condenser to
the atmosphere or cooling water in the process 2-3.
The coefficient of performance (cop)is defined

as the ratio of the refrigerantion obtained to the net workdone on the system in the cycle.
Cop = Q1/Wnet = (H1-H4)/(H2-H1)…………………………………………………..1
The actual cop must take into account the effect of a irreversibility in the individual processes as well
as heat losses to or heat gain from the surroundings through the walls of interconnecting piping.the
capacity of refrigerator is the rate at which heat can be extracted from the cold body , in other words
the rate at which refrigeration is produced. It is expressed in tons of refrigeration. A ton of
refrigeration is defined as 80000 kcal. In 24 hours period.this is the rate of refrigeration obtained
when a ton of ordinary ice is melted in 24 hours period assuming that the latent heat of fusion is 80
kcal per min. in actual practise 1 ton of refrigeration is taken as equivalent to 50 k cal per min. or
3000 k cal per hour. The horse power input per ton of refrigeration in terms of cop of the refrigerator
is given by
H.P/ton= 4.715/cop ………………………………………………………..2
Aim of the experiment: to demonstrate the working of vapour compression refrigeration system
and its capacity and cop. Liquid to gas flow demonstration.
Apparatus: the refrigeration system consists of the following:
a) Refrigerant: Freon 1-3-4a is used as a medium to under go vapour compression refrigeration

cycle.
b) Compressor: rotary type capacity 720 k cal per hour(imported) used to compress refrigerant
vapour at low pressure from the evaporator to a higher pressure at the condenser inlet.
c) Condenser : is a heat exchanger equipment to condense refrigerant at a high temp to a liquid.
d) Cooling fan : provided to blow atm air on the condenser to assist cooling of refrigerant in
the condenser.
e) Capillary tube : perform the same function as the throttle valve. It is the fixed length small
bore transparent tube installed between condenser and evaporator used to demonstrate the
working of the throttle valve. During the refrigeration experiment the throttle valve or the
capillary tube will be used.
f) Evaporator: it is chamber where cooling takes place because of evaporation of liquid vapour
refrigerant at low temp and pressure. It consist of 6 mm thick glass container having glass
coil in which the refrigerant flows while evaporating. Control the heater and stirrer with
illumination is provided.
g) Analog pressure gauge (4 nos): provided to measure of pressure of refrigerant at
compression inlet.(suction)(between compression) and compression outlet.
h) Temperature indicators with selectors switch : provided to measure the temperature of the
refrigerant
(1) Compression inlet or evaporator outlet-T1
(2) Compressor outlet or condenser inlet – T2
(3) Condenser outlet –T3
(4) Throttling or capillary exit/ evaporator -T4
(5) Inside chiller -T5
(6) Ambient –T6
i) Energy meter: provided to measure the power input to the compressor.
Figure 10 Computerised Vapour Compression Refrigeration Unit
PROCEDURE:
a. Switch on the mains and console switch
b. Keep capillary tube open when the capillary tube is open the throttle valve should be closed
and vice versa. Both devices have the same expansion effect. Throttling valve will work only
when thermo electric switch is on.
c. Switch on the thermo stat which drives the compressor and the fan.
d. The refrigerant passes through the vapour compression cycle as mentioned earlier resulting in
cooling in the evaporator chamber or freezer
e. Wait for about few minutes and after stabilization note that tempT1 to T5 and pressure P1 and
P2.
T1 = temperature at compressor inlet (®c)
T2 = temperature at compressor outlet (®c)
T3 = temperature at condenser outlet (®c)
T4 = temperature of evaporator inlet (after expansion)
T5 = temperature at inside chiller(®c)
T6= temperature at ambient (®c)
P1 = pressure upstream of the compression (suction)
P2= pressure outlet of the compressor (inlet to condenser)

The temp T5 in the chiller denotes the refrigeration process.
f) Note the power input (P) in energy meter to the compressor.
g) Using the measured temp pressure an the power input to the compressor the cop and the
capacity of the refrigerator can be determined using the procedure given below.
OPERATION PROCEDURE:
1. Fill 5 to 10 litres of ethylene glycol (-20®c) in chiller tank.
2. Switch on the mains by keeping open all the walls and always close one valve.
3. Switch on the thermo stat. also observe compressor mains and HP and LP.-> and allow
the system to run for few minutes
4. Note down pressure and temp reading in digital meters
5. Using formula calculate the cop
6. Switch off the compressor by thermo stat(anti clock wise direction )
7. After experiment is over keep open all the valve except V4 to balance the system
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
Fig shows the schematic of the heat transfer process in the vapour compression refrigeration cycle
In steady stat balance is given by
q 1 +W= q2 ……………1
Where q 1 = heat removed by the evaporator from the refrigerated space
= heat gained by the refrigerant in the evaporator
= H1-H4 per kg of refrigerant
q 2 = heat transfer from the refrigerant in the condenser
= H2-H3 per kg of refrigerant
H1= enthalpy of the refrigerant at exit of the evaporator
H2= enthalpy of the refrigerant at exit of the compressor
H3= enthalpy of the refrigerant at exit of the condenser
H4= enthalpy of the refrigerant at exit of the throttle valve.
The values of enthalpy of the refrigerant at the different states an be obtained from the tables/ charts
using the measured values of the pressure and temp. The work done in the compressor can be directly
obtained from the energy meter in the panel. The cop of the refrigerant system is given by
Cop = amount of heat extracted in the refrigerator / work done
= q 1 /W …………2
1 ton of refrigeration = 80000 k Cal in 24 hours

= 55.4 k Cal per min
= 210 k joule per min or 3.5 k watt
For example =1 ton of refrigeration =q 1 / 55.4 which is expressed in k joule per min.
q 1/ 210 /60 = q / 3.5 k joule per sec
PRECAUTIONS:
 Do not start the equipment without proper electrical supply
 Handle the switches gently
 Always ensure that there is proper water supply level(up to block sleeve) in the chiller
 After the experiment is over switch off all the indicators and heaters
 At least for every week operate the units for 5 min to avoid leakage
 In case of major faults please write to us and attempt to repair.
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
CONDENSING UNIT TRAINER
AIM:
To conduct performance test on condensing unit
SYSTEM COMPONENTS:
1. Compressor (1/3 cap.)- Make : Emerson Copeland (Kirloskar)
2. Suitable condenser with fan motor with blade
3. Expanssion device- Capillary
4. Hand shut off valve – 3/8”
5. Filter - Drier – Make : UNIWEL
6. Energy meter – Make : BENTEX , Type: ac 1 ph, 2 wire static
7. Pressure/ compound gauges
8. Digital temperature indicator ( -50° to +199.9°C)
9. Thermocouples – k type (Cr/Al)
11. Refrigerant R-134-A
12. Evaporator coil placed inside the duct
13. Finned heaters for de-humidification process with electronic dimmers
14. Boiler for producing steam for humidification process
DESCRIPTION:
This condensing unit is a laboratory model, portable – trolley mounted, housed on a MS square tube
frame with powder – coated metallic platform to give elegant finish.
The compressor is fitted on the platform with fan- cooled condenser. An MS duct is provided with
blower and the evaporator coil. Finned heaters are provided before and after the evaporator for de-
humidification process with electronic dimmer and a pressure cooker used as steam generator for
producing steam for humidification process.
Figure 11 Experimental Condensing Unit
THEORY:
This system works on vapour compression refrigeration cycle.
The standard vapour compression cycle consist of following processes.
2. Process 2-3 represents reversible heat rejection at constant pressure, de-preheating and
condensation.
3. Process 3-4 represents irreversible constant enthalpic expansion from saturated liquid to
the evaporator pressure.
4. Process 4-1 represents reversible heat addition at constant pressure (evaporation to
saturated vapour)
The refrigerant such as R-12, R-22,R-134a (Commercially known as freons) are used as
working medium because of their properties which are required as refrigeration cycles.
PSYCHOMETRY & PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES:

Atmospheric air always contains water vapour & water vapour plays an important role in comfort air
conditioning. The sciences which deals with study of the behaviour of air & water vapour mixture is
known as psychrometric. The properties of water vapour & air mixture are known as psychrometric
properties.
FOLLOWING ARE SOME PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES:

Dry Air: The dry air is considered as a mixture of nitrogen & oxygen neglecting the small percentages
of other gases. The volumetric composition of air is 79% nitrogen & 21% oxygen & the molecular
weight of dry air is taken as 29 approximately.
Moist Air: It is a mixture of dry air & water vapour. The quantity of water vapour present in the air
depends upon the temperature of the air & its quantity may change from zero to maximum (maximum
quantity of water vapour in air at particular temperature of air is the saturation capacity of air).
Water Vapour: The water vapour present in air is known as moisture & its quantity in air is an
important factor in all air- conditioning systems.
The mixture of air & water vapour at a given temperature is said to be saturated, when it contains
maximum amount of water vapour that it can hold. If the temperature of mixture of air & water vapour
is above the saturation temperature of the water vapour, the vapour Is called super heated vapour.
Dry Bulb Temperature: The temperature of air measured by ordinary thermometer is known as dry
bulb temperature.
Wet Bulb Temperature: The temperature measured by the thermometer when its bulb is covered
with wet cloth & is exposed to a current of moving air is known as wet bulb temperature. The
difference between the dry bulb & wet bulb temperature is known as wet bulb depression. Wet bulb
depression becomes zero when the air is fully saturated.
Dew – Bulb Temperature: The temperature of the air is reduced by continuous cooling than
the water vapour in the air will start condensing at a particular temperature. The temperature at which
the condensing starts is known as dew point temperature. DEW POINT TEMPERATURE is equal
to the steam table saturation temperature corresponding to the actual partial pressure of the water
vapour in the air. The difference between dry bulb temperature and dew point temperature is known
as dew point depression.
Specific humidity (Humidity ratio): It is the mass of water vapour present per kg of dry air. It is given
in grams per kg of dry air.
Absolute humidity : The weight of water vapour present in unit volume of air is known as absolute
humidity.
Relative Humidity : The relative humidity is defined as the ratio of actual mass of water vapour in
a given volume to the mass of water vapour if the air is saturated at the same temperature.
Sensible heat of air : The quantity of heat which can be measured by measuring the dry bulb
temperature of the air is known as sensible heat.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART:
A chart which shows the inter relation of all the important properties like relative humidity WBT,
Specific volume enthalpy , DBT, specific humidity is known as psychrometric chart. ( The chart
enclosed)
PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES:
SENSIBLE COOLING:
The process of cooling of air without subtraction of moisture is termed as sensible cooling.
This can be achieved by passing the air over cooling coil like evaporating coil of the refrigerant cycle.
COOLING WITH DEHUMIDIFICATION OF AIR:
The removal of water vapour from the air is termed as dehumidification of air. This is only
possible if the air is cooled below dew point temperature of air. By heating (geater 1) inlet air by
using electrical heaters the quantity of the water vapour presented in the inlet air will be reduced. This
is essential for dehumidification. We can also remove some more amount of water vapour presented
in the air after it passing through the cooling coil (evaporator) with the help of heater 2 (if needed).
COOLING WITH HUMIDIFICATIONS:
Adding of water vapour to the air as termed as humidification. This can be obtain by adding steam to
the air at inlet of cooling coil. When air is passed thr4ough a spray chamber , part of water will be
evaporator and is carried with air, thus increasing the specific humidity . the heat required the
evaporator of the water vapour carried with the air is taken fro9m the air it self by decreasing the
temp of air and total enthalpy of air remain constant.
WDB1 = Wet & Dry bulb temp. of air @ inlet of duct.
WDB2 = Wet & Dry bulb temp. of air @ inlet of evaporator
WDB3 = Wet & Dry bulb temp. of air @ outlet of evaporator
11. Plug in the mains card of the system.
12. Switch ON the DP switch so that the digital panel meters indicator corresponding readings.
13. Switch ON the condenser fan and blower (CF and EF)
14. Start the system by switching ON the Compressor
15. Allow air to flow through the air conditioning chamber/duct and let it stablize for few
minutesw.
16. Record T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 P1,P2,t and rota meter rading. Also note down DBT and WBT at
inlet and outlet
17. Take 3-4 reading for every 10 min
18. FOR HUMIDIFICATION OPERATION :
e. Fill the water through water inlet valve to the cooker/boiler about half to ¾ and close the
valve
f. Switch ON the boiler heater for about 45 to 60 min
g. When stem is formed, allow it to flow about min (say 10 min)
h. Record DBT and WBT at inlet and outlet
19. FOR DEHUMIDIFICATION OPERATION
e. Swith on the air heater switches
f. Vary the electronic dimmer upto the corresponding indicator glows
g. Allow it for few mins
h. Record DBT and WBT at inlet and outlet
20. Then switches off air heaters/ boliers , compressor, and about 5min switch off CF,EF and
main
EXPERIMENT NO 12
AIR-WATER HEAT PUMP TRAINER
AIM:
To conduct performance test on Vapour Compressor type air –water heat pump to find out co-
efficient of performance (COP) and to study the performance under various conditions of condensers
and evaporators
SYSTEM COMPONENTS:
01.Compressor-makes:EMERSON,Model :KCN411LAGB230
02.water cooled condenser & evaporator-1set
03.Air cooled condenser and evaporator-1set
04.Expansion Device-Capillary
05. Hand shut off valves -1/4”
06. Filter Drier –makes:UNIWEL type:DM-50
07. Energy meter-make:BENTEX Type:EM124,3200 imp/kwh,5-20amps,
08.Pressure/compound gauges
09. Digital temperature indicator -50 to +199.9o C
10.Thermocouple selector switch
11.Thermocouples-k type(Cr/Al)
12. Lp/Hp cutout
14. Water rotameter 150cc/sec for evaporator and condenser
15.Sump tank=400mmx300mm made of stainless steel
16.AC Tullu-TUF-50 pump for water flow
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus is a laboratory scale working model of air water heat pump unit,portable trolley
mounted ,housed on a MS square tube with powder coated metallic control panel to give elegant
finish
The compressor is fitted at the platform with a cooling fan, air cooled and water cooled condensors
and evaporators are provided with essential accessories like blowers, water rotameters and control
valves. Capillary system is used as an expansion device, separate energy meters are provided to
measure power consumption of compressors and blowers a suitable SS sump tank is provided with
float valve for water supply to water cooled condenser and evaporator.\
Figure 12 Air Water Heat Pump Test Rig
THEORY:
Heat flow in the direction of decreasing temperature,i.e. ,from high temperature regions to those at
low temperature. This heat transfer process occurs naturally.The reverse process, however ,cannot
occure without some expenditure of work.devices which is use workto transfer thermal energy from
a low temperature region to a high temperature region are kown as refrigerators or heat
pumps.Refrigerators are used to cool a region transferring the thermal energy from a cold region to a
warm region. Heat pumps are used to warm region-transfering thermal energy from a cold region to
a warm region
Refrigerator and heat pumps are cyclic devices the workin fluid is used in the refrigeration cycles is
called “refrigerants”.
The performance of refrigerator or heatpump is exprtessed in terms of the coefficient of performance

(COP),which is defined as energy sought devided by the energy cost
For a refrigeration cycle the energy sought is cooling(QL), and energy cost(Wc) is the compressor
work ,
COP= =
The energy sought for heat pump is heating(QH) so
COP= =
The cooling capacity of refrigeration system- that is ,the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated
space is often expressed in terms of tons of refrigeration
SIMPLE VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE

The vapour compression refrigeration cycle is the most widely used cycle for refrigerators
and air conditioning systems the simplest ideal cycle consists of four processes as shown in figure
Process 1-2: isentropic compression of the refrigerant
Process 2-3: isothermal heat rejection in condenser
Process 3-4: isentropic throttling process
Process 4-1: isothermal heat absorption in evaporator
REFRIGERATOR AND HEAT PUMP OBJECTIVES

The objective of refrigerator is to remove heat (QL) from cold medium and the objective of heat pump
is to supply heat(QH) to warm system
Refrigerator used for purpose of heating a space by transferring by a heat from a cooler medium are
called heat pumps
Co-Efficient of Performance:
The performance of refrigerators and heat pump is expressed in terms of Co-Efficient of Performance
is defined as,
COPR= =
COPHP= =

condensation.
Process 1-2 is the compression process where in mechanical work is to be

supplied to a compressor. This is the quantity to be spent. Process 4-1 represents the
useful refrigeration effect. The index of performance is defined as coefficient of
performance.(not as efficiency, as for heat engines),process 2-3 represents the heat
rejection in the system.
COP of refrigeration is defined as follows: (Theretical)
COPR= = =
COPHP= = =
Carnot COP
A Carnot refrigeration cycle consist of all reversible process. It will have the highest co-efficient of
Carnot COPR = =
Carnot COPHP = =
T= temperature in kelvin.
**Note: Carnot cycle COP depends only on condenser and evaporator temperatures Carnot is an
ideal cycle. It cannot be constructed in practice. However it is used as a guideline for comparison.
T1= temperature of refrigerant at inlet of compressor.
T2= temperature of refrigerant at outlet of compressor.
T3= temperature of refrigerant at outlet of condenser.
T4= temperature of refrigerant at outlet of expansion device.
T5= temperature of inlet water.
T6= temperature of outlet water from condenser.
T7= temperature of outlet water from evaporator.
T8= temperature of outlet air from condenser.
T9= temperature of outlet air from evaporator.
T10= ambient temperature.
OPERATING PROCEDURE/INSTRUCTIONS:
11. Switch on the mains through the DP switch.
12. Fill the sump with known quantity of water and control the flow with float valve.
13. Switch on pump and allow water to flow to the evaporator and condenser through respective
rotameters with the help of flow control valve.
14. Select the type of condenser and evaporator by operating appropriate valves provided.
15. Note down the initial set of readings.
16. Switch on condenser and evaporator fan or allow water to water cooled condenser and
evaporator (depending on the selection of condenser/evaporator).
17. Switch ON compressor.
18. Allow the system to run for a known time (10 or 20 minutes for steady state).
19. Note down and tabulate all the readings like temperatures, pressures, rotameter, air flow
readings.
20. Repeat the experiment for different type of condenser/evaporator, flow rates of water.
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
ICE PLANT TUTOR (20KG/Day)
AIM:
To conduct performance test on Vapour Compression type Ice plant tutor and to find out co-efficient
of performance (COP)
SYSTEM COMPONENTS/SPECIFICATION:
Plant Capacity:20kg of ice in 24 hrs,in blocks
1.Compressor:-make:Tecumseh,Model:TWB1390YGS(oil charge)
2.Air Cooler Condenser:10”*11”*3rows
3.Fan motor with blade:1/10 HP
4.Expransion Device-Capillary
5.Rotameter(R134A)-0.62 to 62 LPH
6.Filter Drier-make:INDFOS,Type:DM-50
7.Energy meter-make:BENTEX,Input:3200imp/Kwh,5-20amps
8.Termostat
9.Pressure/compound gauge:For HP-LP Measurement
10.DigitalTemprature Indicator:-50 to +199.0 c
11.Thermocouples :K type (Cr/Al)-5 nos
12.LP/HP cutout:MP15(Dan Foss)
13.Refrigeration:R-134a
14:Brine solution :calcium Chloride(10Kg,Approx.)
15.Insulation for Brine tank:Bitumen& thermo cole about 50mm thickness
16. Brine tank:610mm*410mm made of stainless steel,304 grade
17.Ice Can :GI cans of 1liter capacity-4 nos
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus is a laboratory scale working model of a Refrigeration cycle unit protable-trolley
mountermounted,housed on a MS angles with Powdercoated metallic ice cabin and control panel to
give elegant finish
The compressor is fitted at the bottom side of the plateform with an air cooled condenser with fan
motor. The evaporator coil made of copper pipe of 3/8” dia and about 80feet long is coiled and placed
inside the brine tank which is insulated with bitumen and thermocole at outside with thickness of
50mm for proper thermal insulation.
The rotameter, thermostat, capillary, pressure gauge ,HSV, Energy meter and digital temp indicator
with selector switch are mounted on the control panel.
Figure 13 Ice Plant Tutor
PRINCIPLE OF ICE PRODUCTION:

The conventional compression refrigeration system is commonly used for ice production .yhe indirect
method of cooling is use for ice production the brine is cooled first in the evaporator and then it is
circulated around the ice can which contain the water the brine is continuously circulated around the
can till the water is in the can is converted in to ice and then cans are lifted from the brine tank
DIFFERENT SYSTEM OF ICE MANUFACTURE:
1. Can ice system
2. Plant ice system
THEORY:
The principal parts are shown on diagram and path of the refrigerant flow is also shown on the
diagram the pressure is maintained at different levels in two parts of the system by the expansion
valve(high side float valve ).The function of the expansion valve is to allow the liquid refrigerant
under high pressure to pass at a controlled rate in to the low pressure part of the system .Some of the
liquid evaporates passing through the expansion valve but greater portion is vapourised in the
evaporator at low pressure
(low temprature).The liquid refrigerant absorbs its latent heat of vapourisation from the air ,water or
the other material which is being cooled the function of compressor is to increase the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant above atm. We should be ready to dissipate its latent heat in the
condenser. In passing through the condenser the refrigerant gives up the heat which is absorbed in
the evaporator plus the heat equivalent of the workdone up on it by the compressor this heat is
transferred to the air or water which is used as cooling medium in the condenser
THE STANDARD VAPOUR COMPRESSOR CYCLE CONSISTS OF

FOLLOWING PROCESS:
1.Process ,1-2 represents reversible adiabatic compression from saturated vapour to the condenser
pressure or superheated vapour
2.Process 2-3 Represents reversible heat rejection at constant pressure depreheating and condensation
3.Process 3-4 represents irreversible constant enthalpy expansions from saturated liquid to the
evaporator pressure
4.Process4-1 Represents reversible heat addition at constant Pressure (Evaporation to saturated

vapour)
The refrigerants such as R12,R22,R134a(Commertially Known as freons)
Are used as working medium because of there properties which are required as refrigeration cycle
PERFORMANCE OF STANDARD VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE:

Process 1-2 is the compression process wher in Mechanical work is to be supplied to a compressor
This is the quantity to be spend
Process 4-1 represents the usefull refrigeration effect.the index of performance is defined as
coefficient of performance
1 T1=Temp of refrigerant @ inlet compressor
2 T2=Temp of refrigerant @ outlet compressor
3 T3=Temp of refrigerant @ outlet of condensor

4 T4=Temp of refrigerant @ outlet Expansion
5 T5=Temp of brine in brine Tank
PROCEDURE FOR MAKING BRINE SOLUTION:

1 Check the pressure readings in both pressure and compound and compound gaudes .
2.Fill the water in to the brine tank till half
3.Check the stirrer/agitator blade is workin and switch it ON.
4. Put ON the main DP switch
5.Switch on the condenser fan
6.Switch on the condenser by using thermostat then the compressor will start.
7.Allow water to cool for 10c, it will take (Approx. 2hrs )then mix the 10kg of Calcium Chloride
(cacl2) with water. Now stir it properly and then the solution is ready for ice production
8.Potato test:
Density of the brine solution in the brine tank can be checked by dropping a potato in to the solution.
If the brine is weak , then the potato will remain at bottom.If it is strong then the potato will
immediately come to the top surface
9.Add 5Kg of cacl2 for the same solution at regular intervals(1 year)
1.Put ON mains,stirrer,and condenser fan,respectively.
2.Now the temperature Indicator will show various temp.at various points from 1 to 5 by rotating the
TSS knob.
3.Now switch on the compressor by using thyermostat
4.Allow the Brine to cool for -15c .To achieve this temp, it will take approximately 8-
10hrs.(Depending on ambient temp and power)
5. For COP calculation ,take one set of reading in between the process,@10c.
6.Next fill the water in the ice cans 1”below level from the top by Knowing its quantity & then insert
all the ice cans to the plant & close the doors
After about 2 ½ hrs,ice will form in the cans ,then remove ice from the cans by pouring water on
the cans by keeping it upright direction. Then Measure the quantity of ice produced in 2 ½ hours then
calculate for full day

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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR (C.G.)

REFRIGERATION AND AIR

A Domestic / household Refrigerator of VEDIOCON make is fitted on the frame containing,

The standard vapour compression cycle consist of following process:

Performance of standard vapour compression cycle:

Compressor Expansion Device

The standard vapour compression cycle consists of following process:

Performance of standard vapour compression cycle:

Process 1-2 is the compression process where Mechanical work is to be supplied(usually in

C.O.P is defined as follows: (theoretically)

Useful refrigeration (output)

Difference between Carnot cycle and Standard vapour compression cycle

Let p1, p2 be pressure,

These are to be found out from relevant p-h chart

1. (h2-h1) denotes the compressor work input

The standard vapour compression cycle consist of following process:

Performance of standard vapour compression cycle:

C.O.P. is defined as follows: (Theoretical)

Difference between Carnot cycle and Vapour Compression cycle

Let P1, P2 be pressure,

These are to be found out from the relevant p-h chart.

1. (h2-h1) denotes compressor work input.

To find out co-efficient of performance (COP) of the unit

To chill the brine solution to lower temperature

Input – 3200 imp / kph, 5-20 amps

Cold room: 480 mm 480mm 450 mm (LBH)= 100 litres

19. Condenser fan – make: ROLL WELL MOTORS

Figure 4 Experimental Cold Storage Plant

Block diagram of vapour compression cycle

The standard vapour compression cycle consists of following process:

1. Process-2 represents reversible adiabatic compression from saturated vapour to condenser

Performance of standard vapour compression cycle

C.O.P. is defined as follows (theoretical)

1. T1 = temp. Of refrigerant @ inlet of compressor

These are to be found for relevant p-h chart

1. (h2-h1) denotes compressor work input

Gross Volume: 41 litres

Man Operation: 220-240 volts AC

Energy Consumption: 1.07 Kwhr

Ammeter: 0-10 Ampere AC

Temperature Indicator: - 50 to + 199.9 degree C

TSS: Thermocouple selector switch (9 way)

Thermocouple: K Type (Cr-Al)

Toggle switches for heater and condenser fan

MAXIMUM COP OF IDEAL ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Figure 5 Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Trainer

WORKING PRINCIPLE (VARS- 245𝑵𝑯𝟑 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶)

2. Put the main switch ON

3. Now the digital panel meter display their respective readings

4. Now Switch ON the heater and condenser

5. Heater ON/OFF durations (automatic)

OFF for 10 seconds

7. Check the temperature @different points using TSS

10. Check the quantity of water collected with respect to time.

The standard vapour compression cycle consist of following processes-

1. Process 1 -2 represents reversible adiabatic compression from saturated vapour to condenser

The refrigerants such as R12,R22,R134a(commercially known as Freons) are used as working

The air-conditioning system are broadly classified into two groups

The comfort air-conditioning system are subdivided into three groups ;

PSYCHROMETRY AND PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES

FOLLOWING ARE SOME PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES

COOLING WITH DEHUMIDIFICATION OF AIR: