Assignment:

CRITICALLY EVALUATE HOW PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES

MAY INFLUENCE VACCINATION UPTAKE. CRITICALLY DISCUSS
RELEVANT THEORATICAL FRAMEWORKS TO SUPPORT YOUR
ARGUMENT

Submitted to:

Submitted by:

Submission date:

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Table of Content
Part 1:

Rationale of study……………………………………………………………………Page 3

Background details…………………………………………………………...…....... Page 4

Theory/ Model………………………………………………………………………. Page 5

Aims and Objectives…………………………………………………………………. Page 6

Part 2:

Methodology…………………………………………………………………….…Page 7

Response rate………………………………………………………………………. Page 8

Research Design…………………………………………………………………. Page 8-9

Data collection methods…………………………………………………………. Page 10

Strength and Weakness of methods……………………………………………. Page 10-11

Part 3:

Results/Findings …………………………………………………………………. Page 12

Limitations………………………………………………………………………... Page 13

References………………………………………………………………………. Page 14-15

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Title of Paper:

CRITICALLY EVALUATE HOW PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES

MAY INFLUENCE VACCINATION UPTAKE. CRITICALLY DISCUSS
RELEVANT THEORATICAL FRAMEWORKS TO SUPPORT YOUR
ARGUMENT

Part 1:

RATIONALE OF STUDY

Vaccination is one of the twentieth century's major triumphs, but public-health issues such as
inadequate, delayed, and unpredictable vaccination uptake remain. Where vaccines are
available and cheap, psychology offers three general ideas for understanding and intervening
to enhance adoption. The first hypothesis is that positive emotions and thoughts can drive
people to become vaccinated. Hundreds of research have found that the absence of
confidence in immunization viability and security concerns are connected to not getting
inoculated. Getting vaccinated is connected to hazard sees and expected lament with respect
to irresistible infection. We were amazed to see that few experimental studies have succeeded
in changing people's attitudes and beliefs regarding vaccines, and those that did were only
slightly helpful in raising vaccine uptake.

Hypothesis no 2 is that accepted practices are related to inoculation; few studies have
investigated whether standardizing messages increment immunization take-up. Many
investigations have utilized speculative situations to show that mindful and free riding (i.e.,
exploiting others' security) can affect future conduct however, scarcely any test review have
tried systems to change social cycles to build vaccination take-up.

These mediations expand on existing useful goals by advancing activity (via reminders,
prompts, and primes) and eliminating obstacles to vaccine uptake, according to the third
hypothesis. While defining standards for evolving attitudes and feelings to drive vaccination
is still a work in progress, psychological concepts may now be used to develop policies and
systems that directly facilitate action.[ CITATION Noe18 \l 1033 ]

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In this study two psychological variables have been discussed:

 Perceived Susceptibility
 Anticipated regret

Was sufficient background information for the study is provided?

In this article, the background is not properly described. The author must focus on
vaccination, describing why it is vital and how it affects people's psychological behavior. The
significance of vaccination was not highlighted in the background, which is a crucial issue to
discuss here to inform readers about why vaccination is necessary. Why do some people
refuse to get vaccinated?

Did the author clearly explain why the study was important?

Neither author made a clear statement about why this study was done or how important it
was. The author just used the term "theoretical framework," but we couldn't locate any
framework or hypothesis in the paper to back it up. The author did not provide any
information regarding the psychological and behavioral models that should have been
included in the study. The literature is so limited that it fails to clarify every issue that is
essential to the topic. In this study, the author must explain the significance of vaccination
and why it is vital, as well as the reasons why people do not desire to be vaccinated. Is there a
behavioral or psychological aspect, or is there another reason? The purpose of a literature
review is to explain vaccine behavior.

We couldn't discover any information about people's attitudes toward vaccination in this
study. In the study, there are no figures or tables that illustrate how many people are aware of
the need for vaccination and how many are vaccinated. How many people refuse to get
vaccinated? Is there a unique reason for them to say no, or are they uninformed about
vaccination?

Women are the main topic of this article, and solely women's issues are discussed. Why?
Males must be discussed as a target audience in this study because they are also included in
psychological and behavioral factors. This topic will cover both genders.

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Was the study based on psychological theory/models?

The psychological model was not the focus of this study. In this study author discussed two
psychological variables:

 Perceived susceptibility
 Anticipated regret

Figure 1: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/6/3247/htm

 Perceived Susceptibility:

Many families do not choose to vaccinate their children knowingly. This decision is framed
by a range of perceptions and beliefs . In the event that normal kid inoculation rates are to
increase., public health messages about vaccines must be based on data about the factors that
influence vaccination rates. The author must perform a systematic review to examine the

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psychological, social, and contextual aspects that influence vaccine uptake. Studies were
considered if they included studies of the relationship between psychological factors and
vaccination uptake, as well as parental self-reported reasons for or against vaccination.
Uptake of vaccines and a lack of belief that vaccines cause side effects, as well as While there
was solid proof for a connection among inoculation and saw vulnerability to infection, there
was little proof for a connection among immunization and saw the seriousness of sickness.
Information on the immunization, social impacts, and faith in the medical services calling is
on the whole factors connected to inoculation. [ CITATION Lou17 \l 1033 ]

 Anticipated regret:

Although vaccination programs concern varies depending on knowledge and personal

experience, studies have revealed that the hidden reason remains consistent: fear that
vaccination (and additionally their added substances) are perilous, will communicate the
contamination against which they are intended to secure, or that getting the "regular" sickness
is some way or another better. Many parents find vaccination to be an emotional problem
because selecting to vaccinate is a conscious action engaging the child. Failure to vaccinate a
child, on the other hand, leads to a youngster contracting an illness that could have been
avoided.[ CITATION Yai16 \l 1033 ]

Aims and Objective of Research:

The purpose of this research is to explore psychological variables that can effect on intake of
vaccination moreover, over 30% of one’s physical and emotional well-being, just as absolute
prosperity, is impacted by health behaviors. Changing one's behavior, however, is
challenging. This research focuses on the psychological and behavioral models to implement
the concept of health behavior. Second, it provides an overview of some of the most often
utilized techniques to the development of psychological models, which provides insight into
how it affects behavior.[ CITATION Sar20 \l 1033 ]

Were the aims and objectives focused?

The goals and objectives of this research are not clearly stated, and the author overlooks some
key aspects that should be explored in this study.

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Part 2:

METHODOLOGY

How were participants recruited to this study (sampling method -

purposive, opportunity, snowball)? How were they approached (email, face
to face, telephone)? Could these factors have introduced a sampling bias?

The authors of this paper indicate that they conducted a qualitative study on this topic.
However, researchers cannot conduct exclusively qualitative studies. Quantitative techniques
can also be used to obtain information. The secondary source of data collection (books,
magazines, websites, blogs, and research papers) is the primary source of data collection.
And, for primary data collecting, a questionnaire survey can be created using Google Forms
and Survey Monkey, and the author can fill out the forms and send them to the respondents
online, reducing the strain of going from person to person. However, the author can conduct
interviews or use the face-to-face dialogue method to obtain primary data to support the
work.

 Purposive sampling technique:

Unvaccinated individuals who claim that they will either certainly or probably get vaccinated
'one day' or that they will probably not get vaccinated are given top priority because their
attitudes are symbolic of the non-vaccinated population. This is performed by asking the
following screening question during the recruitment process:

"Which of the following statements best describes your vaccination attitude?"

(1) I will undoubtedly get vaccinated;

(2) I will almost certainly get vaccinated;

(3) I will almost certainly not get vaccinated;

(4) I will undoubtedly not get vaccinated."[ CITATION Ana20 \l 1033 ]

 Opportunity sampling technique:

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(McLeod) express that when people from the objective gathering are accessible right now and
ready to take part, this testing technique is utilized. It depends on reasonableness.

A chance example is assembled by inquiring as to whether they would take part in your
review. This is a basic and speedy strategy for choosing members (advantage)

It probably won't be a delegate test, and it very well may be controlling. drawback).

 Snow ball sampling technique:

An essential information source selects other potential information sources who will want to
take part in the exploration concentrates on utilizing this testing technique. The snowball
inspecting approach is reference - based, and it is through proposals that a specialist can get
an example. Subsequently, this technique is otherwise called chain-reference inspecting.
[ CITATION Sno \l 1033 ]

Snowball sampling techniques are approached face to face conversation, email and telephone
calls. These factors were not mentioned in sampling techniques.

What was the response rate? How many people dropped out? Reasons?

The author does not specify the number of people who were involved in the sampling
process; instead, they just name women as their sample population. This paper sample
technique targets both males and females. The exact figure isn't given.

What was the research design? (e.g. systematic review, cross-sectional,

longitudinal, experimental, observational). What are the strengths and
weaknesses of this research design?

In this study, the author did not use an appropriate research design and instead used a cross-
sectional method. The longitudinal approach is the ideal method that the author should use.
The cross-sectional technique is ineffective.

Pros and Cons of Cross-sectional study:

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Cross-sectional analysis is helpful for verifying or disproving assumptions. It is not expensive
and does not take a long time to complete. At the time of the data snapshot, it requires a
specific point in time and contains numerous variables. The data can be used in a variety of
studies. Numerous realities and results can be analyzed to foster new speculations, studies, or
inside and out studies. Cross-sectional research cannot be used to examine behavior over time
and cannot be used to identify cause and effect. It creates uncertainty when it comes to
funding sources. While preparing sample methods, researchers may encounter some
difficulties. This is the weakness of this paper this method is not useful for this paper.

The author must use a method of sampling that is longitudinal and systematic. Longitudinal
method adoption is compulsory for this research. There is no strength present in the paper
related to this method a significant fault in the paper. Another major flaw in this paper is that
the author does not describe the data collection timeframe, and the age range selected for
sampling is inappropriate. The longitudinal and systematic technique would benefit the
researcher in this work in the following ways:

A longitudinal report could give novel understanding that wouldn't scrape by some other
way. Specialists can utilize this methodology to look at changes all through time. While
analyzing improvement and life span challenges, longitudinal methodologies are
exceptionally viable. Analysts can explore how explicit things change during life and analyze
a portion of the purposes behind these formative changes. Longitudinal research can be
costly. It takes an unusually long time and is frequently fairly costly. Participants may
withdraw from the study at any moment, reducing the sample size and reducing the amount
of data collected.   Participants may quit out for a variety of reasons, including relocation,
illness, or a lack of willingness to participate. A longitudinal research can yield a wealth of
data on a subject. These investigations can be costly, time-consuming, and difficult to carry
out, but the knowledge they provide is important.[ CITATION Ken20 \l 1033 ]

The Systematic method can be viewed as a reliable wellspring of information, particularly

when they are top-notch surveys that incorporate every significant concentration thus limiting
predisposition. The adoption of a systematic strategy for selecting research for the review
minimizes statistics.  The replicability of the systematic review is improved by the
transparency of the methodology and search strategy. Secondary information (such as

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government studies and policy documents) is frequently left out, which can lead to
unbalanced perspectives. This type of review is more comprehensive than others.[ CITATION
Gou17 \l 1033 ]

The author has only collected data from secondary sources there are so many gaps in this
paper. It should be critically examined by the methods discussed below.

What data collection methods were used (e.g. questionnaires, interview

guides)? What are the strengths and weaknesses of these methods?
(Questionnaires undergone reliability and validity testing? Face validity of
measure for research questions. Interview topic guide piloted?). For a
systematic review think about what resources were used (e.g. databases
journal articles) and which search terms were (and were not) used etc.

The author used both primary and secondary resources to perform this study. Questionnaires
were created using Google Forms and Survey Monkey, and they were sent to participants via
email and other social media channels. Nearly 12 papers were evaluated for secondary
research, and data were obtained from their abstracts, literature, and methods. Books,
journals, websites, blogs, and research publications are among the secondary sources used in
this study. The information was not gathered from Wikipedia or other unreliable sources by
the author.

Strength and Weakness of primary method of data collection:

Strengths - Acquiring primary data is a dependable method because the researcher knows the
procedures, how it was obtained, and analyzed because they did it themselves. Also, there is a
good chance it'll be more up- to -date. It is one of the best types of data to acquire for
research methods such as surveys because it comes directly from the target group.

Weaknesses - Researchers might be abstract in the sorts of information they look for to test a
theory. The information should be acquired from the underlying idea, which requires
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choosing an enormous enough populace to make the example believable and generally
material, just as the capacity to gather an immense measure of information. It is generally
costlier and more devouring than acquiring optional information

Strength and Weakness of Secondary data collection method:

Strength:

Secondary data collection is generally currently purged and kept in an electronic

arrangement, the specialist might invest their energy assessing the information rather than
investing time setting up the information for examination. At this scale, longitudinal
information is especially helpful. For extensive, expanded timeframes, the public authority
might have been gathering records on a solitary populace. Rather than dedicating that time,
the scientist has saved long stretches of work by utilizing public information from the public
authority to embrace optional information investigation.

Weakness:

The weakness of utilizing secondary information investigation is that the optional

informational collection may not in every case completely answer the analyst's particular
examination question. An auxiliary informational index may not contain the precisely explicit
data that would permit the analyst to answer their inquiry assuming a specialist embarks to
direct a review considering a quite certain inquiry

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Part 3:

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

What were the main findings? Do the results answer the research
questions/objectives? Are the conclusions that the authors made based on
the results presented?

According to the author, psychological variables such as Anticipated regret and Perceived
susceptibility have an impact on vaccination uptake for the HPV vaccine. As a result, the
TPB and HBM appear to be appropriate frameworks for analyzing this behavior. However,
both models overlook the importance of external influences, whose significance cannot be
underestimated. Numerous social variables, such as media exposure, cultural differences, and
even financial constraints, are proven to have an impact, suggesting that the environment in
which vaccination uptake happens must be examined. Because the sample population is not
clearly defined and the author has chosen only women as their target market, it is impossible
to analyses the exact results in this research. If the researcher reconsidered the sampling
population, data gathering would be easier and the results would be more beneficial.

How useful are the findings from the study? (think about implications of
the findings for developing knowledge/ existing theory and implications for
practice/interventions).

 When we looked at the sample population in this study, we noticed that the age range
of women picked was not the acceptable age group for collecting samples, and data
was obtained from just 15-20 women, which is not the recommended sample size.
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  While collecting samples, the author should focus on gender, age, and level of
education.
 In the absence of large health policy measures like those executed in achieving high
rates of HPV vaccination will require a multi-level, multi-faceted approach. It will be
crucial to focus on HCP education regarding HPV vaccination indications and
methods for effectively communicating with parents and patients about the safety and
advantages of vaccination as well as the hazards associated with non-vaccination.
[ CITATION Gre13 \l 1033 ]

What questions did the research study leave unanswered?

The author's publication did not describe the theoretical framework, and the sampling
population and techniques were also lacking, therefore additional research was purely
qualitative. For a critical review, the author used Michelle Onion's method, which was not
presented in-depth or fully analyzed. The conclusion of this study does not provide clear
answers to the paper's questions. The topic's question was how psychological variables
affected vaccination uptake, which was not critically examined in this research.

Were the limitations of the study fully addressed (e.g. potential sources of
bias)?

 No, the study's limitations are not fully addressed, and the limitations described by the
author are not helpful nor accurate in relation to the situation. They must be able to
explain the challenges they are experiencing while conducting their research.

 The sample population and the sources from which data was acquired, the author did
not use adequate methodologies, therefore the results are likewise unsatisfactory.

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References
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Brewer, N. T., & B., G. (2018). Increasing Vaccination: Putting Psychological Science Into
Action. Psychological Science in the Public Interest .

Burns, V. E., Drayson, M., Ring, C., & Carroll, D. (2002). Perceived stress and psychological
well-being are associated with antibody status after meningitis C conjugate vaccination.
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Cherry, K. (2020). The Pros and Cons of Longitudinal Research. very well mind .

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Human vaccines & immunotherapeutic, 16(5), 1024-1029.
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Gough, O. a. (2017). What is a systematic literature review? Future learn.

Gregory, D. Z. (2013). Beliefs, behaviors and HPV vaccine: Correcting the myths and the
misinformation. Preventive Medicine , 414-418.

Hamama-Raz, Y. (2016). Parental regret regarding children’s vaccines. Israel Journal of

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Rubineli, S. (2020). The bases of targeting behavior in health promotion and disease
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What are some strengths and weaknesses of Primary Data. (n.d.). My Tutor.

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Wismans, A., Thurik, R., Baptista, R., Dejardin, M., Janssen, F., & Franken, I. (2021).
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