The Study on Improvement of Planning Capability in Sewerage Sector in Malaysia Final Report

proposed. In formulating catchment strategies, current and future discharged BOD5

pollution loads are calculated to show the effects of sewerage development. Figure 4.2.1
shows an example usage of BOD5 pollution load. The effect of sewerage development is
expressed as a decrease in the BOD5 pollution load.

350
BOD Discharge Pollution Load, kg/d

300

250
Pourflush
200
IST
150 Private STP
Public STP
100

50

0
Present Future

Figure 4.2.1 Example Usage of Pollution Load

The alternatives are evaluated by utilizing metrics measuring modified pollution load, such
as pollution production load per unit of area, reduction of pollution load per unit of area,
and cost per unit of reduced load. Table 4.2.1 shows the example of alternatives described
in Appendix E.

Table 4.2.1 Example Evaluation of Sewerage Alternatives

Pollution Reduction in
Reduction cost
Zone production load pollution load Alternative
Kg as BOD5/ha Kg as BOD5/ha RM/kg as BOD5
A High High High Decentralization
Decentralization or
B High Low Medium - Low
connection to another STP
C Low Low High On-site
D High High Low Connection to another STP
E Low Low Low Connection to another STP

(3) Analytical Approach for Catchment Strategies

The following scheme or steps are proposed to better analyse catchment strategies. See
Figure 4.2.2.

4-3
The Study on Improvement of Planning Capability in Sewerage Sector in Malaysia Final Report

Identify planning area

Define catchment boundaries
Identify land use and development profiles
PE forecasts
Identify alternative sewerage strategies
Technical, financial, and environmental evaluation
Select and optimize sewerage system
Staged implementation scheme

The first four steps are involved in collecting (and calculating) background information on
the catchment study area. Alternative sewerage strategies are then formulated in this step
by using background information. In the next two steps, technical, financial and
environmental evaluations of each strategy (option) are conducted. Finally, the preferred
option is implemented in phases.

Figure 4.2.2 Analytical Approach for Identification of Appropriate Sewerage and

Sludge Management Schemes

4-4
The Study on Improvement of Planning Capability in Sewerage Sector in Malaysia Final Report

(4) Local Water Conservation

When river flow is low, the risk of river dry-out exists due to the change in the discharge
point after sewage is collected at a single large STP. Therefore, introducing local water
conservation efforts is recommended to prevent dry-out of the river due to the change in the
discharge point of treated water in Section 6 Issues and Constraints. Figure 4.2.3 shows
an example of local water conservation.

Multi-Point Discharge System Centralized Discharge System

A multi-point discharge system favors a river with A centralized discharge system favors a river with
flow mostly composed of domestic sewage effluent. flow that does not rely primarily on domestic sewage
effluent.

Figure 4.2.3 Example of Local Water Conservation

(5) Sludge Management

For purposes of quantitative analysis of sludge management, typical sludge production data
and an example of sludge management alternatives are presented.

Sludge production is calculated based on the sludge generation rate as shown in Guidelines
Vol. 4. Table 4.2.2 presents the typical sludge production for mechanized plants included
in Section 5.6 Sewage Sludge Quantification.

An example of sludge management alternatives is presented in Section 7 Identification and

Assessment of Optional Sewerage Management Strategies to show how to analyse the
sludge management. Onsite and centralized strategies are explained using schematic
diagrams and financial considerations are presented (Figure 4.2.4).

4-5