CITY MONTESSORI SCHOOL

GEOGRAPHY ELP

TOPIC: WEATHRING AND

DENUDATION

NAME – HARSH VERMA 

CLASS – 9th – H 

SUBJECT TEACHER –
MRS.STUTI MA'AM

ROLL NO. - 44
           ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

FIRSTLY – I WOULD LIKE TO

THANK TO MY SUBJECT
TEACHER MRS.STUTI MISHRA
FOR GIVING US SUCH A
WONDERFUL PROJECT TO MAKE
SO THAT WE CAN KNOW MORE
ABOUT NEW THINGS.

SECONDLY – I WOULD LIKE TO

THANK MY PARENTS AND MY
BROTHER FOR HELPING ME IN
MAKING OF THIS PROJECT.
      SR NO.                                         INDEX PAGE NO.
            
  1) Cover PAGE 1 
  2)  Acknowledgement  2
  3)  Introduction 4-6
to weathering 
  4)   Types, regions and other 7-12
  topics
  5)  Introduction to denuda 13
tion
  6)    Work of river 14-25
& wind, landforms etc.
  7) Bibliography 26-27
WEATHRING
WHAT IS WEATHRING

 Weathering is a term which

describes the general
process by which rocks
are broken down at the
Earth's surface into such
things as sediments, clays,
soils and substances that
are dissolved in water.  The
process of weathering
typically begins when the
earth's crust is uplifted by
 CHARACTERIST
ICS OF
WEATHRING :-
• WEATHRING INVOLVES
DISINTEGRATION OER DECAY OF
SOLID ROCKS .
• WEATHRING AFFECTS THE SURFACE 
OF THE EARTH.
• WEATHRING CAUSES FORMATION
OF SOIL.

• WEATHRING CHANGES HARD

MASSIVE ROCKS INTO FINER
MATERIALS.
TYPES OF WEATHRING

THERE ARE MAINLY 3

TYPES OF WEATHRING :-

• PHYSICAL WEATHRING

• CHEMICAL WEATHRING

• BIOLOGICAL
WEATHRING
 CHEMICAL
  

WEATHRING

•CHEMICAL
WEATHRING IS
THE WEAKNING
AND SUBSEQUENT
DISINTEGRATION
OF ROCK BY
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS.
BIOLOGICAL WEATHRING 

•BIOLOGICAL WEATHRING
IS THE WEAKNING AND
SUBSEQUENT
DISINTEGRATION OF ROCK
BY PLANTS, ANIMALS AND
MICROBES.
   PHYSICAL
WEATHRING 

•PHYSICAL
WEATHRING IS
CAUSED BY THE
EFFECTS OF
CHANGING
TEMPERATURE ON
ROCKS, CAUSING THE
ROCK TO BREAK
APART.
                          REGIONS WITH EXAMPLES

THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR THAT AFFECTS THE PROCESS OF WEATHRING IS CLIMATE.

• EQUATORIAL CLIMATE :- - Chemical weathering mostly occurs because of the high humidity and high
temperature. 
•   Ex- Coastal Madagascar.

• Tropical climates:- Chemical weathering is dominant in the humid tropics due to the high temperatures and
ready supply of water. The high temperatures increase the rate and the water allows the introduction of the
weathering agents into rocks.
•   Ex- The Amazon Basin of Brazil
• Dry climates:- Mechanical or
physical weathering is
common in dry climates due
to high temperature. Ex-
Chihuahua desert of Mexico. 
• Temperate climates:- Warm
temperate climates have,
either seasonally or
permanently, an excess of
rainfall. This gives rise to
chemical weathering. Ex-
Central Asia. 
•  Polar climates:- Physical or
mechanical weathering is
mostly common due to frost
action is more prevalent. Ex-
Greenland.
 WHAT IS DENUDATION ?
•Denudation is the name for
the processes of erosion,
leaching, stripping, and
reducing the mainland due
to removal of material from
higher to lower areas like
valleys, river valleys, lakes
and seas with a permanent
filling of low lands.
           WORK OF RIVERS 

Factors affecting work of a river:

• Velocity of water- Erosion and

transportation are both
maximum when velocity is
high. 
•  Volume of water- The larger
the volume of water, the
greater the power of erosion
and transportation.
•  Load- The load of a river does
all the work of erosion and
deposition. The main sections
of river are: upper, middle and
lower course.
 COURSE
               UPPER
•At this stage of a river,
when it flows quickly with
lots of energy, is called a
young river. The river here
is smaller and usually has
a rapid, tumbling flow that
cuts a narrow channel
through rocky hills or
mountains. 
                              LANDFORMS

• V-shaped valley:- A V-shaped valley is a

narrow valley with steeply sloped sides that
appear similar to the letter ‘V’ from a cross-
section. 

• Waterfall:- Waterfall is a river or other body

of water's steep fall over a rocky ledge into
a plunge pool below.
     MIDDLE COURSE

•The middle course

of a river has more
energy and volume
then in the upper
course. The gradient
is more gentle and
lateral (sideways)
erosion has widened
the channel.
                               LANDFORMS

Meander:- A meander is a bend in a river

channel. Meanders form when water in the river
erodes the banks on the outside of the
channel. 
                                                       LOWER
COURSE
•In the lower course of a river, the
channel becomes much wider.The river
appears to be more peaceful in the lower
course, although it is actually flowing at
its fastest rate here.
                                 LANDFORMS

Delta:- The most important landform

produced where a river enters a body of
standing water is known as a delta.The river
divides itself into many distributaries. These
distributaries are also subdivided into mini-
distributaries.
 The movement of air over the
earth surface is known as wind it
is almost horizontal although
there is a small vertical
WORK OF WINDS :- component, wind picks up loose
debris like sand and pebbles
transports as well as deposits
them in another location. Wind
can lift and carry sand grains
away. 

Wind erosion is done Regions
and Examples in the following
ways:-
DEFLATION
HOLLOWS :- Dune
deflation hollows are
where wind
has removed sand
down to a level where a
layer of particles too
heavy for the wind to
move stabilises the
sand and prevents the
surface being lowered
further.  It's called
deflation because as
the wind blows away
the sand and dirt from
around these stones,
they settle and
it appears as if the
land's surface is gently
sinking or deflating.
SAND DUNES :-
A dune is a landform
composed of wind- or
water-driven sand. It
typically takes the form
of a mound, ridge, or
hill. Dunes form when
wind blows sand into a
sheltered area behind
an obstacle. Dunes
grow as grains of sand
accumulate. Every
dune has a windward
side and a slip face. 
BARCHANS :-

Barchan, also spelled

Barkhan, crescent-shaped
sand dune produced by the
action of wind predominately
from one direction. Barchans
usually occur as groups of
isolated dunes and may form
chains that extend across a
plain in the direction of the
prevailing wind. 
SEIFS :-

Seif, a long, narrow

sand dune or chain
of dunes, generally
oriented in a
direction parallel to
the prevailing wind
or in a direction
resulting from two or
more winds blowing
at acute angles to
each other. Most seif
dunes occur in the
open desert and rest
on a coarse sand
sheet. 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
I MADE THIS PROJECT BY THE HELP OF MY BROTHER
AND FROM BOOK.