‫مدفع رشاش‬

‫وتسمى أيضا أنبوب النفخ أو أنبوب ضربة ) هو بسيط وتراوحت سالح تتكون من أنبوب ضيق طويل ل( ‪A blowgun‬‬
‫اطالق النار الخفيفة القذائف مثل السهام ‪ .‬وهي تعمل عن طريق وضع القذيفة داخل األنبوب واستخدام القوة الناتجة عن‬
‫الزفير القسري ("النفخ") لدفع القذيفة هوائًي ا ‪ .‬قوة الدافعة محدودة بسبب قوة المستخدم عضالت الجهاز التنفسي و‬
‫‪ .‬القدرة الحيوية من على الرئتين‬

‫من قبل ياهوا صياد ‪blowgun‬مظاهرة ل‬

‫تاريخ‬
‫ الميكستيك‬blowgun Tlacalhuazcuahuitl ‫ مبين في الدستور‬Bodley

‫ جنوب شرق آسيا‬، ‫ ولكن الشعوب األصلية مختلفة من شرق آسيا‬،‫وقد استخدمت العديد من الحضارات مثل هذا السالح‬
‫ و أمريكا الجنوبية (في حوض‬،)‫ أمريكا الوسطى (و هوهوتنانغو المنطقة من غواتيماال‬، ‫ أمريكا الشمالية‬، ‫ أوروبا الغربية‬،
‫األمازون و جواناس ) ومن المعروف أفضل ل استخدامه التاريخي‬.

Projectiles include seeds, clay pellets, and darts. Some cultures dip the tip of the darts in
curare or other arrow poisons in order to paralyze the target. Blowguns were very rarely used
by these tribes as anti-personnel weapons, but primarily to hunt small animals such as
monkeys and birds. North American Cherokees were known for making blowguns from river
cane to supplement their diet with rabbits and other small creatures.

Blowguns are depicted in paintings on pre-Columbian pottery and are mentioned in many
Mesoamerican myths. Back then and today, the Maya use a blowgun to hunt birds and small
animals with spherical dry seeds and clay pellets. The clay ammunition is made slightly
larger than needed (to allow for shrinkage and refinement) and stored in a shoulderbag. The
outside of the dry clay pellet is shaved off and burnished right before use.[1]

Shorter blowguns and smaller bore darts were used for varmint hunting by pre-adolescent
boys in traditional Cherokee villages.[2] They used the blowguns to cut down on small rodents
such as rats, mice, chipmunks and other mammals that cut or gnaw into food caches, seed
and vegetable stores, or that are attracted to the planted vegetables. While this custom gave
the boys something to do around the village and kept them out of mischief,[3] it also worked
as an early form of pest control.[4] Some food was also obtained by the boys, who hunted
squirrels with blowguns well into the 20th century.[5]

Today blowguns are used with tranquilizer darts to capture wildlife or to stun caged
dangerous animals. Herpetologists use blowguns to capture elusive lizards with stun darts.
Blowguns are also used recreationally, with either darts or paintballs.

‫الرياضة المسدس‬
There are several competition styles practised around the world. A standardization of
competition style, based upon fukiya, is being pursued by the International Fukiyado
Association and hopes to become an Olympic event. It is a 10-metre (33 ft) target shooting,
using a standardized length 120 cm or 48 inch, and barrel caliber, dart shape, length and
weight are free. In each round the shooter shoots 5 darts and there are 6 rounds per game,
for a total of 30 darts. The target faces are 7 (6 cm), 5 (12 cm), 3 (18 cm) points. The bullseye
is 160 cm above the floor.

Two other styles are also being pursued to make up the Olympic blowgun event, both based
upon the Cherokee Annual Gathering Blowgun Competition. The Field Style competition is
similar to the winter Biathlon, where the shooter runs from a starting line to a target lane,
shoots and retrieves the darts, and continues to the next station. The course length varies
from 400 to 800 m (440 to 870 yd) or longer, with from 9 to 16 targets at various heights and
shooting distances. The final style is the Long Distance target shoot. The target is a circle of
24 cm (9 in) diameter, and the firing line is 20 m (66 ft) away. Three darts are fired by each
shooter, at least one of which must stick in the target. All successful shooters move to the
next round, moving back 2 m (6.6 ft) each time.

The sport blowgun competition is managed by the International Fukiyado Association, with
which national associations in the United States, France, Germany and the Philippines are
affiliated.

‫صالة عرض‬
A Dayak man using a blowgun, Dutch East Indies, circa 1920

Rivercane quiver with blowgun darts, fletched with bull thistle

Demonstration of Eastern Cherokee blowgun in Oconaluftee Indian Village, Cherokee, North
Carolina

An Achuar man with a blowgun, Ecuador

A Jakaltek Maya holds a clay pellet between his lips as he prepares to insert it into his blowgun in
Guatemala.

A Jakaltek Maya hunter aims at the eye of his target and then blows a clay pellet towards it.
 Illustration c. 1480 of Medieval Europeans using a blowgun to hunt birds.

‫مواد‬

Darts are typically made of hardwoods to prevent cracking, although bamboo skewers can be
used informally. The dart's fletch can be made of many materials, such as down, feather tips,
and animal fur. Modern materials, such as aluminium or carbon-reinforced plastic, are also
used.

In Japan, the competition darts are made of cone shaped cellophane rolled into a cone
(Fukiya), topped with a non-pointed brass brad. The Japan Sports Fukiya Association JSFA
has privatized the sport, and all materials must be purchased from them. International Fukiya
Association IFA chairman H.Higuchi promotes worldwide blowgun rule cooperating with
other countries.

In other nations, the modified piano wire is used to make the 0.40 in (10 mm) cal and 0.50 in
(13 mm) cal darts, with certain manufacturers making specialty darts for odd sized or larger
caliber barrels (0.35 in [9 mm] cal, 0.625 in [16 mm] cal, 0.68 in [17 mm] cal, and
0.75 in [19 mm] cal).

Use of home-made darts in the larger sizes, or for hunting is common, utilizing bamboo
skewers (3 and 6 mm or 1⁄8 and 1⁄4 in diameter), wire coat hangers, and even nails, or
knitting needles.

‫تحديد‬
As a primitive weapon, there are no set dimension for a blowgun's length and diameter.
However, generally there are several sizes:

1. Fukidake — diameter is 13 mm (0.51 in) cal in Japan. Tournament length is 120 cm

(47 in), but for practice one can use a 50 cm (20 in) tube. No mouthpiece is used; users
wrap their lips around the tube. International versions can be slightly more flexible,
allowing a tube of 122 cm (4 ft) and 13 mm (0.50 in) cal under IFA rules. Darts consist
of a paper cone 20 cm (8 in) long, weighing 0.8 g (3⁄100 oz).

2. Cherokee – made of river cane,[6] 2 to 3 m (6 to 9 ft). Dart is 15 to 56 cm (6 to 22 in)

long and made of locustwood or other available hardwoods such as oak, ash, maple,
walnut, etc., fletched with thistle down or rabbit fur, that provides an air seal.[7]

3. Jakaltek — wooden blowgun averages 1 m (3 ft) long with a sight placed 30 cm (12 in)
from the end. Clay pellets are the most common type of ammunition and clay is
sometimes added under the sight when the diameter of the blowgun is too thin for more
stability and a better aim.

4. Modern (US/EU) — typically has a diameter of 0.40 in (10 mm) cal, however, both the
0.50 in (13 mm) cal and 0.625 in (16 mm) cal are admitted for competitive shooting,
with restrictions on barrel length and darts dimensions/weight; with varying lengths
having distance restrictions imposed. Bell-shaped mouthpiece. Standard length limited
to 121 cm (48 in) in IFA sanctioned competition.

5. Paintball marker — made to be identical to the size of a 0.68 in (17 mm) cal paintball.

6. Sumpit — usually about 1.2 to 1.8 m (4 to 6 ft) in length and 2 to 3 cm (0.79 to 1.18 in) in
diameter. It is made from bamboo or wood, and can a single piece or two to three
pieces joined together. Metal spearheads are uniquely commonly affixed at the tip,
allowing them to also be used as stabbing weapons. They use thick short darts with
soft cork plugs or resin-coated feathers or fibers at the blunt end. Bird-hunting versions
can use clay pellets.[8][9]

‫الشرعية‬

A law was passed in Guatemala in the 1930s outlawing the use of the blowgun in an effort to
protect small game. It was difficult to enforce in rural areas, but was one of the reasons for
the decline of blowgun use in Guatemala.[10]

In the United Kingdom under the Criminal Justice Act 1988, and in Australia, the blowgun is
categorized as an offensive weapon, and as such it is illegal to manufacture, sell or hire or
offer for sale or hire, expose or have in one's possession for the purpose of sale or hire, or
lend or give to any other person. Antique blowguns are, however, exempt.[11]
In Canada, the blowgun is classified as a prohibited weapon and is defined as any device that
"being a tube or pipe designed for the purpose of shooting arrows or darts by the breath".[12]
Any imported blowgun must be deactivated by either drilling a hole or by blocking it.

In the Republic of Ireland, blowpipes (blow guns) are classified as illegal offensive
weapons.[13][14]

In the US State of California, blowguns are illegal.[15] They are also illegal in Massachusetts
and the District of Columbia, but are legal elsewhere. There is currently no age requirement
for using a blowgun.[16]

‫السهام المسمومة‬

Shooting darts with a blowgun is an extremely stealthy, and even lethal, hunting technique if
the darts are poisoned with plant extracts or animal secretions. In Guyana, Suriname, French
Guiana, some isolated areas in South America, and in the Amazon and Orinoco basins,
blowgun hunters impregnate the tips of their darts with curare. The explorer Joseph Gumilla
first mentioned the use of this poison. In ancient literature, it's also referred to as uiraêry,
uirary, uraré, woorara, and wourali.

The Ticuas, an ethnic group from Brazil, Columbia, and Peru, produce a type of curare called
Ticuna. This poison acts quickly on the prey, killing birds like the toucan in a matter of three to
four minutes and small monkeys in about eight to ten minutes.

In the Orinoco basin,[17] the blowgun and curare are used by: the Hoti, who make blowguns
that are unique in their components; the Panare, who obtain blowguns from the Hoti; the
Huottuja, or Piaroa, who get their blowguns from the Yekuana or Maquiritares; the
Maquiritare, who get their curare from the Piaroa; and the Pemones, who also get their
blowguns from the Yekuana or Maquiritares, though they make their own curare.

In the upper Rio Negro basin,[18] the combination of blowguns and poisoned darts is used by
the Curripacos, or Banivas, who make their own blowguns using technology and materials
different, in part, from those of the ethnic groups of the Orinoco. They also produce their own
curare. Their ancestors, the Waodani, used a match known as kakapa along with the curare to
impregnate the darts of their blowpipes.

The Piaroa are known for making curare to impregnate the darts of their blowguns. They
produce it beginning with extracts of different species of plants from the Strychnos genus[19]-
mainly maracure (Strychnos crevauxii)- mixed with kraraguero sap to increase the adhesion of
the poison. An animal hit by a dart poisoned using the Piaroa recipe usually dies within
fifteen minutes, depending on its body mass.
In the Philippines, Borneo, and Sulawesi, the sumpit (or sumpitan) blowgun darts are typically
coated in the sap of Antiaris toxicaria (upas) which causes convulsions and death by cardiac
arrest. Uniquely among blowguns, sumpit are also commonly tipped with metal spearheads
for use in close combat or when the ammunition is exhausted, functionally similar to
bayonets.[8][9]

The Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia use the concentrated sap of Antiaris toxicaria (Malay :
ipoh) to coat the point of their darts.[20]

‫أنظر أيضا‬

Fukiya, Japanese blowgun

Loire-style blowgun (French page)

Sumpitan (weapon)

‫مراجع‬

1. Carol Ventura. "The Jakaltek Maya Blowgun in Mythological and Historical Context", in Ancient
Mesoamerica 14.2: 257–268, 2003.

2. Cherokee, Blowgun, Bibliography (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962900055) . 2011. Contains a

brief bibliography and article on the subject of blowguns.
3. Health, Physical Education, Recreation a, and Hilliard, K. An instructor's guide to traditional Native
American games of the Eastern Band of the Cherokee: grades 5-8 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930
280498) . Middle Tennessee State University, 2014. Abstract: The purpose for this study was to
develop a guide for instructors to use in understanding and teaching traditional games of the Eastern
Band of the Cherokee. This guide is intended not only to provide an educational resource for
instructors to use in teaching how to play traditional Eastern Band of the Cherokee games, but also
as a resource to utilize in passing on historical and traditional information about each game. In
creating this study the researcher identified two major topics to be reviewed: (1) Historical
information relating to Native American culture with an emphasis on the Eastern Band of the
Cherokee and traditional games of the Eastern Band (to provide a historical background of each
game, including traditional purposes, how each game was played, traditional equipment, and other
beneficial information for instructors and students). (2) Curriculum development information (to
guide the researcher in developing the components and format for the instructor's guide). After
reviewing the historical information available through interviews and literature, three categories of
Eastern Band of the Cherokee games were found. These categories include games of skill and
dexterity; games of amusement; and games of chance. Within the games of skill and dexterity
category ten traditional Eastern Band of the Cherokee games were noted: arrow/dart throwing,
tipping, and tossing games; blowgun games; chunkey; cornstalk shooting; a hunting game; kickball;
marbles; a running game; stickball; and tug-of-war. Within the games of amusement category only
one traditional Eastern Band of the Cherokee game was noted, a string game called Crow's Feet.
Within the games of chance category there was also only one traditional Eastern Band of the
Cherokee game found, a basket dice tossing game called Jacksnap. After reviewing the curriculum
development literature, the Tennessee Instructional Model (1984) was selected for the overall design
of the instructor's guide, with the added features of photographs of traditional equipment, when
available, and lead-up activities which teach the skills necessary to play each game. By combining the
Native American historical information and curriculum development information the instructor's guide
was created, which includes an introduction to the Eastern Band of the Cherokee people and detailed
lesson plans for each traditional game. The guidebook was constructed for the developmental
characteristics of students in the fifth through the eighth grade. It is hoped that this guidebook will
serve as a tool for instructors to use in keeping alive the history and traditions of the Eastern Band of
the Cherokee games.

4. Ruehl, Ron, and Lawson S. Warren. Hayes Lossiah: Cherokee Blowgun Maker (http://www.worldcat.or
g/oclc/49193041) . Raleigh, N.C.: N.C. Dept. of Cultural Resources, 1985. Summary: This program,
set during the Cherokee fall festival in North Carolina, highlights the work of Hayes Lossiah, Cherokee
craftsman and blowgun maker. Lossiah demonstrates the construction of a traditional Cherokee
blowgun.

5. Smith, Jim "Crow". 2017. "The Modern Blowgun". The Backwoodsman (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/
12739327) "The magazine for the twentieth century frontiersman specializing in trapping,
woodslore, survival, gardening, muzzleloading & homesteading". Volume 38. September/October
2017. Pages 58–60.

6. Oosahwee-Voss, Eric. River Cane: Its Ecological and Cultural Perspectives in Oklahoma Cherokee
Culture (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/861751870) . 2012.
 7. "Cherokee Games." (http://www.cherokeeheritage.org/cherokeeheritage/cherokee_games.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100115031310/http://www.cherokeeheritage.org/cherokee
heritage/cherokee_games.html) January 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Cherokee Heritage
Center. (retrieved 19 Dec 2009)

8. Marinas, Amante P. Sr. (17 April 2012). Blowgun Techniques: The Definitive Guide to Modern and
Traditional Blowgun Techniques. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462905546.

9. "Sumpit: The Filipino blowgun" (https://www.manilatimes.net/2015/01/24/sports/sumpit-filipino-blow

gun/157871/) . The Manila Times. 24 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2021.

10. Edwin Shook. Blowguns in Guatemala. In Notes of Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, III,
no. 67, pp. 37-43. AMS Press, New York, 1946.

11. Statutory Instrument 1988 No. 2019 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1988/2019/made) The

Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons) Order 1988 (Coming into force 18 January 1989)

12. Department of Justice Canada (1998-12-01). "Part 3. Section 12." (http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/Show

Doc/cr/SOR-98-462/bo-ga:s_7::sc:1/20070529/en?page=2&isPrinting=false#codesc:1-bo-ga:l_3-gb:s
_12-se:12) . Regulations Prescribing Certain Firearms and other Weapons, Components and Parts of
Weapons, Accessories, Cartridge Magazines, Ammunition and Projectiles as Prohibited or Restricted
(SOR/98-462). Retrieved 2007-05-29.

13. "Frequently Asked Questions" (http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/FAQ) .

14. "Electronic Irish Statute Book (EISB)" (http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1991/si/66/made/en/prin

t) .

15. CA Penal Code §20010 (http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=20001-2

1000&file=20010-20015) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160307004547/http://www.legi
nfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=20001-21000&file=20010-20015#) 2016-03-07
at the Wayback Machine California Legislative Information (retrieved 01 Feb 2016)

16. "Legal and Safety Notices." United States Blowgun Association. (retrieved 19 Dec 2009) (http://usblo
wgun.com/legal.html)

17. Jett, Stephen (1991). "Further Information on the Geography of the Blowgun and Its Implications for
Early Transoceanic Contacts". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 81 (1): 89–102.
doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1991.tb01681.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1991.tb01681.x)
– via JSTOR Journals.

18. Yde, Jens (1948). "The Regional Distribution of South American Blowgun Types". Journal de la
Société des Américanistes. 37: 275–317. doi:10.3406/jsa.1948.2372 (https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjsa.
1948.2372) .

19. Duke, James (1994). Amazonian Ethnobotanical Dictionary. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

20. Endicott, Kirk M. (2008). The headman was a woman : the gender egalitarian Batek of Malaysia.
Endicott, Karen Lampell. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press. ISBN 9781577665267. OCLC 166372312 (h
ttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166372312) .
 ‫قراءة متعمقة‬

Speck, Frank G. "The Cane BlowGun in Catawba and Southeastern Ethnology" in American
Anthropologist 40:2 (Apr.-Jun., 1938), pp. 198–204.

Sustak, David. 2007. Fukiyado: The Way of the Sport Blowgun. 258 pp.

Juan F. Marino, Sumpitan - Il Grande Libro della Cerbottana (le origini, la storia, la tecnica,
lo sport), Edarc Edizioni, 2007 (only in Italian). 273 pp.

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Blow-Gun"  (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C

3%A6dia_Britannica/Blow-Gun) . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University
Press.

Marinas, Amante P. Sr. 1999. "Pananandata Guide To Sport Blowguns." 110 pp.

‫روابط خارجية‬

The Blowgun Forum (http://BlowgunForum.com)

Lefora Blowgun Forum (http://blowgun.lefora.com/)

Deutscher Blasrohr Verein (http://www.polar-electric.com/blowgun/index.html)

France Sarbacane Sport Amateur (http://www.fssa.fr/)

Deutscher Blasrohr Sport Club (http://www.blasrohr-sport.de/)

International Fukiyado Association (http://www.sportsfukiya.net/)

Japan Sports Fukiya Association (http://www.fukiya.net/)

United States Blowgun Association (http://www.usblowgun.com/)

Cherokee blowgun (http://www.angelfire.com/ks2/tsalagilanguage/weapons.html)

Hunting by more natural methods (https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231050/http://w

ww.smokymountainnews.com/issues/10_01/10_24_01/back_then.shtml) from The
Smoky Mountain News

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Blowgun&oldid=1044826602"

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