INDEX

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. INTRODUCTION HISTORY EQUIPMENTS PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT RELEASE AID SHORTING TECHNIQUES AND FORMS MODERN COMPETITIVE ARCHERY TYPES OF ARCHERY SCORING TOURMENTS AND ROUNDS ARCHERY IN OLYMPICS TOP OLYMPIC ARCHERS LONDON OLYMPIC 2012 ARCHERS CONCLUSION

TOPIC

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INTRODUCTION:
Archery is the art, practice, or skill of propelling arrows with the use of a [Link] origin is from Latin arcus. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat, while in modern times, its main use is that of a recreational activity. A person who participates in archery is typically known as an "archer" or "bowman", and one who is fond of or an expert at archery can be referred to as a "toxophilite".

HISTORY:
The bow seems to have been invented in the later Paleolithic or early Mesolithic periods. The oldest indication for its use in Europe comes from the Stellmoor in the Ahrensburg valley north of Hamburg, Germany and dates from the late Paleolithic, about 10,0009000 BCE. The arrows were made of pine and consisted of a mainshaft and a 1520 centimetre (68 inches) long fore shaft with a flint point. There are no definite earlier bows. Previous pointed shafts are known, but may have been launched by spear-throwers rather than bows. The oldest bows known so far come from the Holmegrd swamp in Denmark. Bows eventually replaced the spearthrower as the predominant means for launching shafted projectiles, on every continent except Australia, though spear-throwers persisted alongside the bow in parts of the Americas, notably Mexico (where the Nahuatl word for "spear-thrower" isatlatl) and amongst the Inuit. Bows and arrows have been present in Egyptian culture since its predynastic origins. In the Levant, artifacts which may be arrow-shaft straighteners are known from the Natufian culture, (c. 12,80010,300 BP (before present)) onwards. The Khiamian and PPN A shouldered Khiam-points may well be arrowheads. Classical civilizations,notably the Assyrians, Persians, Parthians, Indians, Koreans, Chinese, Japanese and Turks fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. The English longbow proved its worth for the first time in Continental warfare at the Battle of Crcy.[2] In the Americas archery was widespread at European contact.[3] Archery was highly developed in Asia. The Sanskrit term for archery, dhanurveda, came to refer to martial arts in general. In East Asia, Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea was well known for its regiments of exceptionally skilled archers.

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EQUIPMENTS: TYPES OF BOWS:

There is great variety in the construction details of bows all bows consist of a string attached to elastic limbs that store mechanical energy imparted by the user drawing the string. Bows may be broadly split into two categories: Those drawn by pulling the string directly and Those that use a mechanism to pull the string. Directly drawn bows may be further divided based upon differences in the method of limb construction, notable examples being self bows, laminated bows and composite bows. Bows can also be classified by the bow shape of the limbs when unstrung; in contrast to simple straight bows, Recurve bow: Often made of more than one material, either laminated carbon or fiberglass, with the tips curving away from the archer. a very good bow for beginners, it is also the exclusive bow of the Olympics

Reflex bow: Sometimes confused with the recurve, the reflex bow curves completely away from the archer when unstrung Self bow : Made from one material, usually wood, fairly straight Straight bow: Nearly completely straight, made of laminated fiberglass or carbon

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 Long bow: Very similar to its medieval ancestors, made only of wood with of course a hand grip and/ or sight, not considered used by many serious archers Composite bow: Bow made of more than one material; usually a wooden core, molded fiberglass or carbon, and then laminated Compound : Not unlike the recurve, except for pulleys that aid in efficiency and adjustable limbs Here are some bows that are used by archers of today; for competition, hunting, and recreation.

BOW EQUIPMENTS:
Handle/Grip: Handles are used on recurve and compound bows. They are usually made of plastic or wood. Different types of handles are used for producing different kinds of shots by holding the bow in different positions. Handles and grips are generally chosen to fit the individual and bow. Riser/Handle: The riser is the middle part of the bow that holds together most of the equipment attached to the bow: limbs, sight, button, etc. Different risers effect how the bow is held, though the effects with a riser are more noticeable than the handle (riser is sometimes called a handle). Some risers have aerodynamic qualities such as holes which let wind pass through it rather than disturbing an archers aim.

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Limbs: A bow is not a bow without its limbs, which are the longest pieces of the bow. They bend with the draw and they produce the power of the bow. The limbs attach to the riser. Special limbs require special risers and vice versa. Many limbs are layered of different types of material to make it more smooth, that is, with smooth bend ability and make it resistant to deformities, thus allowing greater consistency and greater accuracy. Recently limbs can be made of carbon, which is a lighter and more efficient material. String: Strings are usually made by twining several strings of Kevlar or Dacron to make a single cord. Dacron is cheap, but prone to creep, meaning that it may stretch and make for inconsistent shots. Rest: This is where the arrow sits right before being shot. The longbow has no rest beside the hand, which can be kind of tricky because of the shape of the hand. Other bows use plastic or metal rests, while some more complex bows may be fitted with a magnetic rest. Compound bows are sometimes fitted with vibration sensitive rests. These rests collapse as soon as the arrow is released to prevent it from hitting the rest which could knock the arrow off course. Button, Plunger, Burger Button: The button is a device that, when the arrow is being shot, prevents the rear of the arrow from overtaking the front. It also aligns the arrow in the center of the bow and keeps it from hitting the bow once shot. Sight: The sight can come in many forms, but the most usual ones would be a circle with a cross-hairs or pin at its center. Some compound bows incorporate a "spirit level" which tells the archer if his or her bow is tilted. Clicker: Used only with the recurve bow, this device tells the archer when he or she has pulled the bow a certain distance. This helps the archer know when the string is pulled back far enough to fire, as too far or too short a pull will not produce an accurate shot. Longrod: The longrod is a 2ft extension of the bow which dampens vibration produced by the shot, and also tilts the bow foreword slightly once the shot has been
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made V-bar/Stabilizers: Various types of attachments designed to steady the bow when held. Nocking Point: This can either be a piece of string or a metal clip attached to the bowstring that holds the arrow nock in a fixed place on the bowstring, keeping it from sliding up and down. Sling: The sling allows the bow to rest in the archers hand without having to actually hold the bow. Kisser: A nocking point fixed onto the string that rests at the corners of the mouth when the string is pulled back. This is used as a marking point to let the archer know he or she has pulled the string to the same position.

RECOMMENDED DRAW WEIGHTS:

Beginners Draw Weight= 35-40 lb. More Advanced Weight= 45+ lb. Target/field for tournament shooting = 35-45 lb.

TYPES OF ARROWS:
The most common form of arrow consists of a shaft with an arrowhead attached to the front end and with fletchings and a nock attached to the other end. Arrows across time and history are normally carried in a container known as a quiver. Shafts of arrows are typically composed of solid wood, fiberglass, aluminium alloy, carbon fiber, or composite materials. Wooden arrows are prone to warping.
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 Fiberglass arrows are brittle, but can be produced to uniform specifications easily. Aluminium shafts were a very popular high-performance choice in the latter half of the 20th century due to their straightness, lighter weight, and subsequently higher speed and flatter trajectories. Carbon fiber arrows became popular in the 1990s and are very light, flying even faster and flatter than aluminium arrows. Today, arrows made up of composite materials are the most popular tournament arrows at Olympic Events, especially the Easton X10 and A/C/E.

PARTS OF ARROW:
Pile: The point of the arrow that goes into the target. Most often a bullet style is used. Nock: A clip, usually of plastic, at the rear of the arrow that fits onto the bowstring and nocking point. Vanes: Also called the fletching. These three feathers near the rear of the arrow called the shaftment (which includes the nock) keep the arrow on course. The feather is set at a right angle to the nock. Vanes can be made of plastic but some longbow archers use real feathers, such as turkey feathers. Shaft: The shaft is the long, middle part of the arrow that connects all the parts together. Longbow arrow shafts are made of wood, while recurve and compound arrow shafts are made from either aluminum or carbon. Aluminum is heavier but cheap, while carbon is lighter, expensive, and very fragile. It is best for beginners to start with wood, go to aluminum, then to carbon.

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FLETCHING:
Fletching is traditionally made from bird feathers. Also solid plastic vanes and thin sheet like spin vanes are used. They are attached near the nock (rear) end of the arrow with thin double sided tape, glue, or, traditionally, sinew. Three fletches is the most common configuration in all cultures, though as many as six have been used. Two will result in unstable arrow flight. When three-fletched the fletches are equally spaced around the shaft with one placed such that it is perpendicular to the bow when nocked on the string and the others are sometimes called the "hen feathers". Commonly, the cock feather is of a different color. The fletching may be either parabolic (short feathers in a smooth parabolic curve) or Shield (generally shaped like half of a narrow shield) cut and is often attached at an angle, known as helical fletching, to introduce a stabilizing spin to the arrow while in flight. Whether helicial or straight fletched, when natural fletching (bird feathers) are used it is critical that all feathers come from the same side of the bird. Oversized fletchings can be used to accentuate drag and thus limit the range of the arrow significantly; these arrows are called fluflus. Misplacement of fletchings can often change the arrow's flight path dramatically.

BOW STRING:
Dacron and other modern materials offer high strength for their weight and are used on most modern bows. Linen and other traditional materials are still used on traditional bows.
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PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: Most of the archers wear a bracer also known as arm guard to protect the inside of the bow arm from being hit by the string and prevent clothing from catching the bow string. The bracer does not brace the arm.

Some archers also wear protection on their chest called chest-guard or plastron

RELEASE AIDS:
A release aid is a mechanical device designed to give a crisp and precise loose of arrows from a compound bow. In the most commonly used, the string is released by a finger-operated trigger mechanism, held in the archer's hand or attached to their wrist. In another type, known as a back-tension release, the string is automatically released when drawn to a pre-determined tension.
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SHOOTING TECHINQUES AND FORMS:

The standard convention on teaching archery is to hold the bow depending upon eye dominance. Therefore, if you were right eye dominant, you would hold the bow in the left hand, and draw the string with the right hand. The hand that holds the bow is referred to as the bow hand and its arm the bow arm. The opposite hand is called the drawing hand or string hand. Terms such as bow shoulder or string elbow follow the same convention. If shooting according to eye dominance, then right-eye-dominant archers, shooting in a conventional way, will hold the bow with their left [Link] shooting according to hand dexterity, then the string will be drawn with whichever hand possesses the greatest dexterity, regardless of eye dominance.

MODERN FORM:
In modern form, the archer stands erect, forming a "T". The archer's lower trapezius muscles are used to pull the arrow to the anchor point. Some modern bows will be equipped with a mechanical device, called a clicker, which produces a clicking sound when the archer reaches the correct draw length. In contrast, traditional English Longbow shooters step "into the bow", exerting force with both the bow arm and the string hand arm simultaneously, especially when using bows having draw weights from 100 lbs to over 175 lbs. Heavily-stacked traditional bows (recurves, long bows, and the like) are released immediately upon reaching full draw at maximum weight, whereas compound bows reach their maximum weight in or around mid-draw, dropping holding weight significantly at full draw. Compound bows are often held at full draw for a short time to achieve maximum accuracy.
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The arrow is typically released by relaxing the fingers of the drawing hand, or triggering the mechanical release aid. Usually the release aims to keep the drawing arm rigid, the bow hand relaxed, and the arrow is moved back using the back muscles, as opposed to using just arm motions. An archer should also pay attention to the recoil or follow through of his or her body, as it may indicate problems with form (technique) that affect accuracy.

MODERN COMPETITIVE ARCHERY:

Competitive archery involves shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances. This is the most popular form of competitive archery worldwide and is called target archery. A form particularly popular in Europe and America is field archery, shot at targets generally set at various distances in a wooded setting. Para-Archery is an adaptation of archery for athletes with a disability. It is governed by the World Archery Federation (WA), and is one of the sports in the Summer Paralympic Games. There are also several other lesser-known and historical forms of archery, as well as archery novelty games.

TYPES OF ARCHERY:
1. Clout archery 2. Target archery 3. Field archery

CLOUT ARCHERY:
Clout is a form of archery in which archers shoot arrows at a flag (known as "the Clout") from a relatively long distance and score points depending on how close each arrow lands to the [Link] zones are defined by maximum radii from the flag pole. Each arrow scores points depending on which scoring zone it enters the ground in. An arrow embedded in the flag pole is counted as being in the highest scoring zone. If an arrow is lying on the ground, it is considered to be in the scoring zone in which its point lies. The scoring zones may be marked on the ground. Where this is not practical, a nonstretch rope or chain marked with the radii of the scoring zones is attached to the flag pole and swept around it to determine which arrows are in which zones.A designated person collects the
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arrows in each zone, sorts them into sets, and lays them on the ground. Each archer in turn points to his or her arrows and calls out the scores in descending order.A single clout round consists of three dozen arrows, shot in ends of 6 arrows. Tournaments typically consist of a double clout round, in which a total of six dozen arrows are shot.

FIELD ARCHERY:
Field archery involves shooting at targets of varying (and often unmarked) distance, often in woodland and rough [Link] goal of field archery is to improve the techniques and abilities required for bowhunting in a more realistic outdoor setting. WA rounds consist of 24 targets, which may have marked or unmarked distances depending on the specific type of round. WA Field Archery is very popular in Western Europe whereas 3D is shot mostly in the Americas and Oceania.

TARGET ARCHERY:
Target archery is the most popular form of archery, in which members shoot at stationary circular targets at varying distances. All types of bow - longbow, barebow, recurve and compound - can be used. In Great Britain, Imperial rounds, measured in yards, are still used for a lot of tournaments and these have slightly different rules to WA (metric) rounds, which are used internationally. Archers are divided into seniors and juniors, with juniors being those under the age of 18.

RULES:
Archery competitions may be held indoors or outdoors. Indoor rounds are normally shot at one distance, whereas outdoor competitions normally consist of several distances. Since archery involves the use of potentially lethal equipment, much attention is paid to order and safety. All
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competitors must wait for the command to start shooting from the field captain. The signal is one whistle. The archers are not allowed to collect their arrows whilst other archers are shooting. The signal to collect your arrows is two whistles from the field captain. These rules apply to all forms of target archery. Other rules, or points of etiquette, include:

The command Fast means stop shooting immediately and return the unshot arrow to the quiver. It is used when the situation becomes suddenly and unexpectedly dangerous.

Do not distract another archer when they are shooting. If an archer is at full draw, wait before taking your place on the shooting line.

If an archer damages another archer's arrows (or other equipment), they must offer to pay for any damages.

CLASSIFICATION:
The Grand National Archery Society runs two systems of classification: the main Classifications (for indoor and outdoor shooting) and Handicaps. For indoor rounds, an archer has a classification represented by a letter from A to H, with A being the best and H the worst. This applies for both seniors and juniors.

Classification grades Senior 3rd Class 2nd Class 1st Class Bowman Master Bowman Grand Master Bowman Junior 3rd Class 2nd Class 1st Class Junior Bowman Junior Master Bowman

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SCORING:
Standard FITA targets are marked with 10 evenly spaced concentric rings, which generally have score values from 1 through 10 assigned to them, except in outdoor Imperial rounds under GNAS rules, where they have score values 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. In addition, there is an inner 10 ring, sometimes called the X ring. This becomes the 10 ring at indoor compound competitions. Outdoors, it serves as a tiebreaker with the archer scoring the most X's winning. The number of hits may also be taken into account as another tiebreaker. In FITA archery, targets are coloured as follows:

1 ring & 2 ring - white 3 ring & 4 ring - black 5 ring & 6 ring - blue 7 ring & 8 ring - red 9 ring, 10 ring & inner 10 ring gold

Different rounds and distances use different size target faces. Common sizes (and example rounds they are used in) are:

40 cm (18 m FITA Indoor)

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60 cm (25 m FITA Indoor) 80 cm (30 m and 50m FITA) 122 cm (70 m and 90m FITA)

TOURMENT ROUNDS:
Imperial rounds (measured in yards) are mainly shot in the United Kingdom. Metric rounds, also known as FITA rounds, measured in metres, are used for most other tournaments. These are the main rounds that are able to be shot in target archery These rounds use 5-zone scoring, as opposed to the usual 10-zone scoring. The points are awarded as follows: 9 for a gold, 7 for a red 5 for a blue 3 for a black and 1 for a white.

Senior outdoor Round York 100 yd 80 yd 60 yd 50 yd 40 yd (91 m) (73 m) (55 m) (46 m) (37 m) 6 doz. 4 doz. 2 doz.

Hereford St. George Albion

6 doz. 4 doz. 2 doz.

3 doz. 3 doz. 3 doz.

3 doz. 3 doz. 3 doz. 3 doz. 3 doz. 3 doz.

Windsor New Western Long Western

4 doz. 4 doz.

4 doz. 4 doz.

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Western

4 doz. 4 doz. 2 doz. 2 doz. 2 doz.

American New National Long National

4 doz. 2 doz.

4 doz. 2 doz.

National New Warwick Long Warwick

4 doz. 2 doz.

2 doz. 2 doz.

2 doz. 2 doz.

Warwick

2 doz. 2 doz.

Indoor Round Distance No. arrows of Target face diameter 60 cm 16 inches

Portsmouth 20 yd (18 m) 5 doz. Worcester 20 yd (18 m) 5 doz.

Junior outdoor Round 80 yd 60 yd 50 yd 40 yd 30 yd 20 yd 15 yd 10 yd (73 m) (55 m) (46 m) (37 m) (27 m) (18 m) (14 m) (9.1 m)

Bristol 1 6 doz. 4 doz. 2 doz. Bristol 2 Bristol 3

6 doz. 4 doz. 2 doz.

6 doz. 4 doz. 2 doz.

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Bristol 4 Bristol 5 Short Windsor Junior Windsor Short Western Junior Western Short Junior Western St Nicholas Short National Junior National Short Junior National Short Warwick Junior Warwick Short

6 doz. 4 doz. 2 doz.

6 doz. 4 doz. 2 doz.

3 doz. 3 doz. 3 doz.

3 doz. 3 doz. 3 doz.

4 doz. 4 doz.

4 doz. 4 doz.

4 doz. 4 doz.

4 doz. 3 doz.

4 doz. 2 doz.

4 doz. 2 doz.

4 doz. 2 doz.

2 doz. 2 doz.

2 doz. 2 doz.

2 doz. 2 doz.

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Junior Warwick

ARCHERY IN OLYMPICS:
Archery was in the Olympics (and the 1906 Intercalated Games) between 1900 in Paris, the second modern Olympics, and 1920. The sport was dropped from the program because there were no internationally recognized rules for the sport- each Olympics through 1920 held a different type of event. With the creation of FITA in the 1930s, set international rules were created. However, it was not until 1972 that Archery was re-introduced with the individual event, and in 1988 the team event was added to the program. Further competition rules changes were made for the 1992 Olympic Games, which introduced match play to the program in the form of the Archery Olympic Round. The only type of bow allowed to be used at Olympic level is the recurve bow. Since the 1984 Games at Los Angeles, South Korea has dominated the women's event. At the Sydney 2000 games, the Korean women won bronze, silver and gold in the individual competition and won gold in the team event. They also won the gold team medals in the 2004 Athens games, and in the 2008 Beijing games. However recently China, Chinese Taipei and Japan have emerged as serious challengers to the domination of the Korean women.

ARCHERY TRIVIA:

Modern Olympic archery consists of four medal events: men's individual, women's individual, men's team, and women's team. In all four events, the distance from the archer to the target is 70 meters.

The archery competitions in Athens in 2004 were staged in the same Panathenaic Stadium that was used for the 1896 Olympics.

The best all-time performing Archer at the Olympic Games is Hubert Van Innis of Belgium, who won six gold medals between 1900 and 1920.
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TOP OLYMPIC GAMES ARCHERS:

Here are the top ranked athletes from the sport of Archery for performances at all Olympiads, using the Topend Sports Weighted Ranking System to order the athletes, awarding points for both gold (6 points) and other medals (silver 2 pts, bronze 1 pt).

rank 1 2 3 4 4

Name

country

gender Gold Silver Bronze M 6 4 3 3 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

total medals 9 6 4 3 3

rating 42 27 20 18 18

Hubert Van Innis Belgium

Kim Soo-Nyung South Korea F Park Sung-Hyun South Korea F Matilda Howell Yun Mi-jin USA F

South Korea F

LONDON OLYMPIC 2012 INDIAN ARCHERY MEMBERS:

Athlete

Date of Birth (age)

Club

Jayanta Talukdar

2 March 1986 (age 26)

Tata Archery Academy

Rahul Banerjee

15 December 1986 (age 25) Railways

Tarundeep Rai

22 February 1984 (age 28)

Indian Army

Deepika Kumari

13 June 1994 (age 18)

Tata Archery Academy

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Bombayala Devi

22 February 1985 (age 27)

Mittal Champions Trust

Chekrovolu Swuro

21 November 1982 (age 29) Mittal Champions Trust

Limba Ram(Coach)

30 January 1972 (age 40)

Archery Association of India

Purnima Mahato(Coach)

15 August 1976 (age 36)

Tata Archery Academy

Ravi Shankar(Coach)

5 February 1971 (age 41)

Indian Army

10 Paresh Nath Mukherjee(Manager) 2 June 1946 (age 66)

Archery Association of India

Conclusion:
In the London Olympic 2012 The Indian womens archery team suffered a heart-breaking 210-211 defeat at the hands of Denmark in the pre-quarterfinals on Sunday. The Indian women were expected to dish out a better fare and tackle the top-seeded Korea in the quarterfinals. However, two shots of 6 ruined the teams chances as world No.1 Deepika Kumari too failed to fire. However Deepika Kumari has won an individual gold medal in archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, beating Olympic bronze medalist Alison Williamson. Along with Laishram Bombayla Devi and Chekrovolu Swuro, Kumari won a silver medal at in the team event at the 2011 World Archery Championships. This promises the flourishing state of India in the future archery events.

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