UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

PAKISTAN STUDIES
QUIZ
10 Marks
Name : Syed Muhammad Mukarram
Ref. Id : F2019132039

Note: Each part carries equal weightage.

Q. No. 1: Explain the background and strategies in Khilafat Movement.
BACKGROUND
The Khilafat movement also know as the Indian Muslim movement, a political
protest campaign launched by the Muslims of India for the retention of the Ottoman
Caliphate and for not handing over the control of Muslim’s Holy Places to non-Muslims.
Before first world war Turkey was a great state. Muslims all over the world considered
Turkey their center and also considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the
Muslims world as Ummah.
 World War I (1914)
In the First World War, Turkey supported Germany, Japan, and Austria and
were against Britain, France, Russia and the United States. This war continued till
1918 and Turkey, Japan, Germany and Austria were defeated in the war. The danger
now was that Britain and the Allies would divide the conquered land into parts.
 Dimensions
Muslims launched a movement called the Khilafat Movement in 1919 to save
Turkey and the Khilafat which was led by Shaukat Ali, Mohammad Ali Johar, Hakim
Ajmal Khan and Abdul Kalam Azad to restore the Ottoman Caliphate, who was
considered the leader of Sunni Muslims, as an effective political authority. They
protested against the sanctions placed on the Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire.
 Khilafat Committee
 Khilafat committee was formed in July 1919 but the movement started in 1920.
In Khilafat Conference at Delhi, Congress leaders like Gandhi and Nehru participated.
Because of protest, all the Muslims leaders were sent behind the bars and the
movement should not be diminished.
 Treaty of Serves
In1920, Treaty of Serves was signed between the allied forces which was
decided by the treaty that the Syria, Iraq and Jordan would be separated from the
Turkish Empire.
 The Steps Announced
o No participants in victory celebrations.
o Boycott of British goods.
o Non-cooperation with the Govt.
o Rejection of all Government titles.
o Resign from all jobs, police and military also.
o Refusal to pay taxes.
 Non-Cooperation
The leader of Muslim League led by Maulana Muhammad Ali and the Congress
in the leadership of Mr. Gandhi, both leaders met at Amritsar and merged into after
the critical period in India and merged into one. It was directed against the British
Government.
 Khilafat Delegation
In January, 1920. M. A. Ansari led a delegation to Viceroy while Muhamad Ali
Johar went to the prime minister who was anti-Muslim.
 Hijrat Movement
The Indian ulama declared India ‘Darul Harab’, means the place where Muslims
are not allowed to perform their religious practices. In the said situation, the Muslims
should migrate to the nearest safe place like Darul Islam, Afghanistan. King of
Afghanistan welcomed them. So, the migration took place at large scale.
 End of The Movement
There was an increase in violence day by day and the Chauri Chaura Incident
(UP) in February 1922 which worsened the situation. The Congress volunteers set a
police station on fire and 21 policemen were killed. Gandhi suddenly called off the
movement the government arrested all the important leaders of the movement which
left the Muslims leaders who wondered aimlessly.
Q. No. 2: Critically analyze the reasons and outcomes of the Movement.
Analysis & Outcomes
 Turkish National Movement
Within Turkey, a progressive, secular nationalist movement arose, known as
Turkish national movement. In 1922, a Turkish army men Mustafa Kamal Ataturk
who was leading the Turkish War of Independence, destroyed the Khilafat movement
and imposed nationalist government. He was inspired by westernism.
 Shuddhi Movement
Shuddhi movement was started by Arya Samaj. Its purpose was to bring back
the people who transformed their religion from Islam and Christianity from Hinduism.
 Results of Khilafat Movement
o The Khilafat Movement was a great Muslim struggle which provided dynamic
leadership to the Muslims and established foundations to launch further Muslim
Freedom movements.
o It confirmed the Muslims that the Hindu mind can never be sincere to the
Muslims.
o The Khilafat Movement effectively demonstrated the religious enthusiasm of
the Muslims to the British.
o The Khilafat Movement also cultivated a new outlook amongst the Muslims not
to rely on others support and to wholly depend on self-determination.
o The Khilafat Movement developed a sense of awareness about their future.
o The Khilafat Movement greatly strengthened the Two-Nation Theory which
became the basis of establishment of Pakistan.
o The Khilafat Movement added much to the economic miseries of the Muslims
who resigned their jobs. 

 Reasons for the Failure of the Khilafat Movement

o Gandhi’s action of calling off the Non-Cooperation movement at a moment
when the Government was about to make major concessions, was a severe set-
back to the movement.
o The Government arrested all important leaders of the movement which left the
Muslims leaderless who wandered aimlessly from one side to the other.
 o The Government after arresting leaders, adopted cruel measures on the masses
to quell their agitation.
o The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elected Mustafa Kamal as their leader
who stopped the institution of Caliphate and the last Caliph Sultan Abdul
Majeed was banished from Turkey.
o The Hindu-Muslim unity, achieved at Lucknow, disappeared in the beginning
of the movement and could not be recaptured.
o The extremist Hindu Shuddhi movement and began converting the Muslims to
Hinduism which provided a new cause of bitterness between Hindus and
Muslims.
o The collective clashes and disturbances erupted in the country which adversely
affected the political conditions of India.
 Conclusions
o The Khilafat Movement was of considerable importance in the history of
Muslim India.
o It served the important purpose of the mass-awakening in the Muslims.
o Its failure led them to believe that the Muslims, if they wanted to survive in the
sub-continent, must depend upon their own strength and work out their political
destiny.
o The movement later gave motivation to the struggle for the independence and
for a separate homeland for the Muslims.
o 1921, Hijrat Movement was a disaster because the Muslims scattered among the
Afghanistan and Russia.
o Experience was gained in mass agitation and to rely upon them on strength
rather than running behind the Hindus for the help.