PAKISTAN STUDIES

Assignment 01

Wajahat Riaz FA16-BEE-008

Submitted To:
“Maam Saima Masood”

Department of Electrical Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus
 Q1:
 Why Khilafat movement failed and what role did Congress
played in its failure?
 Ans:
 REASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF KHILAFAT
MOVEMENT:
 The non-violence, non-cooperative movement turned into violence. After the
Chaura Chauri incident in feburary 1922, Gandhi himself called of the Non-
Cooperation movement which caused a severe blow to the Khilafat
Movement.
* Gandhi and other muslim’s leader of the movement were arrested in 1922
with the arrest of leaders the movement lost its momentum.
* Although the Khilafat Movement was the first movement in which Hindus
and Muslims worked together, their unity was probably always doomed to
failure.The Hindu aim for self rule was not really an objective of the
muslims and Hindus were prepared to support the Muslims in protecting
their religious right only as long as it helped move India towards the self-
rule.
* Hijrat Movement at critical stage was another blow for Muslims. Hijrat to
Afghanistan where the
Muslims were shocked by the lack of support from the Afghan governement.
* On 3rd March 1924 the final and deadly blow was struck at the Khilafat
movement by Mustafa Kamal Ata Turk Pasha who exiled Khalifa,
Muhammad Vl and abolished Khilafat and established
nationalist governement of Turkey.
 CHAURA CHAURI INCIDENT:
 Chauri Chaura was a small village in India, The non Cooperative movement
was leading to the violence and the movement was loosing its momentum.
 In Feb. 1922 at Chaura Chauri in a village near UP a trouble erupted between
the police and the demonstrating procession. The hostile mob set fire to the
police station where 22policemen were burnt alive. Gandhi was so upset that
he immediately non-cooperation movement doing great deal of damage to the
entire Khilafat Movement.
 This decision caused many hindus and muslims to leave the camping and there
would be very less amount of muslims remains in the camping.
 Kamal Ata turk Abolished the institution of caliph.
 Both the leaders would be imprisoned.
 The hindus were focusing on their goals for failure of movement.

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 So the Khilifat Movement fails.

 Q2.
 Khilafat movement proved that Hindus and Muslims were two
different nations as they could not continue the unity, and
ultimately paved the way for Pakistan movement?

 The Khilafat movement was a very important event in the political history of
India. The Muslims of India had a great regard for the Khilafat (Caliphate)
which was held by the Ottoman Empire. During World War I, the Ottoman
Empire (Turkey) joined the war in favor of Germany. But Turkey and
Germany lost the war and a pact commonly known as Istanbul Accord was
concluded between the Allied Forces on 3rd November 1918. According to
this Pact the territories of Turkey were to be divided among France, Greece
and Britain. During the war, the Indian Muslims were in a very awkward
position, because they had a deep-rooted devotion to the caliphate. They had
profound respect for this holy institution. Therefore, their support to the
British Government was subject to the safeguard and protection of the holy
places of Turkey and on the condition that Turkey will not to be deprived of
its territories. The British Government could not fulfill both of these promises.
The Treaty of Savers 1920 was imposed on Turkey and its territories like
Samarna, Thrace and Anatolia were wrested from it and distributed among
European countries. A wave of anger swept across the Muslin World and the
Indian Muslims rose against the British Government. Muslim leaders like
Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Moulana
Shoukat Ali and others reacted against the British Government policy and
were put behind the bars
 KHILAFAT COMMITTEE:
 The Muslims of India decided to launch a movement for the safeguard of the
institution of Caliphate and to mani festtheir resentment over actions the
Allies had
taken in Turkey. A “Khilafat Committee” was set up in 1919 to conduct and
to organize the Khilfat movement with Maulana Shaukat Ali as its General
Secretary. Congress also supported this movement under Abdul Kalam
Azad. This movement was launched to pressurize the British into keeping
their promises.
In Novemeber 1919 the 1st Khilafat Conference was held in Delhi. Gandhi
was also present at the Conference. A resolution was also passed asking the

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 muslims as religious duty to adopt the policy of non-cooperation with the
British.
In December 1919 the 2nd Khilafat Conference was held in Amritsar. At the
same time both Congress and muslims League were also meeting the city. It
was agreed that all three organizations should work together to oppose plans
to dismember the Turkish empire.
Khilafat Delegation:
 The khilafat delegation left for England in march 1919 under the leadership
of Maulana Mohammed Ali Johar and met the Prime Minister Lloyd
George. The Prime minster refused to accept any arguments extended by the
Khilafat Delegation and it failed without achieving its purpose. While the
delegation was still in Europe the terms of the treaty of Severs with
turkey was reduced only to Turkish orgin area. Allied divided the non-
Turkish part of Ottoman Empire
among themselves.
 Anyway the Hindus agitated as Hindus and Muslims as Muslims. They were
filled with forceful desire for freedom. Their sentiments were afire. They were
fundamentally, communal sentiments. The result was that when the khilafat
and Non-cooperation came to an end the pent up communal emotions burst
into Hindu-Muslim clashes throughout the country. The result was that the
two major communities of the country fell apart never to come to terms after
that. Shudhi and Sangthan campaign was the immediate outcome of the
cooperation between the Congress and the Khilafat Movement. Muslims had
to lead off inevitably. And they, finding no other way out, took to the path that
led them to Pakistan.