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Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhpatnam

HISTORY PROJECT WORK

PROJECT TITLE : Muhammad Ali Jinnah

FACULTY : Vishwachandranath Madasu Sir

DONE BY

SUNKARA VISHNU AMEYA

ROLL NO. 18 LLB 090

SEMESTER : 2
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Acknowledgement :

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitute to Vishwachandranath Madasu sir for giving me
this golden opportunity to work on the Project, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, due to this Project I
got to learn the background and the consequences behind the Partition of India.
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ABSTRACT :

Muhammad Ali Jinnah or Quaid-e-Azam( the supreme leader)as called by Maulana

Mazharuddin Shaheed in 1938 was a great leader and the great force in the formation of
Pakistan. The current study will analyze Jinnah’s initial political plans when he was in the
Congress and when he was initially called the ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity of India to
now called the Man who divided India. The study will analyze the reasons behind Jinnah
leaving the Indian National Congress. The reasons behind the setting up of Muslim League
and the consequences of the Muslim League in Indian Politics and the formation of Pakistan
and its impact. The study will also delve into Pakistan post partition.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. The Early Life of Muhammad Ali Jinnah………………………………… 06

1.1 Jinnah’s entry into England………………………………………………07
2. The Initial Political Career of Jinnah………………………………..……….09
2.1 The Partition of Bengal in 1905………………………..…………………09
2.2 Jinnah in the Congress……………………………………………………09
2.3 The Indian Councils’ Act of 1909 and Jinnah’s stand on it………………10
2.4 Jinnah after entering the Viceroy’s Executive Council……………………10

3. The Political Elevation of Jinnah……………………………………………….12

3. The Political Elevation of Jinnah

3.1 Jinnah’s stand on the Khilafat Movement……………13

4. Jinnah’s Political carreer after leaving the Indian National Congress

Party………14

4.1 Jinnah winning elections………………..14

4.2 Jinnah and the Swaraj Party……………...15

5.The change in Jinnah’s stand……………17

6.Jinnah’s resurgence into Politics…………..20

6.1 Jinnah in the Conferences…………20

7. Jinnah’s respite from Politics…….22

7.1 Jinnah in the Second Round Table Conference………22

7.2 Jinnah again taking a break from Politics…………….23

7.3 Jinnah reverting to Politics…………………………..23

8. The onset of Partition………………………….24

9. The Demand For Pakistan……………………27

10. The Shimla Conference and Jinnah’s demands..29

11. Cabinet Mission Plan and Jinnah……………….29

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12. Mountbatten Plan………………………………30

12.1The Aftermath of the Partition……………30

13. Jinnah after the formation of Pakistan……………….31

Conclusion……………………….32

Bibliography……………………33
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1. The Early Life of Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muhammad Ali Jinnah is thought to be born on October 20,1875 as this is the Date of Birth
of Muhammad Ali Jinnah as per the application for admission into Primary School 1. But
according to many Historians the exact Birth Date of Jinnah is not clear as they feel that there
is no reliable source, as Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born in Karachi and The Karachi
Municipality had not maintained a register for Births and Deaths till 1876 on one hand and
on the other hand, many Historians contend that Jinnah had arbitarily changed his Birth date
to 25th December to coincide his Birth date with that of Jesus Christ. It was during this time
that the School Register carried the name Mohammed Ali Jinnah but at the time of his birth,
Jinnah’s name was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai. The eldest of his parents’ seven children, Jinnah
was underweight and appeared fragile at the time of his birth 2. It is said that, Jinnah was not
really inclined towards religiously following Islam as from an early age most Muslim
children are taught to read the Quran in Arabic, by-heart some of the verses of the Quran,
Offer Prayers through Namaz and fast during the Holy Month of Ramadan. But Jinnah could
not do any of those things during his childhood. Even in the days of his Communal
Leadership he used to pray only on the occasion of Eid and many say even that was done
merely as a demonstrative gesture. Throughout his life he did not perform the Haj either
which is one of the cardinal practices of Islamic faith 3. Jinnah’s father belonged to the Khoja
community which owes its allegiance to the Aga Khan. This sect is a Shiite sect of Islam but
has many Hindu practices in it. As this sect owed their allegiance to the Aga Khan sect their
prayer practices and other religious practices too were in contrast to the main-stream Islamic
practices and until recently they were not recognized as proper Muslims. Jinnah did his basic
schooling in Karachi and when he was 7 years old, his aunt Manubai Peerbhai who resided in
Bombay took Jinnah under her wing; and admitted him into Gokuldas School and later to
Anjuman-i-Islam. But Jinnah at his early age was not keen on studies and roamed in the
elitist areas of Bombay where the rich British resided. He was fascinated by the Victorian
Architecture and the mgnificent Gothic Buildings in such elite places. His stint in Bombay
had a lasting impact on him and increased his penchant and fascination towards the British
culture and ethos. Fearing Jinnah’s indifferent attitude towards studies, his father admitted

1
Wolpert, Stanley, Jinnah of Pakistan, New York, 1984, p.9.
2
https://www.biography.com/people/muhammad-ali-jinnah-9354710
3
Qureshi, Saleem (ed.), Jinnah : The Founder of Pakistan,Karachi,1999,p.4
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him in a Madarsa and then in an elitish Christian Missionary School but still, his aversion to
studies and his indifferent attitude towards studies did not subside.

At this juncture, some of the British friend’s of Jinnah’s father suggested that Jinnah had fine
articulation, was incisive and was a quick repartee and had an aptitude for Law and advised
his Father to send him to England to study Law to which Jinnah agreed due to his irreprisible
urge to visit England. Looking at this, Jinnah’s father who was a prosperous merchant readily
agreed. Jinnah’s mother, fearing he might marry a White woman over there fixed his
Marriage with Emibai who was barely 14 and Jinnah was barely 16 at that time and the
Marriage rituals were done.

1.1 Jinnahs’s entry into England

Arriving at London was perhaps the most life-changing experience and since then, Jinnah’s
life took a giant leap ahead and this effectively carved him out a fine Legal and Political
carreer. Jinnah being from Karachi which then, was just a small city was awed by the sheer
size and majesty of the Great city of London. But the initial days of Jinnah in London were
really tough as he knew none in the city and later reminicised that, “ I did not know a soul
and the fogs and winter in London upset me a great deal.” Moreover “ the immensity of
London as a city weighed heavily on his solitary life”4 . But it did not take long for him to
adapt and emulate it. Jinnah with his fair complexion, his mastery over the Language, his
courteous manners and his fine English dressing was to such an extent that he, sometimes
mistaken for an Englishman. While seeking admission into Lincoln’s Inn Jinnah wrote in his
application his family name Jinnahbhai which was the name that was carried by his Passport.
After much persuasion, Jinnah was able to convince the reluctant authorities who, basing on
the school register changed his name to M.A. Jinnah5. This was done as Jinnah felt that his
family name did not fit into the Western style. Jinnah was an ardent admirer of William
Shakesphere and never missed a good play of his. Jinnah had an illustrous Legal practice
during his two-year stint in London and worked under some leading British lawyers and later
was one of the top names in the Bombay Bar. Years later, when Jinnah, who was in his late
thirties was asked by his Muslim followers for his choice of Lincoln’s Inn, his reply was that,
he saw a giant potrait of Prophet Mohammed in the company of great Lawmakers at the
entrance. But the reality was that there was no picture as having pictures of the Prophet was
opposed in Islam. But this was believed by his followers as such was the power of Jinnah’s
4
Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who Divided India,2002,p.03
5
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spell on his followers. Years later, when it was found that the Potrait had not the slightest
resemblence of the Prophet, the followers of Jinnah justified it by saying that it was described
in the Books of Traditions6. This was also the time where Democracy and Fair play had a
lasting impact on Jinnah and he was so adhered to these principles that he had actively
worked for the election of Dadabhai Naoroji also known as “the Grand Old Man of Indian
Politics” and also acted as his private secretary for a while. During this period Jinnah
supported the Congress and had a non-communal stand.

6
Qureshi Saleem (ed.), Jinnah : The Founder of Pakistan, Karachi,1999,p.4.
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2. The Early Political Carrer of Jinnah

Jinnah’s father’s bussiness was running into huge losses and his father badly needed his
support. One of the reasons why Jinnah was sent to study Law was that there was a Legal
Proceeding of his father which put his father directly under the risk of loosing his ancestral
property by the Court and in 1893 Jinnah moved to Bombay . Jinnah then worked under the
then Advocate-General of Bombay, Molesworth MacPherson, a well known British Lawyer
and later worked as a Magistrate. Jinnah had an indifferent attitude towards his family and
dissapointed with his attitude his family settled in Ratnagiri, Bombay Presidency . This was
also the time where Jinnah’s wife, Emibai Jinnah had passed away. Jinnah at this juncture
was drawn to Politics as he has already come in close touch with Dadabhai Naoroji in
London and Jinnah forged ties with Naoroji when he came to India to preside over the 1905
session of the Congress Party. Jinnah also had proper bonding with Pherozeshah Mehta. At
this point, it is pertinent to note that, Jinnah was drawn to Parsis and most of his mentors
were Parsis and he had advocated the Congress and was opposed to Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
who opposed the Comgress. Jinnah also became close to Gopal Krishna Gokhale when both
of them pleaded for a larger share of Administration for Indians. Gokhale saw Jinnah as a
Liberal, Progressive man who was free of communal prejudice and often spoke high of him.

2.1 The Partition of Bengal in 1905 :

In the same period, in 1905 the Partition of Bengal was done by Lord Curzon on communal
lines and this created a rift between Hindus and Muslims. But Jinnah stood by the Hindu
Bengalis who were vehemently against this. Jinnah even refused to join the Muslim League
in 1906.

2.2 Jinnah in the Congress :

The All-India Muslim League was a Political Party founded principally by Khwaja
Salimullah, the Nawab of Dacca in 1906 in Dacca. Jinnah was greatly extolled by the
Congress and Gopal Krishna Gokhale even called Jinnah “ the best ambassador of Hindu-
Muslim unity”7. Sarojini Naidu, who met Jinnah for the first time extolled him profoundly
and said, “ a naïve and eager humanity, an intuition quick and tender as a woman’s, a humour
gay and winning as a child’s- pre-eminently rational,practical,discreet and dispassionate in

7
Wolpert, Stanley, Jinnah of Pakistan,New York,1984,p.27
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his estimate and acceptance of life. The obvious sanity and serenity of his worldly wisdom
effectively disguise a shy and splendid idealism which is of the very essence of the man” 8.
During the split in The Congress Party in the 1906 Surat session, Jinnah’s friends like Mehta
and Gokhale were Moderates but the Extremists were lead by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Jinnah
had defended Tilak when he was charged with Sedition for publishing a fiery Article in his
Newspaper Kesari but he was’nt successful yet again in 1916 when Jinnah had to defend
Tilak he was successful. This increased the esteem which Tilak held for Jinnah and the entire
country saw Jinnah as an embodiment and a testament of Hindu-Muslim unity.

2.3 The Indian Councils’ Act of 1909 and Jinnah’s stand on it :

The popular Muslim Leadership was not happy about this. They met the Viceroy, Lord Minto
demanding a special status for them. In reply the Viceroy said that, “ I am as firmly
convinced as I believe you to be that any electoral representation in India would be doomed
to a mischievous failure which aimed at granting a personal enfranchisement regardless of the
beliefs and traditions of the communities composing the population of this continent” 9. And
thereby separate electorate for Muslims was passed on December 31,1906. This is also called
the Minto-Morley Reforms. Jinnah vehemently opposed this by calling it divide and rule by
the British. The Muslim League termed Jinnah as a traitor and in the words of Aga Khan,
“Jinnah came out in bitter hostility towards all that I and my friends had done and were trying
to do”10. In the twenty fifth session of the Congress in Allahabad Jinnah moved a resolution
condemning the provision of reserving separate seats for Muslims,especially in its application
to Municipalities, District Boards and other Local bodies. He said it would sow the seed of
division between Hindus and Muslims and keep them Politically apart.

2.4 Jinnah after entering the Viceroy’s Executive Council :

Though Jinnah was against this he did not hesitate to gain personal advantage of this, he
himself contested the election to the Viceroy’s Executive Council from the reserved Muslim
constituency of Bombay and got himself elected. This was a turning point in the political
career of Jinnah as according to many Historians he was lured by the Muslim representation
that gradually drew him away from the purely Nationalist mind-set to which he had adhered
to11. Yet Jinnah cleverly manuevered this by not antagonizing Hindus. One such example is

8
Wolpert, Stanley, Jinnah of Pakistan,New York,1984,p.27
9
Zakaria,Rafiq,Rise of Muslims in Indian Politics,New Delhi,1970,p.06
10
Wolpert, Stanley, Jinnah of Pakistan,New York,1984,p.26
11
Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who Divided India,2002,p.13
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that when Gandhi was criticized by the Viceroy Jinnah used a euphemism. Jinnah according
to Sir Chimanlal Setalvad was oversensitive and had his own notion of self-respect,
regardless of the price he might have to pay; this often awed his opponents 12. Jinnah at this
juncture had been involved in public affairs for quite sometime and he knew the Muslim
orthroxy that was present during that period and though he was not much a follower of Islam
he was fully aware of the religious tag he carried and this was powerful not only in the
Muslim circle but with Hindus as well. This link was very useful to Jinnah as he, with his
name influence Muslims on one hand and being associated with the Congress Party could be
seen as the torch-bearer for Hindu-Muslim unity in the country.

12
Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who Divided India,2002,p.18
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3. The Political Elevation of Jinnah

At this juncture, Jinnah had occupied a high position in the Congress Party and Gokhale
praised him highly in the 1913 annual session of the Congress Party held in Karachi. In the
Agra session of the Congress Party Jinnah told the other delegates to defer on the separate
electorate system but despite it being a powerful presentation it did not succeed and Jinnah
had visited London where he met Gandhi for the first time. Jinnah was asked to preside over
the Gujarat Sabha by Gandhi as Gandhi saw Jinnah as a perfect example of Hindu-Muslim
unity. But one hindrance Jinnah had was that he always kept the public at arm’s length and
was happy to plead for them but did not mingle with them 13. Jinnah had tried his best to try to
mingle Hindus and Muslims politically. To create the right atmosphere he persuaded the
President-elect of the League Mazhar-ul-Haque, this was received a whole-hearted support by
the Congress but it was opposed by the Muslim League as they saw Jinnah as an agent of
Hindus and he could neither speak the Language nor his knowledge of the Quran was good.
But Jinnah managed to mobilise his supporters and get a resolution passed wherein the
President of the League would appoint a committee to formulatea scheme of administrative
and political reforms in collaboration with the Congress. As a result of this, the Congress
enetered into a pact with the League in December 1916 in Lucknow under which, “no bill,
nor any clause thereof,nor a resolution introduced by a non-official member,affectibg one or
the other community,which question is to be determined by the members of that community
in the Legislative Council concerned, shall be proceeded with, if three-fourths of the
members of that community in the particular Council, Imperial or Provincial oppose the bill
or any clause thereof or the resolution14. Thus, having played such a vital role, Jinnah was
elected to preside over the annual session of the League wherein he said, it had “brought
Hindus and Muslims together involvong brotherly service for the common cause” 15.
Montague even praised Jinnah by saying, “Young,perfectly mannered, impressive looking,
armed to the teeth with dialectics, and insistent upon the whole of his scheme 16. Jinnah’s
plans on bringing Hindus and Muslims on a common Constitutional platform received a good
response all around; but some of his colleagues in the league were not happy about it as they

13
Bolitho Hector, Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan, London,1954,p.153
14
Wolpert,Stanley, Jinnah of Pakistan, New York,1984,pp.46-47
15
Wolpert,Stanley, Jinnah of Pakistan, New York,1984,pp.47-48
16
Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the creation of Pakitsan, New
Delhi,1991, p.29.
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felt that there would be Hindu domination and said that, “ scared away…from cooperation
with the Hindus,which is essential for the establishment of self-government17.

3.1 Jinnah’s stand on the Khilafat Movement

World War-1 had broken and the Caliph, who was also the Sultan of Turkey joined Germany
and other allies which were opposing the British. The Caliph being the custodian of the
holiest shrine, i.e Mecca the Shaukat Ali brothers launched a movement which was in support
of the Ottoman Empire and was strongly against the British. The brothers even had the
support of other Muslim leaders like Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. The constitutionalist Jinnah
was outraged by this act and he dissassociated himself with it. This made him alienated to
Muslims and this embittered the already shattered image of Jinnah in the eyes of the
orthrodox Muslims. Jinnah’s image suffered a setback as he took a legalistic view and
refused to join the massive protest. Gandhi was in a different plan altogether. He being a
rebel of the British gave his support to the Brothers as he respected the religious
susceptibility of others and firmly believed that Hindus and Muslims are brothers of the same
soil. Gandhi offered the Brothers unqualified support but on two conditions, one, that non-
cooperation with the Government which he planned as a protest against the British, would
have to be total; and two, that it had to be violent 18. The Muslims’ agitation was enthralled
due to the support of Gandhi and he became more and more accepted by the Muslim
community and Gandhi had gained universal acceptance both in the Hindu and Muslim
communities. The Ali brothers on behalf of the Muslims promised unconditional loyalty to
Gandhi and this love and affection from both the communities transformed Gandhi from a
mere rebel to a Mahatma.

Jinnah leaving the Congress Party :

In the 1919 Congress session the party put the seal of approval as the defiance of British and
support of the Ottawan Empire was backed by Gandhi. Jinnah opposed this vehemently and
said that he could not be party to such an open rebellion which threatned to disrupt the public
life. The delegates heckled and jeered at him and even refused to listen to him. Then Jinnah
being a man of character could not bear such insults and the open defiance of the Congress to
Jinnah told the press, “ I will have nothing to do with this pseudo-religious approach to

Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who Divided India,2002,p.23

17

Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the creation of Pakitsan, New
18

Delhi,1991, p.81.
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politics. I part my company with the Congress and Gandhi. I part company with the mob
hysteria. Politics is a gentleman’s game”19.

2. Jinnah’s Political carreer after leaving the Indian National Congress

Party

Jinnah after leaving the INC was in a flux and had to reconcile with two conflicting interests
as on one hand, Jinnah’s respect among the Muslim Community had suffered a severe blow
due to his opposition to the Khilafat Movement. Jinnah too had to face Gandhi as he had
opposed Gandhi’s moves in the Khilafat Movement. He tried to be the paragon of Hindu-
Muslim unity in India by reconciling these two conflicting interests by supporting Gandhi
and by refraining to ridicule him. In his presidential address to the League at Calcutta in
February 1921, Jinnah referred him no more as Mr. Gandhi and said, “ Mahatma Gandhi has
placed his programme of non-cooperation supported by the authority of the Khilafat
Conference before the Country. It is now for you to consider whether or not you approve of
its principle and, approving of its principle, whether or not you approve of its details. The
operation of this scheme will strike at the individual in each of you and therefore it rests with
you alone to measure your strength and to weigh the pros and cons of the question before you
arrive at a decision. But once you have decided to march, let there be no retreat under any
circumstances….. I do not wish to detain you anymorebut before I sit down I will only say
that united we stand, divided we fall”20. But Gandhiji himself insisted on not being called
Mahatma and chided anyone who called him that and there were strict orders in the Ashram
not to call him Mahatma but anyone who did not call him Mahatma was frowned21. At this
juncture, many core constitutionalists and Lawyers like C.R Das unflinchingly belived in
Gandhi and Gandhi’s fame and loyalty was increasing at alarming rates.

4.1 Jinnah winning elections

Jinnah had contested and won the seat reserved in Bombay for Muslims and he, along with
twenty-four members with no affiliation to any political party formed an independent party
under his leadership. The Swaraj Party with Motilal Nehru as their leader had 42 members in

19
Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the creation of Pakitsan, New
Delhi,1991, p.81
20
Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the creation of Pakitsan, New
Delhi,1991, p.p. 41-42
21
Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who Divided India,2002,p.25
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the Central Legislative Assembly and the two groups worked togeather in unison against the
Congress. Jinnah was keen on joining hands with the Congress so as to regain his position as
the ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity in India. Jinnah yet again praised Gandhiji and the
Non-Cooperation Movement and even showed some signs of supporting the Congress 22. His
commitment to reduce hostility between himself and the Congress was to such an extent that
even when Maulana Moahmed Ali who was elected as President of its 1923 session in
December in Kokanada bearing the old grudge he had on Jinnah for Jinnah’s stand on the
Khilafat Movement criticized Jinnah but Jinnah did not react as Jinnah went on being friendly
to the Congress and wanted the affection of the Hindus as shown before and he did not want
them to misunderstand his intentions and Jinnah said that, “ I still stand as a tried
nationalist”23.

4.2 Jinnah and the Swaraj Party :

Jinnah was trying his best to woo the Congress Party but the Swarajists were directed with a
mandate to be against the diehard Gandhians and the Swarajists were disrupting the
proceedings of the House and making it an inefficient tool of the Government. Jinnah
condemned this action while speaking on the Indian Finance Bill on March 15,1925 Jinnah
said that he was not prepared to resort to any policy or programme that stood for the
wreckage of the House. But Motilal Nehru retorted by saying that the Swaraj Party had a
clear and direct mandate to destroy the Legislature if it will not mend. When this was denied
by Jinnah, Motilal Nehru mentioned that Jinnah had won due to the Ticket of the Swaraj
Party24. This encounter shows that Jinnah still clinged on to the earlier constitutional way. He
was not prepared to overthrow the British, but would not push them out but expect them as
rulers to be generous and accomodative and leave when the time came 25. At this juncture
even the Congress Party was skeptical of Jinnah and once a charge was levelled against
Jinnah by the Hindu Mahasabha wherein Jinnah was called an advocate of the interests of
Muslims than a champion of freedom for all Indians and was a Communalist in garb of a
Nationalist. These comments hurt Jinnah deeply and in order to win over the Hindus, Jinnah
in March 20, 1927 while presiding over a convention called by the Leaguepresented

22
Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the Creation of Pakistan, New
Delhi, 1991, pp.52-53
23
Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the Creation of Pakistan, New
Delhi, 1991, p. 54.
24
Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin, The Collected Works of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Vol.2,1921-1926,
Karachi, 1986, pp.363,368.
25
Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who Divided India,2002, New Delhi,p. 35
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Proposals under which there would be a general electorate. But this upset many traditional
Muslim leaders. This created a rift between the Shafi group and the Jinnah group and Jinnah
in the annual session of the League in Calcutta from December 30,1927 to January1,1928. In
his Presidential address Jinnah ahd admonished Shafi and his colleagues and called their
stand unpatriotic and Jinnah also said that he admired the support given to him by the
Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha26. Shafi and his colleagues even opposed Jinnah’s stand
in the opposition of the all-white Simon Commission which was sent to India by the British
to review Constitutional requirements and Lord Irwin said that it would draft a new
constitution for India. Jinnah’s league supported the Congress in opposing it. Jinnah’s
followers supported the Congress for non-cooporation and Jinnah’s demand was that there
should be atleast one Hindu and one Muslim in the Commission, which was turned down by
Lord Irwin. Muslim leaders like Sir Mohamed Shafi, Sir Mohamed Zafrullah Khan and their
followers were supporting the Commission as they saw it as an opportunity to press their
demands, but as Jinnah was opposing it, he lost his hold among Muslims but the Hindus
welcomed Jinnah’s stand.

Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin, The Collected Works of Quaid-i-Azam, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the creation of
26

Pakistan,, New Delhi,1991, pp.52-53

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3. The change in Jinnah’s stand

The most contentitous issue during that period was the Muslim demand for separate
electorate. The Hindu members by and large opposed it, and some Muslim leaders like, Dr.
M.A. Ansari and Maulana Azad opposed it. But this demand was firmly supported by
Muslim Leaders like Maulana Mohamed Ali. Jinnah too was ready to accept the general
electorate stand but on fulfilling of certain demands like, the formation of Sind as a separate
province, the introduction of reforms in the North-West frontier and Baluchistan and a certain
fixed percentage of representation for the Muslims at the Centre and in the provinces of
Punjab and Bengal. Jinnah after reading Nehru’s proposal for general electorate thought that
unless his aforementioned demands were accepted he would not accept it. This shows that
Jinnah was no more intersted in playing a Nationalist game and even his ambassadorship had
come to disrespute. Jinnah tried to gain the lost trust of Muslims by opting for seperatism.
Jinnah called a meeting of the League Council and as the propsal made by Nehru be the basis
of the future Constitution of India, Jinnah stressed that Muslims interests must be protected.
Jinnah leading the delegation in the All-Parties National Convention called in Calcutta by
Nehru on December 22,1928 to press for the acceptance of these conditions and in his speech
Jinnah said that the majority is apt to oppress the minority in a tyranical way unless the
interests of the minorities are proteced through statutory provisions and this apprehension if
further embittered when we have to deal with communal majority 27. Jinnah contended that
1/3rd of the seats on the Central Legislature be reserved for Muslims. The next proposal of
Jinnah was that the form of the Constitution be federal with residuary powers given to
Provinces. The Sind and the North West Provinces be separated 28. But neither the Hindu
leaders nor Nehru were in a conciliatory mood and the convention ended but none of the
demands of Jinnah were incorporated. The Muslim leaders who had assembled in Delhi for
the Conference had lost faith in Jinnah and the League. The Aga Khan presisded over the
conference arranged by Sir Fazl-i-Hussain and he wanted to break once and for all Jinnah’s
hold on Muslims. The Conference turned down by asserting that it is they, and not the League
who is the representative of Muslims. But this led to a lot of unity and solidarity among

Dr. Rafiq Zakaria, The man who divided India,2002 New Delhi,p.45
27

Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin, The Collected Works of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Vol. 3, 1926-1931,
28

Karachi,1986, pp.316-319.
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Muslims that, even the League had to concede to the supremacy of the League. Jinnah later
attended a Congress Party meeting in Calcutta before and found that there is no future for him
in it as it was Hindu-dominated, but neither did he participate in the gathering nor did he
come near to any of its leaders and broke his ties with the Congress 29. Jinnah tried to strike a
balance between communalism and nationalism and esposed in National unity. But Shafi and
Fazl-i-Hussain were antagonistic towards Jinnah and were internsly supporting seperatism.
Jinnah wanted to be maintain his own separate and special status. In an interview to London’s
Daily Telegraph, Ellis Bartlett, he reiterated his undying support to a united India, Barlett
reported, “ Jinnah refuses absolutely to admit that India is not a single geographical unit
forming one homogenous nation and that he declares himself to be a citizen of India first30.

Jinnah contended that it as in the interest of the Hindus that his demands be accepted as the
bonds between Hindus and Muslims would be cemented. Jinnah even gave some certain
proposals. The essence of them is,

1.That Sind be seperated from Bombay Presidency

2. There must be atleast 33% of Muslims in the House

3. Provinces should have residuary powers

4. There should be liberty while professing and practicing religion all bills should be passed
by majority

5. Muslims should have some leverage and privilege in form of resrvation in Civil Services.

But all of these propsals were ridiculed and did not produce any impact and the Congress
ignored them, the Aga Khan refused to take notice of them, Dr. Ansari characterised them as
lacking vision, Sir Fazl-i-Husain described them as the same old wine, which had soured but
only the bottle was new, Maulana Mohamed Ali called him “the arch-compromiser”. Stanley
Wolpert said that, Jinnah had took Aga Khan’s four principles and hamered a few more
plancks on either end and hoped it would float, an ark in which all of them might survive the
coming flood”31. These statements had really hurt Jinnah as never before he was subject to
such contempt and ridicule by his contemporaries.

29
Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin, The Collected Works of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Vol. 3, 1926-
1931, Karachi,1986,p. 326.
30
Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam-Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the Creation of Pakistan, New
Delhi,1991, pp.73-74.
31
Wolpert Stanley, Jinnah of Pakistan, New York, 1984, pp. 105-106.
19 | P a g e

Following these chain of events, Jinnah’s role became increasingly irrelevant and on noticing
the Muslims’ unfavourable reaction on the Nehru Report Gandhi realised that the Congress
should focus more on confronting the British and pressurize to atleast give Dominion status
to India or they would be left with no option but to call for complete independence and made
Nehru the president of Congress in December, 1929 in the Lahore session where the
Congress declared Swaraj or complete independence. Jinnah felt that the Congress is taking
on the British first without first conceding to the demands of the Muslims and Jinnah
objected to all the movements Gandhi launched like the Non-Cooperation, the Salt March,
Quit India because he feared the ousting of the British without the Hindus first conceding the
demands that he had been voicing. Jinnah also felt that Gandhi was taking away all the lime-
light and potrayed himself as the only saviour whom everybody should obey.
20 | P a g e

4. Jinnah’s resurgence into Politics

Jinnah and Lord Irwin

Lord Irwin was appointed as Viceroy of India and Jinnah had developed a close releationship
with him by writing frequent letters to him about ways to tackle political turmoil in the
country and ways to tackle Gandhi and his open defiance to the British. This was aggravated
due to the huge success of the Salt March. Jinnah leveraged this by suggesting to have a
meeting with all the leaders of different political groups. Jinnah pushed for including Muslim
Nationalists and also deliberate about the Hindu-Muslim issue.

6.1 Jinnah in the Conferences :

In 1929, the Labour Party won the election and Jinnah’s friend Ramsay MacDonald was the
Prime Minister and Jinnah in a letter urged him to call for a Round Table Conference with
representation from leaders. As a consequence, in 1929 a round-table conference was held in
Ahmedabad. Neither Nehru nor Gandhi participated in it as they wanted to know if the
Government is giving India a Dominion status to which Lord Irwin stated that was not
possible32.

The Viceroy then announced that there would be a round table conference with the Prime
Minister and the Secretary of State for India but this too was boycotted by the Congress. At
this point, the Prime Minister and the Secretary of State became aware that it is only Gandhi
and Nehru the people would heed to and Jinnah though being a statesmen has not succeded in
gaining the power of the masses.

The Round Table Conference of Lahore :

The Congress leaders boycotted this as they wanted complete independence and were not
satisfied with mere dominion status. This was thwarted by Jinnah and he blamed Gandhi and
said he was, “ utterly unsuited to modern times and the realities we have to face in India 33.
But despite Gandhi’s oblivious attitude towards the Conference, Lord Irwin went on with it.
Lord Irwin later was not satisfied with the state of affairs. But Jinnah reinstated confidence in
32
Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin, The Collected Works of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Vol. 3, 1926-1931,
Karachi, 1986, pp. 316-319.
33
Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin, The Collected Works of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Vol. 3, 1926-
1931, Karachi, 1986, pp. 421-422
21 | P a g e

him by saying that the non-cooperation movement in India wasn’t successful as there was no
proper Hindu-Muslim unity in it and even in the country there is no proper unity and this
antagonistic behaviour by the Congress wouldn’t last long and while leaving for London after
being the Viceroy of India Lord Irwin wrote about Jinnah that he had an acute intellect and
was a true statesmen34. This was a fiasco and Jinnah received criticism from both Hindus and
Muslims.

Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam-Mohammed Ali Jinnah and the Creation of Pakistan, New
34

Delhi,1991, p.83.
22 | P a g e

5. Jinnah’s respite from Politics

Jinnah after the fiasco was subjected to a lot of degradation from throughout the spectrum.
Even the Aga Khan did not come to his rescue and Sir Mirza Ismail recorded that at the
Conference Jinnah “was in agreement with no one, not even, in the end with his own Muslim
delegation”35. Jinnah was sulked and this degradation had crippled his morale and he had left
for London bought a huge mansion and started his legal practice at the King’s bench.

During this time Jinnah came across an excellent review of H.C. Armstrong’s biography of
Kemal Ataturk, entitled Grey Wolf :An Intimate Study of a Dictator this book had impressed
him to such an extent that he was fascinated by what the Turkish Dictator did to reform his
co-religionists and to give them a new dynamic and modern outlook. He was keen in freeing
the Indian Muslims from the hands of the Mullahs and remove orthrodoxy, he tried to follow
the example of the Turkish leader and westernize the Muslims of India36.

7.1 Jinnah in the Second Round Table Conference :

Jinnah after bolstering his confidence and will after reading the book which had profoundly
inspired him set sail to India, undettered by the first round table conference to attend the
Second Round Table Conference on September 7, 1931. The Viceroy had a pact with Gandhi
who convinced the Congress to attend it and as a consequence, the Congress Party had
attended. The conference was smooth initially, but communal blockades came through and
the Aga Khan along with Sir Fazl-i-Husain who stated that there was no constitutional means
by which a majority could be turned into a minority 37. Jinnah was only given peripheral
importance and he hardly spoke. Nehru irated at Jinnah by saying, ‘If I had to listen to my
dear friend Mohammed Ali Jinnah talking the most mitigated nonsense about his fourteen
points for any length of time, I would have to consider the desirability of retiring to the South
Sea Islands, where there would be some hope of meeting some people who were intelligent or
ignorant enough not to talk of the fourteen points… I marvel at your patience 38. But even

35
Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam-Mohammed Ali Jinnah and the Creation of Pakistan, New
Delhi,1991, p. 88.
36
Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who divided India, Mumbai,2002, p.60.
37
The Memoirs of Aga Khan – World Enough and Time, London,1954,p.229.
38
Moore, R.J., The Crisis of Indian Unity, 1917-1940, Delhi, 1974, pp. 241-242.
23 | P a g e

though Jinnah bring the fourteen point list into light, Nehru lambasted him. On the other
hand, the Conference was’nt able to reslove the Hindu-Muslim conflict.

7.2 Jinnah again taking a break from Politics

After this was done, Jinnah left for London and argued before the Privy Council. He had an
opulent lifestyle and was earning handsomely and would visit expensive restaurants and
theatres.

7.3 Jinnah reverting to Politics

But the Political itch could not stop Jinnah39. Some of his friends wrote to Jinnah to enter
Politics again. But Jinnah was neither accepted by the Hindus nor the Muslims. He wasn’t
even called to the third round table conference. This really hurt his ego. The insults the
Congress Party had thrown on him too had a lasting impact on Jinnah. Jinnah then started
jeopardizing the Hindu-Muslim unity in India. He took a vow to start Muslims as a conuter-
force to the Congress which he believed represented Hindus only. He struved towards
destroying his past ideals and by creating and dismantling Hindu-Muslim divide. He was
hell-bent on showing the Congress and Gandhi that he and his followers could purge the
Gandhi, Nehru and Congress idea of a united India.

39
Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam-Mohammed Ali Jinnah and the Creation of Pakistan, New
Delhi,1991, p. 81.
24 | P a g e

6. The onset of Partition

Jinnah was elected unopposed by his Muslim voters to the Central Legislative Assembly. He
rarely participated in debates in the Assembly and was hell-bent in purging the idea of Hindu-
Muslim unity propounded by Nehru, Gandhi and The Congress. This was to such an extent
that he even pleaded for the help of his bitter enemy Sir Fazl-i-Husain to join hands with him.
Sir Wazir Hassan, a financial magnate had joined hands with Jinnah and in his address he
stated that, “Hindus and Muslims are not two communities living together, but are two
nations altogether”40. When Jinnah asked for the help of M.C. Chagla,Jinnah’s great
confidant and a former Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court which was refused, as Mr.
Chagla advocated the cause of Hindu-Muslim unity, Jinnah replied that Mr.Chagla was an
idealist and then it had become clear to Mr. Chagla that Jinnah had made up his mind to
further his leadership through communal means41. Jinnah also welcomed the communal
award while Nehru and Gandhi boycotted it.

Jinnah also cleverly used the Government of India Act, 1935 enacted by the British
Parliament and asked the Muslims to utilize the Provincial Scheme, but discard the Federal
Plan42. Jinnah had even contested the General Elections but this was a disaster as he had one
only 100 out of the 600 seats reserved for Muslims 43. This was a huge setback to Jinnah but
he nevertheless put his chin up by saying the entire Muslim population of India will support
the Muslim League once they realize the objective of it. He blamed the Congress which
formed Government in eight of the eleven provinces by saying the Congress rule of the past
10 years is responsible for the Muslim subjudication in India 44. He then targetted the
Congress by saying, “ Hindi is made the national language of India and Vande Mataram the
National song of the country, this shows the imposition of Hindu patronage on the Muslims
of India45.

Congress due to the Provincial autonomy in the 8 Provinces it had did not pay heed to the
Muslim League. Jawaharlal Nehru once even remarked that, there were only two Political
Parties in India, The British and the Indian National Congress. Nehru then undermined the

40
Chagla,M.C., Roses in December- An Autobiography, Bombay, 1973, pp.103-104.
41
Moore, R.J., Churchill, Cripps, and India – 1939-1945, London, 1979, p.1.
42
Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who divided India, Mumbai,2002, p.65.
43
Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who divided India, Mumbai,2002, p.67.
44
Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin, The Collected Works of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Vol. 3, 1926-
1931, Karachi, 1986, p.500
45
Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam-Mohammed Ali Jinnah and the Creation of Pakistan, New
Delhi,1991, p. 83.
25 | P a g e

power of Muslims and the following of the Muslim League. Jinnah leveraged this, by
contending that the Hindus and the Congress Party has a callous attitude towards Muslims
and the Muslims must fight for a separate state46.

Jinnah then followed the idea of Gandhi by wearing sherwani and pyjama and discarded his
western suits to gain the support of the Muslim Masses and said that Islam itself was in great
danger. The Congress still did not pay heed to Jinnah as the Congress was intoxicated by the
little power it had. Maulana Azad in his Autobiography wrote that Jinnah had no intention to
collaborate with the Congress and his only aim was to gain the support of Muslims to form a
separate state. He was in a great hurry to be the Supreme Leader of Muslims 47. The famous
urdu poet Iqbal asked Jinnah to focus on the poor Muslims, but this was ignored by Jinnah
and he in reply said that all the Muslims were of equal importance to him.

Jinnah wanted equality in sharing power and wanted the Congress to keep their hands of
Muslims and let the Muslim League be the sole representative of Muslims. But this was not
accepted by the Congress Leaders as they felt that if this is done Congress would be a
communal party only favouring the Hindus. Jinnahtraveled thrpughout India and asked
Muslims to accept the Muslim League as their supreme Leader. His Mantra was “Islam in
danger”. Though Jinnah was not well-versed with Urudu and the verses of the Quran he
mesmerized the Muslim audience in his speeches and they readily gave their mandate to him.

Jinnah once in a rally claimed that the Congress was just a body for Hindus and it was not for
the Muslims. The Muslims of India need not get their rights as gifts and concessions from the
Congress Party and that The Muslims of India will secure their rights if thye Muslim League
is solely accepted as the representative of the Muslims in Indi and asked the crowd if the
Congress represented the Muslims, The crowd in unison responded. No!No!48.

Jinnah in 1939 issued a stern warning to the Congress in Bombay with the slogan, “Congress,
hands of Muslims”. In 1939, Britain declared war on Germany and India was made party to
it. This was done without consulting the top leaders of Inida. ThE Congress Leaders as a
protest resigned from their ministries. Jinnah leveraged this and asked Muslims to offer
thanks to God for getting rid of the Congress Raj.

46
Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam-Mohammed Ali Jinnah and the Creation of Pakistan, New
Delhi,1991, p. 88.
47
Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who divided India, Mumbai,2002, p.72.
48
Chandra, Kailash, Jinnah and the Command Problem in India, Delhi, 1986, pp.34-35.
26 | P a g e
27 | P a g e

7. The Demand For Pakistan

In the year, 1939, when Britain was busy in the Second World War, Jinnah increasingly
harped his diatribes amd furthered the Hindu-Muslim rift in India. Jinnah said that, Hindus
and Muslims were totally irreconcilable and he contended that Hinduism and Islam are not
just religions, and Hindus and Muslims belong to two different and distinct social orders.
Both Hindus and Muslims have conflicting ideas and conceptions 49. Gandhi and Nehru were
really alerted and to pacify the Muslims they appointed Maulana Azad as the President of the
Congress Party. In the Ramgarh session of the Congress in 1940, Maulana Azad called for
reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims by citing that India os and has been the home of
many cultures and Muslims for the sake of good entered India and if both the communities
unitedly engage with each other then we could fashion our future destiny50.

Though the speech of Maulana was a fitting reply to Jinnah’s acerbic diatribes, if it had been
more concrete in enlightening the Muslims of Indiait could have a more profound effect. The
speech did not mention that because of Partition, Muslims at Hindu majority areas too would
be at a loss.

In the year 1941, Gandhi had launched Satyagraha against the British. Jinnah opposed this by
saying it was a political gambit by Gandhi and it did not represent the Muslim Community in
India and that Gandhi was just using coercive means against the British so as to establish
Congress’ power51. By opposing this, he had gained the goodwill of the British.

Winston Churchill was elected Prime Minister and had appointed Sir Stafford Cripps to work
out some sort of Political Settlement. Sir Cripps plans contained a clause which read that if
any Province did not want to opt, it had the liberty to do so. This was a heavy blow to Gnadhi
and the Congress Party. As a consequence, the Congress Party rejected it.

Gandhi felt that, Japan would attack India and this was the right time for the Congress Party
to push its demands for complete independence and not something substandard like the
August Offer52.

49
Saiyid, Matlubul Hasan, The Political Study of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Vol. 2, Delhi,1986,pp.688-689.
50
Moore, R.J., Churchill, Cripps, and India- 1939-1945, London,1979, p.1
51
Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin, The Collected Works of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Vol. 3, 1926-1931,
Karachi, 1986, p.266-267
52
Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin, The Collected Works of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Vol. 3, 1926-1931,
Karachi, 1986, p.267
28 | P a g e

The Congress Party on August 8,1942, passed a resolution that the British must quit India. In
effect of this, Gandhi launched a large-scale campaign called the Quit India Movement and
gave the slogan, Do or Die. Top Congress Leaders like Nehru, Patel and the President of the
Congress Party, Azad were arrested. The Muslim, League opposed the Quit India Movement
and Jinnah called Muslims to oppose it with the help of the Government as it was Anti-
Muslim. Jinnah later in a public meeting with Gandhi even sarcastically criticized Gandhi and
the Movement.
29 | P a g e

8. The Shimla Conference and Jinnah’s demands

In such volatile circumstances, Lord Wavell had taken charge as theViceroy of India. The
circumstances were so volatile that even the members of the Armed Forces could not be
relied upon, many British servants were returning to Britain and there was a communal tide
between Hindus and Muslims. In June 25, 1945 Lord Wavell called for a conference in
Shimla where the representatives of each community were called upon and asked to put their
demands. Jinnah’s main demand was that there be 50% reservation for Muslim members.
Wavell was amused as Muslims constituted only 50% of the population. This later became
clear to Wavell that the 50% reservation idea propounded by Jinnah actually meant Muslim
domination ostensibly, but in reality meant Jinnah’s domination as Jinnah had the popular
mandate of Muslims.53 Jinnah’s primary stance was that whatever reforms the British
intended to make had to have his approval and he wanted to be on par with Nehru and
Gandhi.

9. Cabinet Mission Plan and Jinnah

The Atlee Government in February 1946 decided to send a high-powered Committee of three
British Cabinet Ministers, Patheick Lawerence, The Secretary of State for India Stafford
Cripps, President of the Board of Trade and A.V Alexander, First Lord of Admirality to
India. This Mission was sent as the Indian masses largely became aware of their rigths, The
Army could not be relied upon and many British Civil Servants were poised to return home
as the state of affairs had chamged drastically.

The features pf the Cabinet Mission Plan :

The Cabinet Mision Plan proposed to have

1. An interim Government till the new government is formed.

2. Principles and procedures for framing a new Constitution after giving freedom to
India.
At this stage, there was no consensus between the Muslim League and The Indian
National Congress and on the other hand there were communal riots between Hindus
and Muslims. As there was no consensus, the Plan tredded its own path54.

53
Moore, R.J., Churchill, Cripps, and India – 1939-1945, London, 1979, p. 140.
54
https://unacademy.com/lesson/cabinet-mission-in-hindi/7DQIDNO3 (viewed on 07-04-2019 at 13:00hrs)
30 | P a g e

The Cabinet Mission Plan had rejected the demand for a full-fledged Pakistan
Reasons:
The Pakistan so formed would include a large non-muslim population in the North-
West i.e, 48% and a Large Non-Muslim population in the North-East, 38%. In
defence of this, Jinnah proposed the Hostage policy, i.e. a minority in one state is a
majority in another state, if one state does not secure its minorities, the other state
would retaliate, this theory was remarked preposterous by Lord Clement Atlee55.

10. Mountbatten Plan

According to the Mountbatten plan, India would get total independece on August, 15 1947.
The Plan setup a Boundary Commission that would look after the setting up of Pakistan. It
conceded to the Muslim League but also wanted to satisfy Congress’ plan of a united India
and made the Paritition as small as possible.

The Legislative Assemblies of Punjab and Bengal were given an option of referndum who
voted to be partitioned from India. The reason the British did so, was to prevent from getting
the blame for the communal tensions brewing in the country. Sindh and Baluchistan too
joined Pakistan.

This led to the formation of the current Pakistan on the west and Bangladesh on the East of
India56.

12.1The Aftermath of the Partition

There were communal tensions throughout the country between Hindus and Muslims and a
lot of refugees were fleeing Pakistan to India and a lot were fleeing India and visiting
Pakistan.

55
https://unacademy.com/lesson/cabinet-mission-in-hindi/7DQIDNO3 (viewed on 07-04-2019 at 13:00hrs)
56
https://unacademy.com/lesson/mountbatten-plan-in-hindi/QY0B2NQ8 (viewed on 07-04-2019 at 13:00hrs)
31 | P a g e

11.Jinnah after the formation of Pakistan

Jinnah then became the Governor General of Pakistan on 14 th January, 1947. Jinnah was also
the chairman of the ConstituentAssembly of Pakistan. But the Pakistan that was formed was
neither truly Secular nor Islamic. Jinnah was not able to pacify the Muslims from the
fanatical fringe of Partition and could not built a modern state as he intended to. As a
consequence, The constituent assembly passed the “Objectives Resolution” which stated the
final Sovergeinity of Pakistan was on Allah and all Laws must be in conformity with the
Quran and the Sunnah57. This was a heavy blow to Jinnah as traditionally he was against
orthodox Islamic practices. And the Objective Resilution due to these clauses was really
vague. Srdar Shaukat Hyat Khan remarked this as “the most undemocratic, unislamic and
most reactionary”. The strongrst protest came from East Pakistan who saw this as a means of
subjudicating them58. After the assasination of the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, the next
one bought certain changes in which the mandatory and enforceable provisions of the
Constitution were secular but the directives which were not enforceable were Islamic 59.
Jinnah who is considered to be one of the founding fathers of Pakistan died on 11 th
September 1948 due to Tuberclousis.

57
Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who divided India, Mumbai,2002, p.205
58
Zakaria, Rafiq, Iqbal: The Poet and the Partition, Mumbai,1998,pp.64-65
59
Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who divided India, Mumbai,2002, p.207
32 | P a g e

Conclusion

Jinnah was an excellent statesman with a keen sense of articulation and astute thought
process. He the chief architect in building what is today called Pakistan. Many great
politicians like Gandhi, Nehru among others held him great esteem. His shrewd political
strategies, his moving speeches and his competence in mobilising the Muslims after suffering
heavy setbacks politically which led him to be ignored from both sides of the spectrum is
stellar.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who Divided India,2002

2. Wolpert, Stanley, Jinnah of Pakistan, New York, 1984,

3. Jinnah : The Founder of Pakistan,Karachi,1999

4. Zakaria,Rafiq,Rise of Muslims in Indian Politics,New Delhi,1970

33 | P a g e

5. Bolitho Hector, Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan, London

6. Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar, Quaid-I-Azam, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the creation
of Pakitsan, New Delhi,1991

7. Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin, The Collected Works of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah,
Vol.2,1921-1926, Karachi, 1986

8. The Memoirs of Aga Khan – World Enough and Time, London

9. Moore, R.J., The Crisis of Indian Unity, 1917-1940, Delhi, 1974,

10. Chagla,M.C., Roses in December- An Autobiography, Bombay, 1973

11. Moore, R.J., Churchill, Cripps, and India – 1939-1945, London,

12. Chandra, Kailash, Jinnah and the Command Problem in India, Delhi, 1986

13. Saiyid, Matlubul Hasan, The Political Study of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Vol. 2,
Delhi,1986

14. Moore, R.J., Churchill, Cripps, and India – 1939-1945, London