Quaid-e-Azam

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

An Architect of Pakistan
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• A politician, lawyer and
Pakistan’s first Governor-
General
• Known as ‘Quaid-e-Azam’ or
‘Great Leader’
• He successfully campaigned
and led Pakistan’s
independence from India and
became its first leader.
 Early Life

• Born on December 25, 1876, in Karachi, Pakistan.

• His father was a prosperous Muslim merchant named Jinnah
Poonja.
• When Muhammad Ali Jinnah was 6 years old, his father
placed him in the Sindh Madrasat-ul-Islam School. Jinnah
was far from a model student.
• He was more interested in playing outside with his friends
than focusing on his studies.
 Cont…
• As the proprietor of a thriving trade business,
Jinnah’s father emphasized the importance of
studying mathematics, but ironically, arithmetic
was among Jinnah’s most hated subjects.
• When Jinnah was nearly 11 years old, his only
paternal aunt came to visit from Bombay, India.
Jinnah and his aunt were very close.
• The aunt suggested that Jinnah should return with
her to Bombay; she believed the big city would
provide him a better education than Karachi could.
 Cont…
• Despite his mother’s resistance, Muhammad Ali Jinnah
accompanied his aunt back to Bombay, where she enrolled
him in the Gokal Das Tej Primary School.

• Despite the change of scenery, Jinnah continued to prove

himself a restless and unruly student. Within just six months
he was sent back to Karachi. His mother insisted he attend
Sindh Madrassa, but Jinnah was expelled for cutting classes
to go horseback riding.
 Cont….
• Jinnah’s parents then enrolled him in the Missionary
Society High School, hoping that he would be better
able to concentrate on his studies there. As a teen,
Jinnah developed an admiration for his father’s
business colleague, Sir Frederick Leigh Croft.
• When Croft offered Jinnah an internship in London,
he jumped at the chance, but his mother was not so
eager for him to accept the offer. Fearful of being
separated from her son, she persuaded him to marry
before leaving for London. She believed that his
marriage would ensure his eventual return to India.
 Cont….
At his mother’s urging, the 15 year old Jinnah entered
into an arranged marriage with his 14 year old bride,
Emibai, in February 1892.
She was from the village of Paneli in India, and the
wedding took place in her hometown.
• Jinnah continued attending the Christian Missionary
Society High School until he left for London.
 Cont….

• He departed Karachi in January 1893, not knowing that he

would never see his wife and mother again as Emibai died a
few months after Jinnah’s departure due to a decease.
• Devastatingly, Jinnah’s mother, Mithibai, also passed away
during his stay in London.
• After a few months of serving his internship, in June 1893
Jinnah left the position to join Lincoln’s Inn, a renowned legal
association that helped law students study for the bar.
 Attorney
• Over the next few years, Jinnah prepared for the legal exam by
studying biographies and political texts that he borrowed from
the British Museum Library & read in the barristers’ chambers.
• While studying for the bar, Jinnah heard the terrible news of his
wife and mother’s deaths, but he managed to forge on with his
education.
• In addition to fulfilling his formal studies, he made frequent
visits to the House of Commons, where he could observe the
powerful British government in action firsthand.
• When Jinnah passed his legal exam in May 1896, he was the
youngest ever to have been accepted to the bar.
 Cont…
• During Jinnah’s visits to the House of Commons, he
had developed a growing interest in politics, deeming
it a more glamorous field than law.
• With his law degree in hand, in August 1896 Jinnah
moved to Bombay and set up a law practice as a
barrister in Bombay’s high court. Jinnah continued to
practice as a barrister.
• Now in Bombay, Jinnah began his foray into politics
as a liberal nationalist.
 Political Career
• He started his political life as Dadabhai Naoroji’s
personal secretary.
• Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress, the largest
political organization in India.
• At this time, his role model was Gopal Khrishna
Gokhale.
• In his early career, he helped a lot of his Muslim
workmates since at that time, Muslim people were
minority.
 Cont…

• When Jinnah’s father joined him there, he was deeply

disappointed in his son’s decision to change career paths and,
out of anger, withdrew his financial support.
• Fortunately, the two had mended fences, by the time Jinnah’s
father died in April 1902.
• Jinnah was particularly interested in the politics of India and
its lack of strong representation in British Parliament. He was
inspired when he saw Dadabhai Naoroji becoming the first
Indian to earn a seat in the House of Commons.
 Cont…
• In 1904, Jinnah attended a meeting of the Indian National
Congress and in 1906 he joined the Congress.
• In 1912, Jinnah attended a meeting of the All India Muslim
League, prompting him to join the league the following year.
Jinnah would later join yet another political party, the Home
Rule League, which was dedicated to the cause of a State’s
right to self-government.
• On 25 January 1910, he was elected to the Imperial Legislative
Council. He and many people in the congress used to support
the Great Britain in their early career because they thought that
the Great Britain will grant Indians their political freedom.
 Cont….
• At first, Jinnah did not have any interest at all. However, he
joined the Muslim League in 1913 but without leaving the
congress.
• In 1916, he became the president of the Muslim League. As
a member of the Muslim League, Jinnah began to work for
Hindu-Muslim unity.
• Mohammad Ali Jinnah really tried to bring the Muslim League
and the Congress closer to each other.
• Jinnah also made an agreement between Indian National
Congress and Muslim League in December 1916 known as
Lucknow Pact
 Cont….
• The Pact dealt with both the structure of the government of
India and the relation of the Hindu and Muslim communities.
• His effort to get the Pact approved made him to a title of
“Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity” from Mrs. Sarojini
Naidu.
• In the midst of Jinnah’s thriving political career, he met a 16
year old named Ratanbai while on vacation in Darjeeling.
After "Rutti" turned 18; and converted to Islam, the two were
married on 19 April 1918.
 Cont….
• By 1918, Mohandas Gandhi had become one of the main
leaders of the Congress Party.
• Jinnah and Gandhi had different minds. Mr. Gandhi wanted a
non-violent protest to gain independence, while Jinnah wanted
constitutional struggle to gain independence.
• Their different thoughts led Jinnah to leave the Congress party
in 1920.
• At this time, Jinnah brought out a programme to reduce the
differences between the Congress Party and the Muslim
League, which was called as ‘Jinnah’s 14 points’.
 Cont….
• As a member of Congress, Jinnah at first collaborated with
Hindu leaders as the Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity,
while working with the Muslim League simultaneously.
• Gradually, Jinnah realized that the Hindu leaders of Congress
held a political agenda that was incongruent with his own.
• But in 1926, Jinnah shifted to the opposite view and began
supporting separate electorates. Still, overall, he retained the
belief that the rights of Muslims could be protected in a united
India.
 Cont….
• At that stage of his political career, Jinnah left Congress and
dedicated himself more fully to the Muslim League.
• By 1928, Jinnah’s busy political career had taken a toll on his
marriage. He and his second wife separated.
• Rutti lived as a recluse at the Taj Mahal Hotel in Bombay for
the next year, until she died on her 29th birthday.
• As a reaction to the Nehru Report, he gave his famous
fourteen points in 1929.
• During the 1930s, Jinnah attended the Anglo-Indian Round
Table Conferences in London, and led the reorganization of
the All India Muslim League.
 Independent Homeland
• By 1939 Jinnah came to believe in a Muslim homeland on the
Indian subcontinent. He was convinced that this was the only
way to preserve Muslims’ traditions and protect their political
interests.
• His former vision of Hindu-Muslim unity no longer seemed
realistic to him at this time.
• During the 1940 meeting of the Muslim League at Lahore,
Jinnah proposed the partition of India and the creation of
Pakistan, in the area where Muslims constitute a majority.
 Cont….
• The Muslim League adopted the Pakistan Resolution to
partition of India into states.
• Four years later, Britain sent a cabinet mission to India to
outline a constitution for transfer of power to India. India was
then divided into three territories:
 The first was a Hindu majority, which makes up present-day
India.
 The second was a Muslim area in the northwest, to be
designated as Pakistan.
 The third was made up of Bengal and Assam, with a narrow
Muslim majority.
 Cont….
• After a decade, the provinces would have the choice
of opting out on the formation of a new federation.
But when the Congress president expressed
objections to implementing the plan, Jinnah also
voted against it.
• The independent state of Pakistan that Jinnah had
envisioned came to be on August 14, 1947.
• The following day, Jinnah was sworn in as Pakistan’s
first governor-general.
 Death and Legacy

• On 11 September 1948, just a little over a year after

he became Governor-General.
• Jinnah died of tuberculosis in Karachi, the place
where he was born.
• Today, Jinnah is credited with having altered the
destiny of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent.
 Cont….
• According to Richard Symons, “Muhammad Ali
Jinnah contributed more than any other man to
Pakistan’s survival.”
• Jinnah’s dream for Pakistan was based on the
principles of social justice, brotherhood and equality,
which he aimed to achieve under his motto of
"Faith, Unity, and Discipline."
• In the wake of his death, Jinnah’s successors were
tasked with consolidating the nation of Pakistan that
Jinnah had so determinedly established.
Jinnah’s 14 Points – March 1929
• Any future constitution should be federal, with power
resting with the provinces.

• All provinces should have the same amount of

autonomy.

• All legislatures and local bodies should be constituted

with adequate representation of minorities.

• Muslims should have one-third of the seats in the

Central Assembly.

• Election should be by separate electorates.

 Cont….
• Any territorial changes should not affect the Muslim majority in
Bengal, the Punjab and the NWFP.

• Full liberty of belief and worship shall be granted to all

communities.

• No Bill shall be passed in any elected body if ¾ of any

community in that body opposed it.

• Sindh shall be separated from Bombay.

• There should be reforms in the NWFP and Balochistan to put

them on the same footing as other provinces.
 Cont….
• Muslims should have an adequate share in the services
of the state.

• Muslim culture, education, language, religion and

charities should be protected by the constitution.

• All Cabinets (at central or local level) should have at

least 1/3 Muslim representation.

• The federation of India must not change laws without

the consent of the provinces.
 Round Table Conferences
The 1st Round Table Conference was started in November 1930.
Except Congress all political parties of India participated.
Maharaja of Bikaner extended support from princely states for
all India Federation with some safeguards for states. Jinnah, and
Muhammad Shafi had supported Sapru’s demand for Dominion
Status and responsible government at centre for India.
Eight sub-committees were constituted on federal structure,
provincial constitution, defense services and minorities.
Jinnah demanded constitutional safeguards for Muslims.
First Round Conf was closed on 19 Jan 1931.
 Cont….
The Second Round Table Conference was opened on
7 September 1931. Two main committees, federal
structure and minorities were formed.
Gandhi was the sole representative of Congress and
claimed himself the only representative of India.
2nd Round Table Conf closed on 1st December 1931.
British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald appealed
for resolution of communal problem.
 Cont….
• The Third Round Table Conference was started on
17 November 1932.
• It was a short and unimportant session because of
Congress boycott.
• Communal Award was published by the British
Government on August 1932 and right of separate
electorate was extended to different minorities
including Hindu untouchables.
 THE CONGRESS RULE
• A few high-handedness of Congress ministries are
appended below :-
• The Muslims were forbidden to eat beef.
• Every effort was made to humiliate Islam.
• A systematic policy was framed to erase the Muslim Culture.
• Hindi was enforced as official language.
• Azaan was forbidden and mosques were attacked.
• Noisy processions were organized in front of mosques
at prayer times.
• Pigs were pushed into the Mosques
• Hindu-Muslim riots were maneuvered in various places to
make a pretext for sever action against Muslims.
• Bande Matram was adopted as national anthem.
• Wardha Scheme and Widdia Mander schemes sought to
isolate the young generation of the Muslims from their
religion, culture and civilization.
• Congress after taking over the powers ordered the hoisting of
tri-coloured flag of Congress with the British Union Jack.
• The Congress started a Muslim mass contact campaign with a
view to crush the popularity of Muslim League.
 Pakistan Resolution
“No constitutional plan would be workable in this country or
acceptable to the Muslims unless it is designed on the following
basic principles; that geographically contiguous units are
demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with
such territorial re-adjustments as may be necessary that the areas
in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the
North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to
constitute ‘Independent States’ in which the constituent units
shall be autonomous and sovereign, that adequate, effective and
mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the
constitution for minorities in for the protection of their religious,
cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights.”
 Partition Plan - June 1947
The main characters of plan were:-

• The legislatures of Punjab and Bengal shall decide whether the

provinces should be divided or not.
• States should be free and independent to join one or the other
country.
• A boundary commission shall be setup which will demarcate the
boundaries of the countries.
• Both countries shall have their own Governor Generals who will
be the executive head of their respective countries.
• Military assets shall be divided amongst two countries after
partition.
 Indian Independence Act-1947
On 14 July 1947, the Indian Independence bill was moved in the
British Parliament which became an act on 18 July 1947:

•India was to be divided into two sovereign states of Pakistan and

India and the British control over India would come to an end on
15th August 1947.
•The princely states were given the option to join one or the other
country.
•The act of 1935 was to remain in force until both countries draft
their own constitutions.
 Quaid Azam As Governor
General of Pakistan
• On 14th August 1947, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the
1st Governor General. He remained Governor General for 13 months.
• During this period, he solved many important national issues. Some of
them are mentioned as under:
• Formation of Federal Cabinet
Soon, Quaid-e-Azam took an immediate action and nominated members of
the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly. Liaquat Ali
Khan was elected as the Prime Minister. Other members of the cabinet
were also nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan took oath on 15th
August 1947.
 Formation of Cabinet
• Members of the Cabinet
1. Sardar Abdul Rab Nisthar (Transport)
2. Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan (Agriculture)
3. Mr. Fazl-ur-Rahman (Education)
4. Mr. I.I. Chundrigar (Industry)
5. Mr. Ghulam Mohammad (Finance)
6. Mr. Jogander Nath Mandal (Law)
7. Sir Zafar Ullah Khan (Foreign Affairs)
 Cont…
• Constitutional Problems
The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the
country as there was no constitution available of the
newly born State. Thus, this great achievement was
done under the administrative leadership of the
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
• Establishment of Capital
Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan.
 Cont…
• Provincial Governments:
Quaid-e-Azam elected the following as Chief
Ministers of Provinces:
Khan Iftikhar Hussain Mumdot - Punjab
Khuwaja Nazim-ud-Din - East Bengal
Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan - N.W.F.P
Mohammad Ayub Khurro - Sindh
Chief Commissioner (British) - Baluchistan
 Cont…
• Establishment of Administrative Headquarters. For the
administrative reformation, a committee was set up and Chaudhry
Mohammad Ayub was made the Secretary General. Civil Services were
re-organized and Civil Services Academy was constituted. Moreover,
Head quarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set up. An
ammunition factory was also set up.
• Attention to Foreign Affairs
Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-e-Azam paid his
utmost attention to Foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations with
the neighboring and the developed countries that were the main
objective of the Foreign Policy.
 Cont…

• Membership of UNO:
After independence, Quaid-e-Azam paid immediate attention
for acquiring membership of the United Nations Organization
(UNO).

On 30th September 1947, Pakistan became member of the

UNO. This all, was done under the dynamic leadership of
Quaid-e-Azam.
 Cont….
• Implementation of Education Policy
Education plays an important role in the development of a
country. It improves living standard of a nation and development.
Education sector also needed attention at the time of
independence. for this purpose, he held the first Educational
Conference in 1947.
• Quaid-e-Azam wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve
his nation with honesty and national spirit. He made nation with
honesty and national spirit. He made acquisition of scientific and
technological education compulsory for the students. He did a lot
to improve Education Policy of the country.