Ship Bulk

Bulk Carrier Safety
Hamburg, 11 June 2007
Andreas Fuchs
• Naval Architect
• Mainly Bulk Carrier
• Dep. NHT Seagoing Ships Steel (Bulker/Tanker)
• Phone: +49 (0) 40 361 49 - 423
• e-mail: andreas.fuchs@gl-group.com
Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 2
1
Schedule
8:30 Welcome and Introduction
8:45 Session 1
9:45 Small Break
10:00 Session 2
11:00 Small Break
11:15 Session 3
12:30 Finish
Index
• Leading in
• Definitions • IACS Unified Requirements
• Bulk carrier • New ships
• Single side skin (SSS) • Damage scenarios
• Existing ships
• IMO • IACS information sources
• Solas convention
• Practical impementation of
• New Solas amendments requirements for exist.
• Load Lines convention bulkers (reinforcements)
• IMO information sources
• CSR
• Case study (skipped)
2
Navigator
• Module 1 - Bulk Carrier General

• Module 2 - International Maritime Regulations
• Module 3 - Classification Requirements
Module 1:
Bulk Carrier General
• Brief History
• Definition of Bulk Carrier
• Bulk Carrier Sizes
3
Closed Shelter-Deck Cargo Vessel of 50s
Manual trimming of
Fitting of Shift-Boards cargo surface
Manual filling of
empty spaces
Cargo difficult to
reach by grab
Preparation of cargo holds => Often neglected, because time consuming and
therefore cost intensive.
Closed Shelter-Deck Cargo Vessel of 50s
• Possible shifting of dry bulk cargo put the ships

to a potential risk on capsizing whilst at sea.
4
Purpose built bulk carriers
Development by the 1950s:

• Bulk cargo movements were increasing
• Discovery of new ore-sites and other commodities
far away from where they were needed
=> Demand on purpose built bulk carrier was born
Purpose built bulk carriers

• Features
• Single Deck
• Top-Side Wing Tanks
• Hopper Side Tanks
• Double Bottom
• Steel hatch covers
• Machinery and deckhouse
located aft
• Sufficient shear capacity
allows alternate loading
5
1970s
• Optimisation in sizes and configurations to allow

most economical use.
• Economy of scale
The bigger the cargo parcels, and the faster loading and
discharging operations, the bigger the vessel transporting
the cargo would generate greater profit .
• Bulk carriers with more than 200.000 dwt were

operated in the 1970s
M.V. Widar (typical Capesize Bulker)

• 148.000 dwt Bulk Carrier
• GL 7 100 A5 E (Corr) Bulk
Carrier
• Blohm & Voss
• Delivered June 1971
• Scrapped 1996
6
1980s
1. Big boom in ship building: Industry greatly over-estimated
the way in which trade would develop
2. Optimization due to…
• Advanced ship technology
• Increased higher tensile steel ratio
• Introduction of direct strength assessment using FE method.
…caused two effects:
• optimization of plate thicknesses created corrosion
vulnerable vessels of increased sizes
• oversupply of tonnage
Alarming rate of Bulk Carrier casualties
• 3 factors in common
• Average age of ships was above 18 years
• Carriage of coal & heavy mineral cargoes (corrosive + abrasive)
• Heavy weather
=> Water ingress to holds
7
Casualties by Categories
Structural Failure 72,7 %
80 72,7
70
60
Casualties % 50
40
30
20
9,4 8,1
10 4,2 3 1,4 1,2 0
0
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ac
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io
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am
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/
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ar
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Fi
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W
hi
g/
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ac
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M
is
M
g/
r in
de
un
Fleet data in the period 1978-98 were estimated

Fo
Source: IACS FSA Report based on Lloyd's Statistical Tables (1978 to 1998).
Structural Failure Contribution in %

Foundering/
Failure of Deck
Missing/
Fittings and
Ventilators Others Hull Damage
3,5 4,7 72,7 %
Hatch Cover
Failure
18,7
Side Shell Failure

45,8
Source: IACS FSA Report
8
Trend in average loss/year
Sources: Intercargo
Module 1:
• Brief History
9
Definition of the Term “Bulk Carriers”
• SOLAS Chapter IX/1.6

• Interpretation by Resolution 6 of 1997 SOLAS Conference:
Especially for the application of ISM Code and SOLAS Chapter
XII (excludes explicitely ore and combination carriers)
• IACS Unified Requirement Z11.2.2

• SOLAS Chapter XII amendment (MSC.170(79))
• For new bulker ≥ 1 July 2006

• SOLAS IX/1.6 • a ship which is constructed generally with
single deck, top-side tanks and hopper side
tanks in cargo spaces, and is intended
primarily to carry dry cargo in bulk, and
includes such types as ore carriers and
• Res. 6 combination carriers.
• a ship which is constructed with single deck,
top-side tanks and hopper side tanks in cargo
spaces and intended to carry dry cargo in
bulk
10
• IACS Z11.2.2
• The ship type notation "BULK CARRIER", or equivalent, and the
notation "ESP" shall be assigned to sea going self-propelled ships
which are constructed generally with single deck, double bottom,
hopper side tanks and topside tanks and with single or double side
skin construction in cargo length area and intended primarily to
carry dry cargoes in bulk. Typical midship sections :
•Requires special geometric properties like

hopper and wing tank
•Excluding ore and combination carriers
•Single- and double side skin construction
•Takes into account hybrid arrangements
109
Hybrid Bulk Carrier
Holds No. 2, 3 & 4 Double Side Skin Construction
Holds No. 1 & 5 Double Side Skin Construction
11
SOLAS Chapter XII amendment (MSC. 170(79))
New definition of new bulk carrier (keel laying date ≥ 1 July 2006) :
“Bulk carrier” means a ship which is intended primarily to carry
dry cargo in bulk, including such types as ore carriers and
combination carriers.
Difference to previous definitions:

• No reduction to bulk carriers with special geometric shape
⇒ Also valid for “open-hatch-bulk-carrier” or “con-bulker”
• “primarily” interpreted as where any loading conditions involving dry cargo

in bulk are contained in loading manual.
Definition of the Term “Single Side

Skin”
• MSC 89(71) • where one or more cargo holds are bound
adopted in May by the side shell only or by two watertight
1999 boundaries, one of which is the side shell,
which are:
• less than 760 mm apart in bulk carriers,
which are constructed before 1 January
2000,
the keels of which are constructed on or
after 1 January 2000.
12
Definition of the Term “Single Side
Skin”
• Amendment by • where any part of cargo hold is bound by the
MSC 170(79) side shell only; or
for B/C (incl.
• Where one or more cargo holds are bounded
Combination
by double side skin, the width of which is:
Carriers) with
keel laying date • less than 760 mm apart in bulk carriers,
which are constructed before 1 January
≥ 1 July 2006
2000,
constructed on or after 1 January 2000,
but before 1 July 2006.
Module 1:
• Brief History
13
Limitation in Size
• Port restrictions: draft limitations, air draft limitations,
lock limitations
• Infrastructure restrictions : less advanced port /
inland infrastructure makes it impossible to quickly
transport large quantities of cargoes to/from the port
areas
• Trade restriction: lack of financial strength to deal in
large volumes / limited demand for individual cargoes
at various destinations
Bulk Carrier Sizes related to typical cargo

Type DWT Major Commodities
Mini < 10.000 Minor Bulks, General Cargo
Handysize 10.000 – 35.000 Minor Bulks, Steel Products
Handymax 35.000 – 55.000 Minor Bulks, Steel Products, Grain, Coal,

Cement, Potash
Panamax 55.000 – 80.000 Bauxite, Coal, Grain, Ore, Phosphate
Capesize 80.000 – 200.000 Coal, Ore
VLBC > 200.000 Coal, Ore
Minor Bulks: Gypsum, Fertilisers, Forest Products, Minerals, Rice, Scrap, Sugar, etc.
14
Handymax Development
DWT ~ 55.000 t 200
Length Development
LoA ~ 190,00 m 190
180
LoA (m )
Breadth ~ 32,26 m 170
160
Depth ~ 17,80 m 150

30.000,00 35.000,00 40.000,00 45.000,00 50.000,00 55.000,00 60.000,00
Draught ~ 11,50 m
DW T
Depth Development
Breadth Development
25
40
35
20
Breadth (m )
Depth (m )
30
15
25
20 10
30.000,00 35.000,00 40.000,00 45.000,00 50.000,00 55.000,00 60.000,00 30.000,00 35.000,00 40.000,00 45.000,00 50.000,00 55.000,00 60.000,00
DW T DW T
Panamax Development
DWT ~ 78.000 t Kamsarmax:
LoA ~ 225,00 m LoA = 229 m
Breadth = 32,26 m DWT ~ 82.000 t
Depth ~ 19,60 m
Draught ~ 14,40 m
Panama Canal restrictions due to Lock properties:

• 289,60 m (950ft) in length overall (passenger ships and container ships 294,13 m (965ft)),
• 32,31 m (106ft) in extreme breadth and
• 12,0 m (39,5ft) in draught
15
Capesize Development
DWT ~ 175.000 t
Dunkirkmax
LoA ~ 289,00 m (for the French port’s eastern harbour lock at
Dunkirk)
Breadth ~ 45,00 m
Depth ~ 24,50 m Newcastlemax
~185,000 dwt large Capesize with max beam
Draught ~ 18,00 m B = 47 m
(for use of the Australian port of Newcastle)
Navigator

16
SOLAS Convention
Chap. SOLAS Structure

I General: Inspection & survey, issue of certificates, control
II Subdivision, stability, fire protection
III Life-saving appliances
IV Radiocommunications
V Safety of navigation
VI Carriage of cargoes
VII Carriage of dangerous goods
VIII Nuclear ships
IX Management for the safe operation of ships
X Safety measures for high speed craft
XI Special measures to enhance maritime safety
XII Additional safety measures for bulk carriers
17
SOLAS Chapter II-1
Structure, subdivision and stability
• Reg. II-1/3-2 (until now existing regulation by MSC.47(66))
• Corrosion protection of seawater ballast tanks
• New B/C ≥ 1 July 1998
• New amendments with MSC.215(82) and MSC.216(82)
• Protective coatings of dedicated seawater ballast tanks in all ship
types and double skin spaces of B/C (≥ 500 GT)
• For vessels…
• Contracted for construction ≥ 1 July 2008
• (in absence of contract) keellaying ≥ 1 January 2009
• Delivery ≥ 1 July 2012
IACS PR 34 provides application of a.m. IMO standards for CSR-vessels

already earlier: Contracted for construction ≥ 8 December 2006
SOLAS Chapter II-1

Structure, subdivision and stability
• Reg. II-1/18
• Pressure test of doors, sidescuttles, etc.
• Cargo ships
• New amendment (MSC.170(79))
• Watertight doors need no longer to be tested individually,
but may now be prototype tested
18
SOLAS Reg. II-1/3-6
Access to and within spaces in cargo area of oil
tankers and bulk carriers
New B/C ≥ 1 January 2005 ≥ 20.000 GT
• Scope: • Provision of suitable means for access to
ensure that the ships can be properly
inspected throughout their lifetime.
• Provision of a Ship Structure Access-
Manual
• Technical Provision for detailed structural
arrangements MSC.133(76)
• Interpretation in MSC/Circ.1176
SOLAS Reg. II-1/3-6

Access to and within spaces in cargo area of oil
tankers and bulk carriers
Ship Structure Access-Manual
• Content: • Plans of means of access (m.o.a.) showing:
• Location of m.o.a.
• Technical specification
• Dimensions
• Permanent or portable m.o.a.
• If portable m.o.a. => rigging instructions
• Entrance to inspection area
• Positions of critical structural areas
•…
19
Technical Provisions for Means of Access
SOLAS Reg. II-1/3-6

Access to and within spaces in cargo area
of oil tankers and bulk carriers
• Later on amendments to Reg. II-1/3-6 by MSC.151(78)
• Each space within the cargo area shall be provided with a
permanent means of access.
• Forward Ballast Tank is included
• Reg. applies to Bulker contracted on or after 1. Jan. 2006
• Amendments to the Technical Provisions by MSC.158(78)
• Application of Amendments by MSC/Circ.1107
20
SOLAS Reg. II-1/3-6
Access to and within spaces in cargo area
of oil tankers and bulk carriers
• IACS (UI) interpretation to be referred to

• SC190 for original regulation and tech. provision
• SC191 for amended regulation and tech. provision
SOLAS Chapter III

Live-saving appliances and arrangements
• Reg. III/32-3 (MSC.152(78))
• Immersion suits to be provided for each person on board
• All new cargo ships ≥ 1 July 2006
• All exist. Cargo ships: Not later than first safety equipment
survey on or after 1 July 2006
• Reg. III/31-1.8 (MSC.170(79))

• Bulk carriers are to be provided with a free-fall life boat
• New B/C ≥ 1 July 2006
21
SOLAS Chapter XII
Additional safety measures for bulk carriers
• In force since 1 July 1999
• Applicable for new bulk carriers
• constructed on or after 1 July 1999
• L ≥ 150 metres
• γC ≥ 1,0 t/m3
and for existing bulk carriers
• constructed before 1 July 1999
• L ≥ 150 metres
• γC ≥ 1,78 t/m3
With regard to strength: Basis of IACS rules S18, S20 (new ships); S19, S22, S23 (existing vessels)
Stability & Strength in flooded Condition

(Reg. XII/4,5)
New Bulk Carriers of Single Side Skin Construction
Flooding of any one cargo

hold
(For all loading conditions)
22
Stability and strength (Reg. XII/4,6)
Existing Bulk Carriers of Single Side Skin Construction
(strength check only, if sufficient damage stability has been proven)
Flooding of the foremost cargo hold

only
(For all loading conditions)
Load Restriction for exist. B/C (Reg. 6)
• If strength of Bhd. and/or Dobo. is not sufficient, a

Load Restriction may use in lieu of repair
• Restriction on cargo density < 1,78 t/m³
• Restriction on the distribution of total cargo weight between
the cargo holds (e.g. homogeneous only, or load hold 1 => hold 2)
• Restriction on the maximum weight in hold 1 (small effect because
drop of cargo is substituted by leak water)
• Restriction on the maximum deadweight (<50.000t, rare)
23
Compliance Information (Reg. 8)
• Compliance with SOLAS Chapter XII as well as

loading restrictions are to be indicated in the
Loading Booklet (SOLAS Reg. VI/7.2) or the
Loading Manual
Load Restriction for exist. B/C (Reg. XII/8)
Equilateral triangle for existing BC having a cargo load restriction:
Deck Line
~ 300 mm
s = 500 mm
24
SOLAS Reg. XII/12
Hold, ballast and dry space water ingress
alarms
• Application: All bulk carriers regardless of age.
• Scope: Fitting of Water Level Detectors in:
- Cargo Holds
- Ballast Tanks fwd. Collision Bhd.
- Void Spaces extending fwd. of Hold
No. 1 (except chain locker)
• Implementation: Next survey after 1 July 2004
Water level detector (vertical-level of detector)

W.l.d. only, if Volume > 0,1% max. Displacement
Dry Space
0,1 m
Dry Space
0,1 m
Cargo Hold No.n Cargo Hold No.1
Two detectors each hold: F.P.T.
2.) Min 0,15 h

Max 2,0 m
1.) at 0,5 m 10% Volume
25
Water level detector (transverse-level of detector)
IACS UI SC180: Position of detector in cargo holds if keel
laying < 1 July 2004
One detector in way of

C.L. if:
≤ B/6
Otherwise one detector at each side of cargo hold (PS & Stb)
Water level detector

IACS UI SC180
Position of detector in cargo holds if keel laying ≥ 1 July 2004
One detector in way of C.L. if

e a
≤e ≤a
C.L. C.L.
Otherwise one detector at each side of cargo hold (PS & Stb)
26
Performance Standard for SOLAS Reg. XII/12 by
MSC.145(77)
Amended Resolution MSC.188(79) extends application to single hold cargo ships
other than bulk carriers
• Provides technical functional requirements for detection and

alarm arrangements for compliance with SOLAS XII/12
• Guidelines on installation and testing of water level detection
• To be demonstrated by Type Test of system (Approval list to be
obtained from Dept. MPA, Mr. Wittburg)
Cargo Water Mixture
SOLAS Reg. XII/13

Availability of pumping system
• Application: All bulk carriers regardless of age.
• Scope: Means for draining and pumping of
ballast tanks and void spaces fwd.
collision bhd. are to be operational
from bridge or engine control room.
• Implementation: For B/C ≤ 1 July 2004 with next
intermediate or renewal survey, but
not later than 1 July 2007
27
Means for draining Remote controlled
and pumping to be hydr. or electrical
operational from driven power unit
bridge or engine
control room.
F.P.T.
• IACS UI SC179 is to be referred

• IACS UR M 65 is to be referred
28
New SOLAS Amendments
SOLAS Chapter XII Revision

Adopted by MSC. 170(79) in December 2004
=> entered into force 1 July 2006
B/C Newbuildings Existing B/C

• New definition of the term “Bulk • B/C < 1 July 2006 keep old definition
Carrier”
• Restriction from sailing with any
• Stability & Strength criteria in hold empty
flooded condition for DSS-B/C
• Survey and maintenance
• DSS properties requirements for hatch covers
(MSC.169(79))
• Redundancy requirements for
cargo hold frames of DSS-B/C
• Ballast tank coating requirements
• Loading Instrument providing
stability data for B/C with L < 150m
29
New definition of new bulk carrier (keel laying date ≥ 1 July 2006) :
“Bulk carrier” means a ship which is intended primarily to carry
dry cargo in bulk, including such types as ore carriers and
combination carriers.
Difference to definition in Solas IX 1.6:

• No reduction to bulk carriers with special geometric shape
⇒ Also valid for “open-hatch-bulk-carrier” or “con-bulker”
• “primarily” interpreted as where any loading conditions involving dry cargo

in bulk are contained in loading manual.

Stability and strength criteria in flooded condition for double
side skin (DSS) bulk carriers
• having a length L ≥ 150 m

• carrying cargo with density ρc ≥ 1,0 t/m³
• Constructed ≥ 1 July 2006
• Excluded are DSS-bulk-carriers where distance “d” of side shell to

longitudinal bulkhead d ≥ Min(B/5;11,5 m)
(These requirements have been deemed not to be justified for bulk carrier with wide
double side spaces, such as “ore carriers”)
30
Excluded are holds in DSS-bulk-carriers where distance “d” of side shell
to longitudinal bulkhead d ≥ Min(B/5;11,5 m)
Summer load line
= min (B/5;11,5m)
New SOLAS Reg. XII/6.5.1 & 6.5.3
DSS - B/C, L ≥ 150 m, φc ≥ 1,0 t/m³ :

• Protection of cargo holds from loading &
discharging equipment (grabs)
XII/6.5.1 - the structure of the cargo holds shall be such that

all contemplated cargoes can be loaded and discharged by
standard loading/discharge equipment and procedures
without damage which may compromise the safety of the
structure.
31
DSS - B/C, L ≥ 150 m, φc ≥ 1,0 t/m³: Min. distances in DSS:
DSS-Tanks cannot be used for

cargo, except top side wing tanks
≥ 600mm ≥ 800mm
≥ 1.000mm
Protection of cargo holds from loading &

discharging equipment; Reg. XII/6.5.1
• Interpretation given in SLS.14/Circ.250:
1. “Protection of the structure of the cargo holds” by mandatory application
of Class Notation “Grab”.
2. “Protection of hatchways and coamings from grab wire damage” by
protection bars (e.g. half-round bar) on:
• hatch side girder (e.g. upper portion of topside tank plates)

• hatch end beams
• upper portion of hatch coamings
To be approved by assembly in November 2005
32
New SOLAS Reg. IIX/6.5.1 & 6.5.3
DSS - B/C, L ≥ 150 m, φc ≥ 1,0 t/m³ :

• Failure of cargo hold structural members and
panels
XII/6.5.3- the structure of cargo areas shall be such that single

failure of one stiffening structural member will not lead to
immediate consequential failure of other structural items
potentially leading to the collapse of the entire stiffened panel.
Failure of cargo hold structural members

and panels
Plate panels to be assessed
33
SOLAS Chapter XII amendment
MSC.170(79)
New B/C < 150 m load. instrument providing stability info
• Similar to bulk carriers having length L ≥ 150 m, newly built

bulk carriers (constr. on or after 2006-July-01) L ≤ 150 m
are to be equipped with loading instrument, which provides
information on intact stability only.

SSS - B/C, L ≥ 150 m, >10 years, φc ≥ 1,78 t/m³ :
Survey and maintenance requirements (MSC.169(79))
• Hatch covers are required to be inspected and maintained

by the ship owner.
• Particular attention to hatch covers located within the
forward 25% length
• Maintenance plan and records are to be provided.
• Guidelines for Bulker hatch cover survey and maintenance is given in

• MSC/Circ.1071,
• IACS Recommendation 15,
• IACS UR Z4
34
MSC. 170(79) => New Reg. 14 in SOLAS chapter XII
Restrictions from sailing with any hold empty
• bulk carriers…
• having length L ≥ 150 m
• single side skin construction (SSS)
• carrying cargos with density ρc ≥ 1,78 tm³
• …if not meeting…
• requirements for withstanding flooding of any one cargo hold (UR S17 1998)
• criteria for side structure of SSS-bulk carrier (UR S12 or S31) (MSC. 168(79))
• …are restricted after reaching 10 years of age.

Restrictions:
• Affected vessel, carrying cargo weight 90% of ships´
deadweight or more…
• …shall not sail with any hold loaded to less than 10%.
A corresponding remark will be added on the cover

page of the onboard loading manual to reflect the no-
empty-loading constraint.
35
Restrictions from sailing with any hold empty
• bulk carriers contracted for construction on or after 1

July 1998 under GL rules are fulfilling this criteria.
36
SOLAS II-1/3.7 amendment
MSC. 194(80) => B/C ≥ 1 January 2007
One set of each…
• As-built construction drawings
• Plans showing subsequent structural changes
…must be kept on board and at the company ashore.
(List of drawings: MSC/Circ.1135, Interpretations and

Clarifications, no. 38)
SOLAS II-1/3.8 amendment

MSC. 194(80) => B/C ≥ 1 January 2007
Vessels shall be provided with towing equipment
capable of safe operation for towing and mooring
work.
Any restrictions to safe operation are to be clearly
marked.
(Guidance: MSC/Circ.1175, Interpretations and Clarifications,

no. 39)
37
IMO Information Source
GL IMO-Pilot
IMO Information Source

www.imo.org
38
Navigator

IACS Unified Requirements
39
IACS Rules affecting
New Ships
Global
Global Strength
Strength Local Strength
New Ships
Strength/Securing Strength of
Strength of Side Shell of Hatch covers, S21 Fore Deck
Harmonized
Harmonized Notations
Notations and
and Fittings and
and Side Frames, S12
Design
Design Loading
Loading Condition,
Condition, S25
S25 Small Hatches,
S26 & S27
Longitudinal Strength in Flooded Condition, S17
Awareness of Risk from Over-Loading Fitting of a

during Charge/Discharge-Operation, S1A Strength of Bulkhead and Double Bottom
Forecastle,
in Flooded Condition, S18 & S20
S28
40
UR S25
Harmonised Notation and Corresponding Design
Loading Conditions for Bulk Carriers
• Provides increased transparency of the operating

capabilities and limits of bulk carriers
• Global strength (e.g.: Notation BC-A, BC-B and BC-C)
• Local strength (e.g.: Hold-mass-diagram)
• Applicable to all bulk carriers as defined in UR Z11.2.2
- of L ≥ 150 m
- contracted for construction ≥ 1 July 2003
BC-C
Homogeneous Loading,
Cargo density < 1,0 t/m3
41
BC-B
• Homogeneous Loading,
• Cargo density ≥ 1,0 t/m3
BC-A
• Specified holds empty at maximum draught
• Cargo density ≥ 1,0 t/m3
42
Additional Notations:
• {maximum cargo density (in t/m³)}

for notations BC-A and BC-B if the maximum cargo
density is less than 3.0 t/m³.
• {no MP}
for all notations when the vessel has not been
designed for loading and unloading in multiple ports.
• {allowed combination of specified empty holds}

for notation BC-A.
Example: Hold-mass-diagram
Specification of max/min loading capacity of
Mass [t] Hold No. “x”
Allowable Mass 0,1 MH

MHD + MDB-Fuel
MFull + MDB-Fuel
Condition x.1 Buoyancy
0,5 MH
TDB 0,67 T 0,83 T T Draught [m]
43
Damage Scenarios IACS
rules are aiming at …
Structures likely to be prone to damage

Cross Deck Strips Primary Barrier
Hatch Coamings
and -Covers
Corrugated
Bulkhead
Side Shell Structure
Secondary Barrier
Inner Bottom
44
Damage Scenarios
• Due to massive corrosion, fatigue and mechanical
damages during the unloading process the side shell
frames are loosing their supporting strength of the side
shell plating
Damage Scenarios
Ship Loss due to Double Bottom Failure
45
Damage Scenarios
Ship Loss due to Bulkhead Failure
IACS Rules affecting

Existing Ships
46
Global
Global Strength
Strength Local Strength
Existing Ships
Strength/Securing of Hatch covers, S30
Strength of
Fore-Deck
Fittings and
Strength of Side Frames, small Hatches,
S31
S26 & S27
Awareness of Risk from Over-Loading

during Charge/Discharge-Operation, S1A
Strength of Bulkhead and Double Bottom
in Hold No.1 Flooded Condition,
S19 & S22
UR S30
Hatch Cover Securing Requirements for Bulk
Carriers not built in acc. to UR S21 (Rev.3)
Implementation date: 1 January 2004

Application: Bulk carriers not built in acc. to UR S21 (Rev. 3)
≥ 15 years on 1 January 2004 by the due date of the first intermediate
or special survey after that date
≥ 10 years on 1 January 2004 by the due date of the first special
survey after that date
< 10 years on 1 January 2004 by the date the ship reaches 10 years of
age
47
UR S30
Hatch Cover Securing Requirements for Bulk
Carriers not built in acc. to UR S21 (Rev.2)
Scope: Hatch covers within 0,25L from fwd. perpendicular:
• minimum cover edge stiffness to be ensured
• effective stoppers in longitudinal and

transverse direction
• reliable securing devices
•175 kN/m² for hatch No. 2

•230 kN/m² only for front of hatch No. 1 in
case of no f’csle (otherwise 175 kN/m²)
0,25L Spacing of securing devices ≤ 2,0 m
175 kN/m²
0,25L
Substructure to be assessed
48
UR S31
Renewal Criteria for Side Shell Frames (not built in
acc. with UR S12)
Implementation date: 1 January 2004

Application: All bulk carriers not built in acc. to UR S12
The implementation schedule is same as for UR S30:
• (view: 1 January 2004 =>)

• ≥ 15 years age => (a.s.a.p.) following intermediate or special survey
≥ 10 years age => next special survey
< 10 years age => when ship reaches 10 years of age
UR S31
Renewal Criteria for Side Shell Frames not
built in acc. with UR S12 (Rev. 1)
Scope: Criteria for assurance of minimum strength regarding

side shell frames in cargo holds...
(...by:
• check of steel structure
and, if required,
• protection by coating
or
• reinforcement / renewal)
49
UR S31
Basically S31 consists of 2 parts:

1. Frame webs: Sufficient plate thickness is to be ensured
until next survey. (4 areas are defined)
2. Frame flanges and side shell mainly ensure sufficient
bending capacity of frames. (2 sections are defined)
4 Areas to be gauged
See UR Z10.2 Annex V
50
Gauging for zones A, B and D
Gauging of Zone C
Depending on condition
• 3 points over height
• 5 points over height (if general corrosion)
51
Definition
• tren Thickness where renewal is required
• tcoat Recoating thickness (and tripping bkts.)
• tas built As-built thickness
• tgauged Gauged thickness
tas built
tcoat
tren
Conditions
• tas built ≥ tgauged > tcoat • No measures to be taken
• tcoat ≥ tgauged > tren • Sand blasting and recoating
• Reinforcements (e.g. tripping bkts.)
• tgauged < tren • Steel renewal is required
•(special case: tcoat < tren...)
52
Example: tcoat ≥ tgauged > tren for zone A and/or B
D D D
Tripping Brackets
C C C
B B B
Sand blasting & Coating
A A A
Integral bracket type Separate bracket type
Corresponding text in S31:

A, B
53
Example: tcoat ≥ tgauged > tren for zone C
D D
Tripping Brackets
C C
B B
Sand blasting & Coating
A A
Example: tren ≥ tgauged for zone C
D D
C C
B B
A Renewal A
54
Bending capacity of frames (2. part of S31)
Side
„h“ = distance between
shell
inter-section line hopper
tank/side shell and wing
Web height „d“ tank/side shell
0,125*h
Hoppertank
0,5*d
Necessity of bending check depends on scantlings of LOWER bracket
2 sections defined for bending check
D
0,25h
C
h
B
section b) 0,25h
section a) A
55
Necessary gauging pattern in case,
bending check is required
• Flange: 2 readings each section (A + B)

• Shell plating: total 4 readings: in way of...
• each section (A + B)
• each side of frame (fore and aft)
Further important content of

UR Z10.2 Annex V
Extent of measurements generally:

Number of side frames to be measured = those of Special or
Intermediate Survey (corresponding ships age).
56
Example for special survey copied from
IACS UR Z10.2
special cases:
• Thickness AND coating found in „as-new“-condition =>
less extent of thickness measurements acceptable. (snap-
shots for documentation if possible)
• „as-new“ means t not less than t – 0,3 mm and sufficient coating
gauged as-built
• Bad condition (gauging readings close to criteria) =>

number of measured frames to increase
• Renewal required => all frames in hold to be gauged
57
Local Strength
UR Subject E N
Strength and Securing of Small Hatches in

S26 ● ●
the exposed Fore-Deck
Strength Requirements for Fore-Deck
S27 ● ●
Fittings and Equipment
UR S26
Strength and Securing of small Hatches on the
exposed Fore-Deck
Implementation date was 1 January 2004.
• Sort of vessels affected… and

• Scope…
… are depending on date of contract for construction.
58
UR S26
exposed Fore-Deck
Ships contracted < 1 January 2004, application to:

• Bulk Carrier, General Dry Cargo Ships L ≥ 100 m
(except CV, Vehicle Carrier, Ro-Ro-Ships and Woodchip Carriers)
• Hatches giving access to spaces forward collision

Bhd. and spaces extending aft-ward over this line
Implementation schedule same as UR 30
UR S26
exposed Fore-Deck
• 0,25L for new constructions
Exposed Fore Deck • spaces fwd. coll. Bhd. And

(not only F’csle Deck) extending aftwards for exist.
ships
59
UR S26
exposed Fore-Deck
Ships contracted ≥ 1 January 2004, application to:

• All seagoing ship types ≥ 80 m
• Height of exposed deck ≤ min( 0.1L, 22.0m) above
summer load waterline
• Within forward 0,25L
UR S26
exposed Fore-Deck
Scope :
• Strength of hatch cover plating and stiffener system
• Alignment of stiffener with metal-to-metal contacts
• Coaming reinforcement by stiffeners
• Securing requirements for hatch covers:
• Primary securing devices of sufficient strength and close to metal-to-metal
contact points
• Secondary securing devices, independent working
• Location of hinges towards the green water (normally bow direction)
60
UR S26
exposed Fore-Deck
Small Hatches (Standard sizes)

• required plate thickness
• required stiffener scantlings
UR S26
exposed Fore-Deck
Small Hatches
• Primary Securing Device
• secondary securing device

may be a simple bolt
or backing bar preventing
the hatch from opening
It shall be fitted opposite

of the hinge
61
UR S26
exposed Fore-Deck
• Dogs with wedges are not acceptable
UR S26 - Strength and Securing of Small

Hatches on Exposed Fore Deck
• Secondary Securing Device
Secondary securing devices
¾ independent from primary device
¾ strength shall be at least same as
primary device
¾ fitted on opposite side to hinges
Primary securing devices
e.g. by means of a sliding bolt, a hasp

or a backing bar of slack fit
62
Examples for secondary securing devices
stiffener
100*10
steel wire
rope as
secondary e.g. securing by bolt, lock or
securing split pin
device
strong pipe
iron bar, min. 20,0 mm Securing by bolt, lock or
split pin
10,0 mm
angle max. 45°

10,0
A weld connection of FB to
coaming
UR S26 - Strength and Securing of Small

Hatches on exposed Fore Deck
• Coamings are to be reinforced

by circumferential horizontal
stiffeners
≤ 170 ~ 190 mm
63
UR S26
Strength and Securing of Small Hatches on
the Exposed Fore-Deck
Small Hatches
• hinges in direction from
which the “green water”
is mainly expected
Required Information in Case, Calculations of

Non-Standard-Constructions are Necessary
• Number and location of hatches giving access to spaces forward of the collision
bulkhead and to spaces which extend over this line backwards.
• Shape (circular/rectangular) and scantlings of these hatch covers, plate thicknesses,
stiffener arrangement, stiffener scantlings and information if stiffener is welded to
inner edge stiffener.
• In case stiffeners are crossing each other – which one is continuous?
• Location of metal-to-metal contact points.
• Construction and scantlings of hatch coaming and, as the case may be, their
reinforcement.
• Sort, location, construction and scantlings of primary and secondary securing devices
and location of hinges relative to ships hull.
• Purpose of the space the hatch leads to (emergency escape?).
• Generally digital photos of considered fittings are very helpful for us at GL HO to
assess the situation on board.
64
UR S27
Strength Requirements for Fore-Deck
Fittings and Equipment
Implementation and Application: Similar as UR S26

Scope :
• Strength requirements for air- and ventilation pipes
on the exposed fore deck.
• Strength requirements for windlasses (and
mooring winches if integral part). NEW ships only
UR S27
Strength Requirements for Fore-Deck Fittings
and Equipment
Exposed Fore Deck
65
UR S27
and Equipment
760 mm Air Pipes

•Thickness
•Bracket standards
UR S27
and Equipment
900 mm Vent. Pipes

•Thickness
•Bracket standards
66
UR S27
and Equipment
• Rotating Mushroom heads

are not acceptable
UR S27
and Equipment
Ventilator Pipes / Air Pipes
• basic strengthening principle
tmin,gross = 8,0
hBracket acc. Table
≥ 100 mm
At least 3 brackets
67
UR S27
and Equipment
Example:
Air Pipe Requirements
• thickness of air pipe
• three brackets are to be fitted
• equivalent measures are permitted
UR S27
and Equipment
Air Pipes…
…NOT sufficient for installation
on forecastle deck
68
Relaxation from the requirements URS 26 and 27
• Depending on particular situation relaxations may be acceptable:
• Concerned fittings are located

in sheltered position, e.g.:
- fully covered forecastle deck
(see sketch)
- location between transverse
coamings, continuous
longitudinal coamings
and top plate with small holes
Note: No general permission, to be approved by GL HO case by case
UR S27
Exemptions are to be assessed by GL HO
No “exposed” fore deck
69
Exception in case of narrow space:
Reinforcement without brackets
• Connection to adjacent construction (individually
to be approved by GL HO)
horizontal stiffener horizontal stiffener HP 100*8
on side shell welded on side shell
HP 60*6 8,0 mm
Exceptional case: Reinforcement

avoiding welding on galvanic zink pipe
• (individually to be approved by GL HO)
8,0
max. 25° to
MIN. horizontal
M16
70
UR S27
Exemptions are to be assessed by GL HO
No standard pipes
Pipe dia. < 50A (?)

Stay not sufficient Square shaped pipe
Required Information in Case, Calculations of

Non-Standard-Constructions are Necessary
• Number, size, location, shape and scantlings of

air pipes, ventilator pipes and their closing
devices.
• Number, size and location of supporting
brackets, if fitted.
• Generally digital photos of considered fittings
are very helpful for us at GL HO to assess the
situation on board.
71
UR S27
and Equipment => Windlasses (NEW ships)
For windlasses:
S27 requirements are
additional to GL rules
(anchor, chain)
Local Strength
UR Subject E N
Strength of transv. Bhd. between Hold Nos.
S19 ●
1 and 2 and Hold No.1 flooded
Allowable Hold Loading of Hold No.1
S22 ●
considering Hold No. 1 flooded
Implementation Schedule of UR S19 and
S23 ●
S22
72
• Bulk carriers which fail to meet the stability criteria…
(due to an insufficient number of transverse watertight bulkheads
outlined in SOLAS Chapter XII/4.2 to 4.6)
…are not required to be assessed acc. to S19 and S22.
In this case:
• BC to be provided with bilge well high water level alarms (by Reg.
XII/12 since 1 July 2004 anyway)
• Scope of inspection for foremost cargo hold prescribed for annual
survey to be replaced by those for intermediate survey
• Detailed information on flooding scenarios are to be provided
together with detailed instruction on evacuation preparedness (acc.
ISM)
See page 49
UR S19 & S22

Strength Check of Bulkhead (Hold 1Ù2) and Double
Bottom (Hold 1), considering Hold No. 1 flooded
Application to existing bulk carriers…
• contracted < 1 July 1998

• Not build in accordance with UR S18/S20
• having length L ≥ 150 m
• single side skin construction (SSS)
• carrying solid bulk cargos with density ρc ≥ 1,78 tm³
• typical geometry (single deck, topside tank, hopper tanks)
• Scope: Similar as for UR S18 and S20
73
Implementation schedule according UR S23 Rev. 3.1 Dec.
2002 (Ships age related to 1 July 1998)
> 20 years of age, at first intermediate or special survey, whichever comes first
Between 15 and 20 years, at next special survey, but not later then 1 July 2002
Between 10 and 15 years, at first intermediate or special survey,

after the ship reaches 15 years but not later than the date on
which the ship reaches 17 years
Between 5 and 10 years, at first intermediate after

1 July 2003 or special survey, after the ship reaches
10 years
less than 5 years of age, at the date on which the ship reaches 10 years
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Bulkhead Assessment
• Evaluate Strength Criteria:

• Bending capacity
• Shear strength at lower end of corrugation
• Shear buckling check of web plates at the corrugation
ends
• Local net plate thickness
74
Bulkhead Assessment
• Thickness measurements are to be taken in

accordance with
Annex III of UR Z10.2:
Guidelines for the Gauging of the Vertically
Corrugated Transverse Watertight Bulkhead
between Holds Nos. 1 and 2
Bulkhead Assessment
• Gauging to be carried out at two levels as described

below.
• For each individual vertical corrugation:
• corrugation flange,
• corrugation web,
• shedder and gusset plate
75
Level (a); Ships without lower stool
The mid-breadth of the corrugation flanges

at approximately 200 mm above the line of
shedder plates and hopper tank plating
The middle of shedder

plates between
corrugation flanges
The mid-breadth of the corrugation webs The middle of gusset

at approximately 200 mm above the line plates, where fitted,
of shedder plates between corrugation
flanges
Level (b); Ships with lower stool
Analog to level (a) of bulkheads without lower stool.
76
Level (c); Ships with or without lower stool
The mid-breadth of the corrugation flanges

and webs at about the mid-height of the
corrugation
tnet + 1.0mm
Coating or annual Gauging
tnet + 0.5mm
Steel renewal tnet
By calculation
Renewal thickness tren = tnet + 2.5 mm
77
Bulkhead Assessment
Reinforcements
• 4 types of reinforcement of Bulkheads
1.) Replace fillet weld connection of corrugated
bulkhead to the shelf plate of the lower stool or
double bottom by deep penetration weld (not
required by UR S19).
78
Bulkhead Assessment
Reinforcements
2.) Effective shedder and gusset plate arrangements
incorporating deep penetration welding
(increases bending and local plate capacities, i.e.
raises calculation point)
Bulkhead Assessment
Reinforcements
• Gusset plates are to be connected to the lower stool
shelf plate or inner bottom (if no stool is fitted) and to
the corrugations by deep penetration welds.
• Ensure good alignment between gusset plate,
corrugation flange and lower stool sloping plate.
(reduction of stress concentrations at the corrugation corners)
• Ensure start and stop welding is as far away as

practically possible from corners of corrugation
79
Bulkhead Assessment
Reinforcements
• Shedder plates may be fitted in one piece or
prefabricated with a welded knuckle (to gusset plate).
• Shedder plates are to be attached by one side full
penetration welds onto backing bars
Bulkhead Assessment
Reinforcements
3.) Reinforcement strips on bulkhead corrugation
flanges (increases bending capacity)
80
Bulkhead Assessment
Reinforcements
• Reinforcing doubling strips only, if net thickness is not
dictated by shear strength requirements for web plates, or
local pressure requirements for web / flange plates
• Length of reinforcing strips: Extend over the whole depth of lower part,
resp. middle part of plating (acc. to def. S19).
• Material of strips: Same as corrugation plating.
• Attachment of strips to existing bulkhead by continuous fillet welds.
• Strips to be suitable tapered or connection at ends to IB or lower stool
top plate by deep penetration weld.
• If strips continued below lower stool top plate => alignment with strips of
same scantlings on stool side plating, length equal to breadth of
corrugation flange.
81
Bulkhead Assessment
Reinforcements
4.) Partial renewal of lower part of corrugated
bulkhead (increases bending, shear and local
pressure capacity)
≥ 0.15 l
(l = length of corrugation at CL )
Typical Bulkhead Upgrade of GL Vessel
Insufficient Section Modulus

→ Addition of Gusset Plate
(Addition of Reinforcement Strips and/or Partial
Renewal of Bulkhead also possible).
82
Insufficient Shear Area

→ Partial Renewal (Lower End) of Bulkhead
83
Insufficient Local Plate Thickness

→ Addition of Panel Breaker To Reduce Plate Aspect
Ratio
(Partial Renewal of Bulkhead also possible or addition
of Gusset Plate if only Web is Critical)
84
Double Bottom Assessment
• Evaluate Strength Criteria:

• Calculation of most severe combination of max. cargo
load + water pressure induced by flooding of Hold No. 1
• Calc. shear capacity of double bottom hold no. 1
=> Calc. allowable hold loading
85
• Areas to be gauged
• Floors in way of panel adjacent to hoppers
• Double bottom girders in way of panel adjacent to
stools (or transverse bulkheads, if no stool is fitted)
Hopper Tank
CL
Bhd./ Bhd.
Bhd. Stool
86
87
Reinforcements
• 2 types of reinforcement to Double Bottom
1.) Closing of manholes in floor and girder webs in
the bay adjacent to hopper and bulkhead
lower stool respectively
2.) Partial renewal of floor and girder webs, with
increased thickness, in bays adjacent to hopper
and bulkhead

Reinforcements
88
Survey Requirements for Bulk Carrier
UR Subject
Corrosion Protection Coating for Salt Water

Z8
Ballast Spaces
Corrosion Protection Coating for Cargo
Z9
hold Spaces on Bulk Carriers
Z10.2 Hull Surveys on Bulk Carriers (ESP)
Z11.2.2 Definition of Bulk Carriers
Common Structural Rules

for Bulk Carriers
Structure / Content
89
IACS Common Structural Rules
For Bulk Carriers and Double Hull Tankers
Aims of CSR implementation:
• Meet IMO Goal-Based Standards
• Create a uniform set of technical requirements:
“no difference on scantlings between class societies”
• Gather experience of IACS societies in:

• New building design
• Survey of new buildings and ships in service

Two project teams for development of CSR Bulker / Tanker:
• Joint Bulker Project JBP comprises following IACS members:
• Bureau Veritas (BV)
• China Classification Society (CCS)
• Germanischer Lloyd (GL)
• Korean Register (KR)
• Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (NK)
• Registro Italiano Navale (RINA)
• Russian Register of Shipping (RS)
• Joint Tanker Project JTP comprises following IACS members:
• American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
• Det Norske Veritas (DNV)
• Lloyds Register of Shipping (LR)
90
Principles of JBP Rules
• JBP started from existing Rules (IACS Unified
Requirements and Solas Rules) and brought in
experience :
• Improved Rules => more safe and robust ships
• Increased corrosion additions
• Check of accidental limit state
• Detailed sea loads
• Ultimate hull girder strength check
• Fatigue check
=> 2 – 7 % increased steel weight

Affected are bulk carrier:
• constructed for construction on or after
2006-04-01
• Length L ≥ 90 m
• Bulker acc. to IACS UR Z11.2.2
• With special geometric properties: Hopper and wing tank
• Excluding ore and combination carriers
• Single- and double side skin construction
91
CSR replace GL-Rules for vessels affected
by CSR with following chapters:
1. General Principles
2. General Arrangement Design
3. Structural Design Principles
4. Design Loads
5. Hull Girder Strength
6. Hull Scantlings Volume 1
7. Direct Strength Analysis Volume 2
Volume 3
Volume 4
8. Fatigue Check of Structural Details +
9. Other Structures
10. Hull Outfitting
11. Construction and Testing
12. Additional Class Notations
13. Ships inOperation
Volume 5
CSR replace GL-Rules for vessels affected

by CSR with following chapters
• GL-Rules released additional Complementary Rules

in Volume 4 :
• Chapter 14: Strengthening for Navigation in Ice

• Chapter 15: Helicopter Decks
Volume 1
Volume 2
Volume 3
Volume 4
+
Volume 5
92
Principles of JBP Rules
“Net Scantling Concept”
• Net scantlings of construction calculated by:
• Local strength check

• Global strength check
• …
• => Subsequent adding of individual corrosion

addition, depending on location and surrounding
media
Corrosion additions
• The allowable corrosion margin is the total corrosion

addition tC:
tC = Roundup0.5 (tC1 + tC2 ) + treserve + tVoluntary Addition
• tC : Total corrosion addition [mm]

• tC1, tC2 : Corrosion addition [mm], on one side of the considered structural
member, defined in Tab 1
• treserve : Reserve thickness [mm] = 0,5 (predicted corrosion diminution during survey
interval of 2.5 years)
• tVoluntary Addition : Thickness voluntarily added as owner extra margin, if the case may be
93
Definitions
• tgauged : Average thickness on one item, using the various

measurements taken on this same item…
• tRenewal : Renewal thickness - minimum allowable, below
which renewal is to be carried out
Corrosion additions
Example:
tC1=1,7 mm
tC2 = 1,0 mm
Sum rounded:
tC1,2=3,0 mm
Add treserve = 0,5 mm
tC = 3,5 mm
94
Objectives
25 years
of service in North Atlantic environmental conditions
considered for
• Corrosion additions
• Fatigue calculation
Contents of CSR, chapter 13
Reference is made to IACS Unified Requirements

• UR Z7
• UR Z10.2 (Single Side Skin Bulker)
• UR Z10.5 (Double Side Skin Bulker)
95
Bulkers built in accordance with CSR
are expected to experience:
• less structural problems
• require less repairs
• and less steel replacements during service life
due to:
• comprehensive fatigue criteria => 25-years lifetime
• extensive FEM design verification => global and local FE-analysis required
=> more different load cases observed
• increased scantlings => increased corrosion additions
• greater steel-weight => 2 - 7 %
For more information:

www.jbprules.com
96
The End…..
Thank you for your attention.
97

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Bulk Carrier Safety

Hamburg, 11 June 2007

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 2

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 3

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 4

• Module 1 - Bulk Carrier General

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 5

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 6

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 7

Closed Shelter-Deck Cargo Vessel of 50s

• Possible shifting of dry bulk cargo put the ships

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 8

Development by the 1950s:

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 9

Purpose built bulk carriers

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 10

• Optimisation in sizes and configurations to allow

• Bulk carriers with more than 200.000 dwt were

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 11

M.V. Widar (typical Capesize Bulker)

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 12

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 13

Alarming rate of Bulk Carrier casualties

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 14

Fleet data in the period 1978-98 were estimated

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 15

Structural Failure Contribution in %

Side Shell Failure

Source: IACS FSA Report

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 16

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 17

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 18

• SOLAS Chapter IX/1.6

• IACS Unified Requirement Z11.2.2

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 19

Definition of the Term “Bulk Carriers”

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 20

•Requires special geometric properties like

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 21

Hybrid Bulk Carrier

Holds No. 2, 3 & 4 Double Side Skin Construction

Holds No. 1 & 5 Double Side Skin Construction

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 22

Difference to previous definitions:

• “primarily” interpreted as where any loading conditions involving dry cargo

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 23

Definition of the Term “Single Side

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 24

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 25

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 26

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 27

Bulk Carrier Sizes related to typical cargo

Mini < 10.000 Minor Bulks, General Cargo

Handysize 10.000 – 35.000 Minor Bulks, Steel Products

Handymax 35.000 – 55.000 Minor Bulks, Steel Products, Grain, Coal,

Panamax 55.000 – 80.000 Bauxite, Coal, Grain, Ore, Phosphate

Capesize 80.000 – 200.000 Coal, Ore

VLBC > 200.000 Coal, Ore

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 28

LoA ~ 190,00 m 190

Depth ~ 17,80 m 150

Surveyor Training, Hamburg June 2005 No. 29

Panama Canal restrictions due to Lock properties: