M I N I S T RY O F E D U C AT I O N A N D S C I E N C E O F T H E R E P U B L I C O F K A Z A K H S TA N

SCHOOL OF ENERGY AND OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

Drilling of oil and gas wells

Zholmurzayeva Aliya Batyrbayevna

MSc in Oil and Gas Business

Almaty,2023
 OBJECTIVES

• What is Drilling?
• Understand the steps of the well construction
process
• Be introduced to well control and the role of drilling
fluid as a primary barrier
• Become familiar with the equipment used
1
• Rig equipment

2
• Drillstring components

3
• Steering assemblies
 Course structure
Week 1 Lecture 1 Introduction. Drilling Basics and rock mechanics
Week 2 Lecture 2 Drilling Rig components
Week 3 Lecture 3 Drill bits
Week 4 Lecture 4 Drill string design. Hydraulics and Rheology
Week 5 Lecture 5 Drilling fluids
Week 6 Lecture 6 Well casing and cementing
Week 7 Lecture 7 Well control
Week 8 Lecture 8 Review. Midterm
Week 9 Lecture 9 Telemetry for drilling
Week 10 Lecture 10 Directional drilling
Week 11 Lecture 11 Marine drilling
Week 12 Lecture 12 Special drilling techniques
Week 13 Lecture 13 Well completion design
Week 14 Lecture 14 Production installation. Drilling Management.
Week 15 Lecture 15 Review. Endterm
 Grading

1) Practical works 10– 40%

2) Midterm – 10%
3) Endterm – 10%

week Total
Assessme
nt type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Lectures
Practice 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 40
Quiz
Mid/End 10 20
10
Terms
Final 40
Total: 100
What is oil &
gas?
 What is
a
reservoir
?
One or more layers of rock in the
subsurface below a sealing
formation which traps oil and or
gas.
A source rock is the original
source of kerogen – deposited
organic matter – which when
exposed to high pressure and
temperature, becomes oil and or
gas.
 Oil and gas
reservoirs

The list is incomplete; there are

more than 65,000 oil and gas
fields of all sizes in the world.
However, 94% of known oil is
concentrated in fewer than 1500
giant and major fields.
Most of the world's largest
oilfields are located in the
Middle East, but there are also
supergiant (>10 billion bbls)
oilfields in Brazil, Mexico,
Venezuela, Kazakhstan, and
Russia.
History of • Ancient
origins:
Drilling • 2550 - 2315 BC Egyptians used diamond drilling tools for the
construction of the pyramids.
• 600 - 260 BC Chinese drill up to 14 inch diameter and depths
up to 2000 feet.
• 1126 AD Carthusian monks achieved water drilling up to
1000 feet.
• 1745 AD First oil well drilled in France.
• 1814 AD Cumberland Kentucky first USA oil well.
• 1825 AD First cable tool drilling in Europe.
• 1845 AD The Englishman Beart obtains a patent on rotary
drilling.
• 1859 AD Titusville, PA well by “colonel” Edwin L.
Drake, 8-10 BOPD, with a cable tool rig
• 1897 AD First offshore drilling in Santa Barbara.
History of
Drilling • 1899 AD first Kazakhstan oilfield Karashungul in Atyrau

• 1908 AD first rock bit used

• 1925 AD first rotary rig to use diesel engines
• 1929 AD first use of bentonite in drilling mud
• 1933 AD introduction of tri-cone bit
• 1953 AD First fully hydraulic rig introduced.
• 1955 AD First drill ship.
• 2007 AD Kola Superdeep Hole in Russia at
40,230 ft (12.26 km)
• 2011 AD ERD world record Exxon Neftegas in
Sakhalin-1: Odoptu OP-11 well reached a total
measured depth of 40,502 feet (7.67 miles)
 Basics of the Drilling Process

Production installation. Drilling Management.

Target Site Drill Drill to Complete
Selection Preparation Surface target the well
• Drilling location • Clear & grade site Hole depth (TD) • Conduct
based on • Move drilling rig • Drill a cellar (to • Drill & set well
geology & and backyard stimulatio
place the BOP) intermediate
reservoir n
• Spud the well casing strings
properties • hydrau
• Drill, case and and liners
• Geophysicists • Ensure proper lic
cement the
provide pore zonal isolation fracturi
surface hole
pressure / ng
• Ensure proper • Steer and land
fracture • acidizi
isolation of the production
gradients ng
aquifers casing in the
target zone • Install
production
equipment
 Main goal: access to the whole reservoir
$ = Φ.(1-
: Porosity
Sw).ppb.A.h
Φ
Sw : Water Saturation
: Price Per Barrel
ppb : Area of Reservoir
A : Thickness of
h Reservoir

Horizontal drilling maintains production and ROI with fewer wells

Minimum number of wells

Access to each reservoir pocket

Objectives: Difficult / Extended
- High Efficiency restricted Reach
- Optimum production surface access Drilling
 Eastern Trough Area Project (ETAP) / BP North
Defining
Sea 7 fields / 405 Mbbl
the
Production
techniques
Major impacts onto overall
drilling plans :
- final production
methodology 
platform location, sub-sea
access)
-structure & shape &
characteristics of the reservoir
(information from seismic map &
Optimized usage logs)
of technology for -Available & optimum drilling
early production technologies
- Overall costs & cash flow
Better field development technique
provides higher recovery
 Technical
options
Impact of the environment
Impact of new technology

????

Solution

Example : Wytch Farm

 Defining the well production
target
• A well is drilled to allow optimum production & recovery
– Depends on reservoir (permeability, structure, drive…)
– Depends on fluid parameters (viscosity, PVT)
• The completion installed in the well should be compatible
with the production objective
– Contact length definition
– Completion diameter for minimizing pressure loss
– Usage of production system (Artificial lift system..)
• These elements determine the diameters for the casings
• The drilling program must be adapted accordingly
Choosing the type of
drainage
 Optimized Process
for well drilling & construction
Typical program
Activity Services Service companies
Temporar Permanent
intervene when required
y Mud Logging
Bit,
Drilling
Casing Casing crew Rig Minimum presence at
Mud Mud Cementing
location
Pump Drilling Bit, Mud Logging
Rig
Shale MWD, DD & LWD
Crew Recurrent operation
shaker Evaluation Wireline, Testing
e Casing Casing crew
Blow-out m Cementing Mud
Ti
Completion Perforation, Completion
Drill Preventer

pipe Coordination of required services

-Multiple, critical & complex functions
Wel * Intervention timing, contract, task
definitions, correct execution
lcollar
-Typically by the “oil company”
Drill
Bit -Can be performed by a “main contractor”
(IE, SLB IPM)
“Inter companies” organization for
drilling
 Planning for Directional Drilling

Drill-pipe
Tangen Uniform Soft Hydraulic power,
t landing motor, bit, flow
section curvature
Telemetry High
performance
tension
lo
ad
Fatigue
No build-up in
Optimization of the well profile
soft
formation
BHA design for drilling, navigation, logging

Drill-pipe

Hole stability Cutting bed Potential buckling

 Defining casing program
Casing program
OK zone ECD Risk zone Hol casing Depth
e
26 ” 20 ” Unconsolidated formation
150 m

17 1/2 ”
Aquifer
13 3/8 ” 1000 m
Depth

Casing

Easy fracturing Loss zone

4000 m

12 1/4 9 5/8 ” Cement

”
Potential swelling

High pressure
8 1/2 7”
” liner Isolation
across
the Up to
reservoir 9000 m

Casing program
• influences strongly the choice of the rig.
• Imposes the hole size reduction versus depth
- The last section must be compatible with production goal
- Formation pressure influences the choice of BOP
 Multiple inputs for drilling
success
Drilling & Measurements
Drilling & Measurements Data Consulting service
Job Overview for DD, MWD, LWD

Typic crew
1 or 2 Directional Drillers
2 or 3 MWD/LWD
Engineers

Crew
Responsibilities
Organization
Client
Communication
Maintenance
Training
 Real-time drilling process management
Well positioning optimization
 Complex well placement requires real-time
adjustment, based on new information's
 LWD, mud logging
Geometric
 Drilling parameters
Geologic • Well trajectory
• Steerable system behavior
• Virtual team work
– Rig location
– Client & service company
office
• Risk management
 Realizing the Value in Real-Time
Data
Client
Office

Secure Access
RT

Collaboration
Centers

Value of real-time data:

– logistical savings
– cost savings
– better decision making
– common access to all information types
 Optimization
Challenge
Drilling Performance Optimization Minimum “Flat” Time
Stuck

Low
Roller cone PDC Diamond North Actual

Mud weight
Influx

Depth
Plan
Gouging Shearing Grinding Pack-off
Soft Hard

high
rock Medium rock
Time
Drilling needs:
hardness
Torqu Loss time Early detection
e
of potential
WOB
RPM drilling problem
Mud
Power from
flow rotary
surface
Efficient recovery
& mud motor in case of problems
Depends on various parameters
PowerV
 Offshore Drilling Non Productive
Time

Stuck Pipe, Fishing, 5%

Lost Circulation, 11%
20%

Kicks, MWD Failures,

6% 14%
Other, 4%
Motor Failures,
11%
Bit Wear, Washout
5% (drillstring), 15%

Bit Failures, 9%
 Wireline Intervention
Neutron (PU) Resistivity
Deep
GR Density Medium
Shallow

Shale
to Gas

Shale
to
Sand Gas
to Oil

Sand
to
Shale Oil to
Wate
Wireline intervenes in open-hole well r
for fast&accurate formation evaluation
Wate
r to
Critical intervention for definition the Sand
“next-step” in the well program
 Rock mechanic

• A multi-disciplinary science involved with the theoretical

and applied behavioral response of a rock mass (Strain) to
the applied forces of its environment (Stress).
• Content of this section
– Basic Theory
– Rock Strength
– Cutter action study
• Insert Indentation Tests
• Cutter Scrape Tests

Slide 27 of 41
 Elastic Constants
• Rocks behave elastically at the initial stages of it’s
deformation (the rock would return it’s original shape and
size when the forces are removed).
• Several constants relate the magnitude of the deformation
(strain) to the magnitude of the applied force(s) (stress).
– Young Modulus
– Poisson ratio

Slide 28 of 41
Stress-Strain in solid – Young modulus
Stress Strain
0
ε
P
In rock mechanic: F and σ are positive for compression

L0
Elastic material
σ=Eε Linear effect

L σ = stress
ε = strain
E = young modulus
∆ L = elongation L0
P = sample length P
= force
A= initial section
Slide 29 of 41
Poisson ratio & generalized elastic behaviour
dεtrans dεy
ν=- dεz
dεaxial = - dεx = - dεx

Generalized elastic deformation

Slide 30 of 41
 Strain-stress curve for rock
Confining pressure

• The deformation curve

for rock depends:
– Type of rock
– Porosity
– Confining pressure

Rand-quartzite

Slide 31 of 41
 Static Elastic Modulus - determination
• The stress-versus-strain curve for
the axial and lateral direction is
plotted.
• Average slope of the “more-or-
less” straight line portion of the
stress-strain curve is used to
calculate the average elastic
modulus.
• The Poission's ratio is calculated
by:

JO 9/18/2013 Slide 32 of 41 Drilling & Rock Mechanics

 Rock Strength - Definition
 The uniaxial compressive strength of a rock
 = stress at which the rock fails destructively
 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)
 = stress at which the rock fails destructively, where the
confining pressure is limited to atmospheric pressure
 Common Units
– Pounds per sq inch - psi
– Atmospheres - atm
– megaPascals - mPa
• 1 atmosphere = 14.7 psi = 9.87
MPa
 Unconfined Compression Test

• An axial load is placed onto a

sample, the load is increased
until (a) the rock fails, or (b)
15% strain has occurred. This
load is known as the
unconfined compressive
strength. There is no lateral
support on the rock sample for
this measurement.
 Formation Strengths
FORMATION TYPES
Rock Strength SANDSTONES CARBONATES SHALE SALT & ANHYDRITE MUDSTONE/CLAY GRANITE/BASALT
DBOS Range DBOS Range
UCS DBOS Range DBOS Range DBOS Range Anhydrite 9 -12ksi Salt 4 DBOS Range Granite >22ksi
Category (ksi) 0.8 - 29ksi 0.5 - 30ksi 0.2 - 15ksi - 8ksi <4ksi Basalt >25ksi
<1 Saltwash South N.Sea Chalk Pierre Shale II
<2 Castlegate
<3 Saltwash North Austin Chalk Pierre Shale I
<4 Williams Fork Red Man Salt
<5 Briar Hill Indiana Limestone Wellington Shale
LOW <6 Ferron
<7 Lueders Limestone Winfield Anhydrite
<8 Torrey Buff
<9 Colton Sulurian Dolomite Mancos Shale
<10
<11
<12 Trout Creek
MEDIUM <13
<14 Region in which the strength are not typically reported unless mixed
<15 Carbon Tan Carthage Marble with sand
<16
<17 Nugget NOTE:
<18 Need some more rock samples in Low & Granite Wash
<19 Medium UCS for Carbonates, Shale and
HARD <20 Mudstone Types to genreate rock
<22 Crab Orchard
<25 Bonne Terre Dolomite files White Sierra Granite
<28 Colorado Tan Utah Lake Limestone Basalt

HIGH
 Direct Shear Test
• Shear stress is applied on
the rock sample.
• The stress is increased
until failure.
• Several of these tests will
provide an experimental
measurement for a given
rock.
• Typically, the ultimate
shear stress depends on Compression
the perpendicular τ force

compression Shear force

– Coulomb failure
characteristics Shear force

Compression
force
σ
Small facet inside body
Stresses at one point
under external load

σ τ

- The stress matrix corresponds to one set of 3 facets

- The equilibrium can be studied for any 3 facets

- The stresses corresponding to given 3 facets are in

equilibrium with stresses for another 3 facets
- The stresses can be defined as equilibrium with
external loads
Principal stresses :
3 facets at 90 deg for which τ = o
 Triaxial Compression Test
• Similar to the unconfined
compression test
– but with the addition of
lateral pressure.
• Improved simulation of
the in-situ behavior of
rock
 Confined Compressive Strength -
CCS

• The stress at which the rock fails destructively, when some

confining pressure is applied to the rock sample.
• Typically:
– Hydrostatic Pressure of the Mud Column
– Some component of Geo-Tectonic Forces at depth
– Differential Pressure (Hydrostatic – Pore pressure) for porous
rocks (sandstones, etc.)
Confined Compressive Strength - CCS

ф Typical φ : 30 to 40 degree

With Higher Well-bore pressure,

Higher σn
 Need higher shear stress for rupture
 need higher WOB
 Rock Failure
1 Brittle Failure and low (no) minimum
principal stress
– Strain varies linearly until failure
– Failure along a single plane inclined at
about 30° to the maximum stress.
2) Failure when minimum principal stress is
increased
– by increasing the confining pressure.
– Failure along a single plane inclined at
τ
about 30° to the maximum principal
stress. 3
– Failure zone will appear to encompass a 2
series of parallel failures.
1
3) Plastic Failure (No distinct failure point)
– High strain, with little resistance to the σ
applied stress.
Triaxial Rock characteristic Test

Ultimate Strength
Brittle Failure

Dilatancy –
Plastic Deformation
No Recovery

Elastic Zone
Linear Portion
Poisson’s Ratio
 Example of rock stress-strain / effect of
confining pressure

Ultimate Ultimate
Unconfined Strength Confined at 2500 psi Strength
3389 psi 9,916 psi

Ductile Zone

Plastic Response thru entire test Plastic (ductile) behavior under

higher confining pressures.
Sample Core test Results

For reference, Young’s modulus for steel = 30 106 psi

Unconfined compressive
strength
 Rock strength – dependence on porosity

Failure curve
Standstone Dependence on Porosity
Arenite / Clastic sand
 Stresses in the formation to drill
Lithologic Stresses Near well-bore At the wall
s ob= Foverburden / Section
confinement effect
Stress from - Slat &
s‘ob = sob - a PF the wellbore Hydrostatic
Foverburde

s' = Effective Stress Circumferential stress

τ
P = Fluid Pore Pressure a
= Poroelastic Constant
σ
Hydro S Sv
n

sob PF PHyd h
Static τ
Pressure
s ob
σ
slat = n / (1- n ) (sob- a PF) + a PF P Hyd SH Sv
P
s lat sob slat n = Poisson’s ratio
a = Poroelastic cst At bit face
confinement effect
sob Hydrostatic - Slat &
SV SH Hydrostatic
(no spurt loss)
Total Stresses S lat τ
= Stresses Sh Sh
+ Tectonic Overburden σ
Lithologic
stresses SH SV P HydShSH
S >S >S
V H h
 Indentation - Force Measurement

• Each rock has its

specific curve
• The curve
depends
– on the confining
pressure
– The shape of
indenter (conical,
chisel)

Slide 48 of 41
 Indentation Crater Shape

Butterfly Fracture Uniform Fracture Random Shape

Torreybuff Sandstone Colton Sandstone Limestone

Slide 49 of 41
 Strength Comparison

Carthage Marble Leuders Limestone

45000
40000
35000
Penetration Force,

30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
lbf

5000
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Depth &ofRock
Drilling Penetration,
Mechanics in
JO 9/18/2013 S lide 35 of 41
 Scrape Tests

• Scrape Tests that

CUTTER PROFILE PLOT
measure
– Fv = Vertical 0.14
0.12

Force 0.10

Ind. Depth,
0.08
– Fcut = Scrapping 0.06

Force 0.04

in.
0.02
– Fside = Radial 0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250
Force Scrape Angle , De g.

• Do not scan volume

since fractures are no
larger than width of
cutter
Slide 51 of 41
 Force on cutter
2006C-3307M2 2006C-3307M2
11MM 25BR0SR 0.012" Fv 11MM25BR0SR 0.012"
F cut BV BV
CM at 3000psi CMat 3000psi
6000 4500
4000
5000
3500
4000

Vertical Force,
3000
Cut Force,

3000 2500
2000
lbf.

2000

lbf.
1500
1000 1000
500
0
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
Cut Angle, Deg. Cut Angle,
Deg.
F cut M Fv
Fcut M Fv

Note: F side is also measured

Slide 52 of 41
 References

• Michael J. Economides & Kenneth G. Nolte “Reservoir Stimulation”

John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0-471 49192 6
• Djebbar Tiab & Erle C. Donalson “Petrophysics, Theory and
practice of measuring reservoir rock and fluid transport properties”
Elsevier ISBN 0-7506-7711-2
• Adam T. Bourgoyne, Martin E. Chenevert, Kieth K. Millheim, F.S.
Young “Applied Drilling Engineering” SPE textbook series, Vol 2
ISBN 1-55563-001-4
• Charles Massonet “Resistance des materiaux” science et lettres -
liege
Slide 53 of 41
Questions?