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Baker-Atlas
VALUE AND LIMITATIONS
OF WELL LOG DATA
Strengths
• Provides remotely sensed values of reservoir
properties and fluids
• Among the most abundant reservoir data
• Presentation results fairly well standardized
• Allows evaluation of lateral (map) and vertical
(cross section) changes in reservoir properties
and fluids
•Limitations
• Indirect measurements
• Vertical resolution
• Depth of investigation
A FEW SIGNIFICANT MILESTONES
IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
• First oil well – E. L. Drake, Titusville, PA, 1859
• Sequence stratigraphy – (Mitchell, Vail et al., Exxon; Fisher, et al., UT), 1970’s
(SEE NOTES)
From Schlumberger
EARLY SURFACE
GEOPHYSICS
Resistivity map
made by C. Schlumberger, 1912
DIEFFENBACH
NO. 2907, RIG 7
Pechelbronn, France
_______
September 5, 1927
From Schlumberger
145 m
SEGMENT OF THE
150 m FIRST WELL LOG –
Schlumberger
155 m
160 m
165 m
170 m
175 m
155 m
From Schlumberger
SEGMENT OF THE FIRST WELL LOG – Schlumberger
215 m
220 m
225 m
From Schlumberger
SEGMENT OF THE FIRST WELL LOG – Schlumberger
From Schlumberger
HEADER – FIRST WELL LOG
Schlumberger, 1927
From Schlumberger
From Schlumberger
HENRI DOLL LOGGING OKLAHOMA
WELL, 1930
From Schlumberger
“ANOTHER FUN DAY IN THE OIL PATCH”
From Schlumberger
OPEN HOLE LOGGING MEASUREMENTS
• Passive
– Caliper
– Gamma Ray
– Spontaneous
Potential (SP)
• Active
– Acoustic
- Δtc, Δts, Ac, As
LOGGING TOOL
– Nuclear
- ρb, φN, Pe, τ1, τ2
– Electromagnetic
- R, tPL, EATT
CASED HOLE LOGGING MEASUREMENTS
• Passive
– Gamma Ray
– Temperature
– Flow Velocity
– Caliper
• Active
– Acoustic
– Nuclear
– Electromagnetic
– Mechanical
SOME QUESTIONS ADDRESSED BY
LOG INTERPRETATION
Land Offshore
Service Charge $1-3K $6-10K
$12-25K/day jack-up
Rig Time $4K/day $100K+/day floater
EXAMPLE LOGGING JOB COSTS
• DIL+BHC+GR • DIL+BHC+GR
• Land well • Offshore well
• Logged interval 8-10K ft. • Logged interval 8-10K ft.
HOUSTON, December 15, 2003 - Schlumberger Oilfield Services and ChevronTexaco announced today
they have set new measurement-while-drilling (MWD) and logging-while-drilling (LWD) depth and
pressure records for the Gulf of Mexico. These results were recorded while drilling the ChevronTexaco
deepwater Tonga Exploratory Prospect located in Green Canyon Block 727.
True vertical depth of 31,824 feet was reached exceeding the previous depth record by 700 feet, with a
maximum-recorded downhole pressure of 26,138 psi in the Tonga #1 well. Schlumberger delivered continuous
real-time surveys, allowing the well trajectory to be kept on target during the entire drilling and logging process.
"The Schlumberger tools functioned flawlessly under the extreme conditions of depth and pressure. We were
able to capture and transmit 100 percent of the data in real time, without lost time or trips, which was critical to
the success of this ultra-deep exploration well." Drilling operations for this record-setting well located in 4,695
feet of water and approximately 150 miles southwest of New Orleans were conducted from Transocean's
Discoverer Deep Seas drillship.
A particularly difficult set of well conditions that may detrimentally affect steel, elastomers,
mud additives, electronics, or tools and tool components. Such conditions typically include
excessive temperatures, the presence of acid gases (H2S, CO2), chlorides, high pressures
and, more recently, extreme measured depths.
LOGGING IS COMPARITIVELY INEXPENSIVE!
Vertical Land Well Costs
Misc.
Mud
7%
Trouble 20%
15%
Wireline
Logging
8% Rig Time
25%
Steel
25%
• Well location
• Depth references
• Date of log
• Well depth
• Casing shoe depth
• Bit size
• Mud data
– Type
– Properties
– Resistivities
• Max. Temperature
IMPORTANCE
OF HEADERS
Note use of
Rm to
correct for
borehole
effects in
Dual
Laterolog
Tool
• All tools are affected by the presence and properties of mud in the
borehole
• It is necessary to record all mud properties, such as mud weight, mud
resistivity (at a given temperature) in the header
Modified from Halliburton EL-1007
LOG PRESENTATION - LINEAR GRID
Depth
Track 1 track Track 2 Track 3
LOG PRESENTATION - LOG GRID
Track 1 Depth Track 2 Track 3
track
n n+4
2x10 2x10
LOG PRESENTATION - HYBRID GRID
Depth
Track 1 track Track 2 Track 3
n
2x10
n+2
2x10
LOG PRESENTATION - COMMON DEPTH SCALES
• Correlation
– 1:500 or 1:1000
– 2 in. (1:600) or 1 in. (1:1200)
– Heavy lines every 100 ft. or
50m
– Light lines each 10ft or 5m
• Routine
– 1:200 or 1:240 (5 in)
– Heavy lines every 50 ft. or 5 m
– Medium lines each 10 ft. or 5
m
– Light lines each 2 ft or 1 m
MEMORIZATION - 1 D
• Multi-sensors at different
positions create two
effects
• Sensor D does not ‘see’ C
bottom 70 ft. of well, etc.
• Measurements B, C, and B
D are ‘delayed’ until A
reaches where D was
• May give depth mismatch
between curves
A
STACKED LOGGING
TOOLS AND
MEMORY DISTANCES
Tools
A
SAND
A B
On depth
Off depth
DEPTH
SHIFTING
CORES
SHIFT
GR
(CORE)
W. Ayers, 1997
CHOOSING A LOGGING TOOL
It is necessary to choose the right tool to get the desired
measurement.
Considerations:
• Type of well ( wildcat or development )
• Hole conditions ( depth, deviation, hole size, mud
type )
Examples:
– Oil based mud : Induction tool
– Water based salty mud : Laterolog Tool
• Formation fluid content (fresh/salt connate
water)
• Economics (cost of the job, rig time involved)
TYPES OF LOGS TO BE RUN
• Logging suites generally include one resistivity and
one porosity device
• The logging string will also have other tools like the
gamma ray, SP and caliper tools
• However, logging suites usually have two porosity
devices to give more information about rock type,
hydrocarbon type and porosity
• Other considerations – to estimate permeability or to
take fluid samples – require other special tools like
the formation testers
Passive Resistivity
Depth Porosity
Logs Logs
Track Logs
NOMENCLATURE FOR ZONES IN
AND AROUND THE BOREHOLE
• Several methods
• Measurement many parameters
• Provides geoscience & engineering info
• Modest cost
• Standard formats
• Interpretation requires care
• Most abundant source of reservoir data