AN ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR USED IN THE NEWS ITEMS OF NEWS SEGMENTS IN

TEMPO.CO NEWS PORTAL ON MARCH 2017

By:

Ida Bagus Kade Mega Brahwija

1212021075

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to analyze the metaphors used and the kind of metaphors that were most
widely used in the tempo.co News Portal on March 2017. The news taken were from Sport,
Economy and Business, Art and Cultures, and Science and Technology segments. The design of this
study was discourse analysis with qualitative approach. In identifying a particular expression as a
metaphor, the strategy that is used is based on Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP). The data
were collected by using documents collection. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively using
by following MIP. The result of the study showed that: (1) Sport had the most metaphor with total
of 101 metaphors. (2) Structural Metaphor appeared as the most common kind of metaphor with the
total 220 metaphors or 65.86% of the total metaphors analyzed.

Keywords: Kind of metaphors, Metaphor Identification Procedures (MIP), metaphors, news

segments.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this globalization era, people tend
to choose simple ways to do something. To
reduce the time in reading news and save the
tress, the innovation has brought people into a
new world where newspaper is not required
anymore and move into something that is
more efficient than newspaper. This leads
people to read news in an easy way, using
their smartphone connected to the internet and
accessing the latest news of the world. They
do not need to buy newspapers again if the
readers only want to read one part only, for
example, the politics part and that will make
the other part useless.
In delivering the news, news will look
more creative and attractive if it is added with
a figure of speech. According to Abrams
(1999), tells figure of speech was a
conspicuous departure from what users of
language apprehend as the standard meaning
of words, or else the standard order of words,
in order to achieve some special meaning or
effect. Figure of speech often provide a more
effective means of saying what people mean
than direct statement. In writing, as well as in
speaking, ornamental language is frequently
used, in order to render discourse more
emphatic, striking, or elegant: for this purpose
different rhetorical figures are employed.
In addition, Perrine (1982) tells that
figurative languages is broadly defined
as anyway of saying something other than
ordinary way. It is more narrowly definable as
a way of saying one thing and meaning
another. The readers and writers properly
utilize superior style to explain the ideas of
the classical rhetorical them. Means of
classical rhetoric has been used by the Roman
Cicero and Suetonius novelist who wears
figura in the sense of "shadows, images,
allusions, allegories”. Meanwhile, Keraf
(2009:113)"The style of language is a way of
expressing usually a thought through
language that shows the spirit and personality
of the author". It means that figurative
language is a way of expressing typically
thought through language that shows the spirit
and personality of the author or the user
language.The effective use of figures of
speech brings to life what would have been
mere words, phrases and sentences. They
express the author's intent and take the reader
on a journey through what he or she
experienced or imagined or witnessed at a
specific period or periods in time. It brings
beauty, emphasis and clarity to what could
have been just a mundane and impoverished
rendition. Through the use of figures of
speech, the author makes significant the
insignificant, makes seem less important the
overemphasized, brings color and light,
insight, understanding and clarity. Figures of
speech allow us to assess, interpret and
critically analyze not only the writer's attempt,
but also his or her purpose. One of the well-
known figures of speech is metaphor.
A metaphor is a simile without any
formal comparison; as, A faithful friend is a
strong bulwark (Del Mar, 1842). A metaphor
is an imaginative way of describing
something by referring to something else that
has the qualities that people want to express,
especially in the news. Lakoff and Johnsen in
1980 defines that Metaphor is for most people
a device of the poetic imagination and the
rhetorical flourish—a matter of extraordinary
rather than ordinary language. Moreover,
metaphor is typically viewed as characteristic
of language alone, a matter of words rather
than thought or action. For this reason, most
people think they can get along perfectly well
without metaphor. People have found, on the
contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in
everyday life, not just in language but in
thought and action.
The studies about metaphor in
newspaper have been conducted in Indonesia
and focused in various topics of the
newspaper such as politics, sports, economics,
etc, also in the advertisement and opinion
column. Kisrini (2012), Sari and Hafizh
(2013) and Wijaya (2007) have researched the
use of metaphor in two popular newspaper in
Indonesia. They are Kompas and Jakarta Post
newspaper. Mostly, they focus on a few
things that are not taken seriously in the
newspaper such as advertisement and readers’
opinion and set aside the news segment that
should be the important parts that absolutely
have more the expression of metaphor than
those.
Because of that, the writer found that
in Indonesia is still lack of research about the
use of metaphor on the news segment. The
idea then came to make the writer interested
in conducting a research about this matter and
one that he analyzes is the using of metaphor
on an online news, that is Tempo.co.
In delivering news, Tempo.co is
known very credible and just. They never
show partiality to anyone. Until now, there is
no news in TV and social medias that shows
Tempo.co is making untrue reports. Tempo.co
has won several awards, including, The
Gwangju Prize for Human Rights Special
Award 2013, WAN-IFRA 2013 and AFP
Kate Webb Prize 2013. As the reasons stated
above, the writer is more secure in his choice
to choose tempo.co as material for his
research, because of an interesting historical
background, has many awards and a very
impressive web display with unique features
and easily accessible on the internet.
II. METHODS
In this chapter, the researcher
presented some points of research method
namely: research design, subject and object of
the study, data collecting method, instrument
of collecting data, and data analysis. This
research will use qualitative research method.
Sugiyono (2013) explains that qualitative
research method is called as naturalistic
research because it is conducted in a natural
setting that is used as source of data. It is also
meant that the investigation is conducted
under a natural condition or based on the
reality in the field.
In identifying a particular expression
as a metaphor, the strategy that is used is
based on Metaphor Identification Procedure
(MIP). MIP is one of effective strategies in
identifying metaphor. This strategy or method
is developed perfectly by Pragglejaz Group in
2007 (as cited in Pitcher, 2013). The main
point in the procedure of MIP is comparing
the contextual and the basic meanings of the
lexical units. The procedure of MIP is reading
the whole text, determine the metaphorical
expression, after that, find the meaning of
each metaphor that is found in the text.
The subject of the study is the
Tempo.co portal news. Tempo.co (formerly
named Tempointeraktif) is a web portal of
news and articles online that was established
by PT Tempo Inti Media Tbk. News content
divided by types of news, among others:
national, metro, business, sports, technology,
lifestyle, international, arts and entertainment,
celebrities, and automotive. The term “tempo”
is used because, first, a brief and
unpretentious and easily pronounced by the
tongue of Indonesia on all fronts; second,
sounded neutral, not surprising and
stimulating; third, not a symbol of a group,
and the fourth, Tempo is the time. Tempo.co
is online newspaper operated since 2009 by
TIM (Tempo Inti Media). This portal news
also presents a discussion session for the
general public who want to send the news in
their own areas that might be useful that has
not been published yet in tempo.co. Tempo.co
is available in Bahasa and English.
Pusat Data dan Analisa TEMPO
(TEMPO Data and Analysis Center) is a data
center that manages all data TEMPO Media
Group, whether in the form of text articles
and PDF magazines, newspapers, videos,
photos and infographics from 1971 up to the
latest. Until 2014, PDAT has 3 million expose
photographs expose 1.2 million of them in
digital format in various categories which can
be accessed at http://store.tempo.co. Also, in
the Research Section, through a process of
continuous analysis, research data PDAT
profile product launches, chronological,
history, and statistics as well as thematic for
various purposes, both internally and
externally. In the field of publishing, PDAT
also regularly publishes books include
Witness Locks, Executioner 1965 Profile
SOEs, Profile Bank, Guide, Guide to
Choosing the Master in Management and
Guide to Choosing a study program College
the referring reliable for parents, college and
university students. The object of the study is
metaphor. The subjects were selected
purposively. The data will be taken on March
2017. This study would be focused on
metaphor used, the kind of metaphor which is
mostly used in the news item and the
advantages of using metaphor in newspaper.
In this study, the data will be obtained
through document collection. Document
collection is a non-interactive strategy in
collecting qualitative data (McMillan &
Schumancer, 2010). Documents are divided
into official documents, personal documents,
group documents and objects. Tempo.co
Portal News can be classified as official
documents.
This study used three instruments.
They were the researcher, notes and checklist.
In qualitative research, the researcher is key
instrument (Sugiyono, 2013). The role of
researcher is complex because the researcher
becomes everything in the whole process of
the research. Sugiyono also states that the
researcher took some functions including
determining the focus of the study,
determining the resources, gathering data,
evaluating the quality of the data, analyzing
the data, interpreting and making conclusion.
The second instrument is notes. The notes
were used to write down the metaphorical
expressions during the process of
identification by using MIP. The notes were
related to seek the meanings of the
metaphorical expressions. The last are
checklists. They were used to categorize the
metaphorical expressions used in the news
item of the Tempo.co Portal News based on
the kind of metaphor and the news segments.
The checklist was made based on the kind of
metaphor synthesized from the classification
of some experts including O’Grady,
Dobrovolsky and Katamba (1997), Lakoff
and Johnson (1980) and Parera (2004). The
kinds of metaphor are structural metaphor,
orientational metaphor, ontological metaphor
anthropomorphic metaphor, animal metaphor
and synesthesia metaphor.
Sugiyono (2013) explained data
analysis process in this qualitative research
was conducted during data collection process
rather than after the data collection process. In
this study, the activities of data analysis based
on Miles and Huberman (as cited in
Sugiyono, 2013) model were conducted as
follows, Data Reduction, Data Display, and
Conclusion Drawing and Verification. Data
reduction refers to the process whereby the
mass of qualitative data you may obtain –
interview transcripts, fields notes, and
observation is reduced to make it more
organized for example coding, writing
sumaries, discarding irelevant data, and so on.
First, the mass of data has to be organized and
somehow meaningfully reduced or
reconfigured. Miles and Huberman (1994)
describe this first of their three elements of
qualitative data analysis as data reduction.
"Data reduction refers to the process of
selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting,
and transforming the data that appear in
written up field notes or transcriptions." Not
only do the data need to be condensed for the
sake of manageability, they also have to be
transformed so they can be made intelligible
in terms of the issues being addressed. In
qualitative analysis, the analyst decides which
data are to be singled out for description
according to principles of selectivity. This
usually involves some combination of
deductive and inductive analysis. While initial
categorizations are shaped by preestablished
study questions, the qualitative analyst should
remain open to inducing new meanings from
the data available. The second process is data
display. It means it is the second element or
level in Miles and Huberman's (1994) model
of qualitative data analysis. Data display goes
a step beyond data reduction to provide "an
organized, compressed assembly of
information that permits conclusion
drawing..." A display can be an extended
piece of text or a diagram, chart, or matrix
that provides a new way of arranging and
thinking about the more textually embedded
data. Data displays, whether in word or
diagrammatic form, allow the analyst to
extrapolate from the data enough to begin to
discern systematic patterns and
interrelationships. At the display stage,
additional, higher order categories or themes
may emerge from the data that go beyond
those first discovered during the initial
process of data reduction. The last process is
conclusion drawing and verification.
Conclusion drawing involves stepping back to
consider what the analyzed data mean and to
assess their implications for the questions at
hand. In the last process, the researcher
formulated the data, what metaphor that are
used and mostly used in Tempo.co.
III. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this part, the data were collected
from March 2017 of the Tempo.co News
Portal that have been selected from the most
viewed would be presented. The data were
gathered from Tempo.co News Portal
published on random date on March 2017.
Each news segment would get their news
taken by 20. In total there were 80 news
(Sport, Art and Cultures, Economy and
Business, and Science and Tech). There were
334 data of metaphorical expression found in
the news. The data then were identified as
metaphors using MIP (Metaphor
Identification Procedure). The metaphors
were classified into 6 kinds, those are: 1.
Structural metaphor, 2. Orientational
metaphor, 3 ontological metaphor, 4
anthropomorphic metaphor, 5. Animal
metaphor, and 6. Synesthesia metaphor
provided with checklist. From the result of the
checklist, it can be seen that Tempo.co really
implemented all six kinds of metaphor into
their news with Structural Metaphor as the
most common used metaphor.
From the total number of metaphors
334, Structural Metaphor leads by 220 or
almost 50% from other metaphors. In the
second place was Ontological Metaphor with
total metaphor found 49 and its existence was
14%. In the third position was Orientational
Metaphor with 41 total metaphor or 11% in
the chart. Then, it followed by
Anthropomorphic Metaphor in total number
17 or 5%. The last two was Synesthesia
Metaphor in total number 5 or 2% and
Animal Metaphor in 2 total metaphor found
or 1% of the chart. It can be concluded that
Structural Metaphor was the mostly used in
Tempo.co News Portal. In the other hand,
Animal Metaphor was the least used in the
news portal.
It's surprising that Sport was the
largest user of metaphor, while, in contrary,
Art and Cultures has the fewest metaphor in
tempo.co. Art and Cultures that were
originally predicted to produce the most
metaphor, turned out to be the least produces
the metaphor. The most significant factor in
this phenomenon is the length of news items
of Art and Cultures itself. The author usually
got 2-5 metaphors in each paragraph and the
news contained in Art and Cultures only has
an average of 3 paragraphs. This is very
inversely proportional to other segments such
as in sports and science and technology that
usually has more than 7 paragraphs. this is
enough to prove why art and cultures get the
least metaphor.
Structural Metaphor is
metaphorical system in which one complex
concept (typically abstract) is presented in
terms of some other (usually more concrete)
concept (Nordquist, 2017). As the most used
metaphor in tempo.co, Structural Metaphor
wins over 50% from all of the metaphors
found in the news items. This is proving the
fact from Lakoff & Johnson (1980) that
Structural Metaphor is the biggest kind of
metaphor among the others. They also stated
that it has the most examples compared to the
other kinds of metaphor. It can be happened
because its speakers use it in daily activities
and most of them do not realize that some
words they say containing Structural
Metaphor. People also do not need special
techniques and deep lessons to be able to use
them all the time. This type of metaphor is
often used to express something without them
knowing it has used metaphor. In the study,
from the four news segments, Structural
Metaphor is most commonly found in Science
and Technology segment with a total number
is 68.
The fewest metaphor found in the
news segment in tempo.co is Animal
Metaphor. It associates particulars animals to
describe a condition or experience of the
language users. Animal metaphor is the least
metaphor found in tempo.co with total
number of metaphors found in each segment
is only 2 and its presence is around 0.59%
from all segments. This metaphor only
appears each one in the sports segment and
the segment of art and culture. The reason
why this kind of metaphor is not popular or
rarely used in delivering news is that it is
difficult to find the name of the animal in
accordance with the news material presented,
the limited number of animal names that can
be adapted to human nature or other objects,
is also the cause of this metaphor is rarely
used. So, in this research in the news portal
tempo.co in this March only 2 metaphors are
found. Examples of Animal Metaphor found
in this research are seal (Sport) and bugs (Art
and Culture).
The second most common kind of
metaphor seen in Tempo.co is Ontological
Metaphor. Ontological Metaphor is a
metaphor in which an abstraction, such as an
activity, emotion, or idea, is represented as
something concrete, such as an object,
substance, container, or person (Lakoff and
Johnson, 1980). The presence of Ontological
Metaphor of each segment can be sorted from
many to few started from Sport to Science
and Technology to Economy and Business
and Art and Culture segments. Economy and
Business and Art and Cultures share the same
amount of metaphors (8). It can be concluded
that in this study, Sport is the biggest user of
Ontological Metaphor compared to other
kinds of metaphors. This may be caused by
the number of sentences in Sport that make
little sense or difficult to interpret if not
studied carefully.
In the third position, there is
Orientational Metaphor. Orientational
Metaphor is
metaphor or figurative comparison used to
express physical and psychological state of
something and it also involves spatial
relationships such as up-down, in-out, on-off,
and front-back (Richard Nordquist, 2017).
Here is a detailed explanation of the existence
of this type of metaphor in each news
segment. The existence of this type of
metaphor can be sorted from the most widely
used to the least as follows, Science and
Technology, Sport, Art and Culture, Economy
and Business. Orientational Metaphor is also
the last type of metaphor that appears in every
news segment in tempo.co previously already
filled by Structural Metaphor and Ontological
Metaphor. From the four news segments,
Science and Technology is the largest user of
this type of metaphor with the number of
metaphors collected is 15 or the same number
as Ontological Metaphor. In some news in
science and technology segment, there are
few sentences that contains the sale of objects
related to technology that increases or
decreases. Since Orientational Metaphor is
used to describe psychological and physical
state, it makes perfect sense that this type of
metaphor is often used to describe the good
and bad in a company.
As the most metaphor found in
tempo.co, Anthropomorphic Metaphor is one
of three metaphors that do not appear in any
segment news. This is then followed by
Animal Metaphor and Synesthesia Metaphor.
Anthropomorphic metaphor is a kind of
metaphor that uses the anatomical part of the
human body as a medium in its use. The
existence of this type of metaphor can be
sorted from the most widely used to the least
as follows, from Sport to Science and
Technology to Economy and Business. While
there is no metaphor found at all in Art and
Cultures. From the explanation, it can be said
that the Sports segment is the most
Anthropomorphic Metaphor user over the
others kinds of metaphors. This can be
explained by evidence that Sport is an activity
that requires one or more part of the human
body to play it. In sports organizations, parts
of the human body also play an important role
in explaining the position in their
organization.
In the fifth position, there is
Synesthesia Metaphor. Synesthesia switches
human sense’s function to another one. It is
one from two metaphors which appears only
in two news segments in tempo.co of a total
of four segments. The news segment is Sport
and Art and Culture. This type of metaphor is
most commonly found in Sport and followed
by Art and Cultures. and no metaphors of this
type is found in Economy and Business and
Science and Technology segments. From the
results of data that have been collected, it can
be said that Sport is the segment that uses this
kind of metaphor mostly.
IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
Based on the finding and discussion in
the previous chapter, the present study has
some conclusions that can be picked. the
conclusions include the type of metaphor used
in the news segment and which type of
metaphor is most commonly used by
tempo.co in the creation of the message. first,
all kinds of metaphors are classified by
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) were used in the
news item of tempo.co news portal. They are
Structural Metaphor, Orientational Metaphor,
Ontological Metaphor, Anthropomorphic
Metaphor, Animal Metaphor and Synesthesia
Metaphor. From the total 334 metaphors
found in the tempo.co news portal on March
2017, Structural Metaphor is the most
common metaphor type found in tempo.co.
This automatically proves that this kind of
metaphor is also often used in the making of
news in tempo.co. On the other hand, animal
metaphor is the least used or least influential
kind of metaphor in the making of news on
tempo.co. The news segments used as news
sources for this research are from Sport, Art
and Cultures, Economy and Business, and
Science and Technology segments. From
these four news segments, the number of
metaphors found is different from one and
another. The segments that generates the most
metaphor is Sports segment. Sport is also the
only segment in which there are all types of
metaphors gathered.
 There are several suggestions that can
be given by the researcher. For English
teacher, this can help teachers in giving
lessons about Metaphor. It can be used as a
material of the importance of using metaphors
as a means to enrich the sentence to make it
more beautiful and elegant. Teacher can also
deepen students’ understanding about the use
of metaphor in communication. For the
students, it is really important to know and
understand the use of metaphor and some of
its kinds in the news so that in the future, they
can use it when writing essay or during
conversation. Especially for students who
follow journalism activities, it's very
important for them to learn how to use the
correct metaphorical expression to make
readers interested about what they write. For
other researchers, it could be references to
other researchers who plan to conduct similar
study. It is expected to help those who do
deeper research on the use of metaphors in
different spheres such as different news,
segments, and sources. In addition, this can
also be a reference about the kind of
metaphors that can be added by other
researchers since the research this time there
are only six kinds of metaphors.
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