CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this section, the researcher presents some theories and some previous research to

support the topic of the study.

A. Theoretical Review

1. Poster

a. Definition of poster

Poster is one of the learning media that is expected to be more effective

in conveying learning material besides that poster also expected to be able to

increase their interest and motivation, especially in English. According to

Sadiman (2011) Poster in learning can function to attract students' interest to

the messages you want to convey, looking for support about something or

ideas, as well as a method for students to be interested in and carry out

messages that are displayed on the poster. In line with Maiyena (2013) stated

that in learning, poster media serves to visualize messages, information or the

concept to be conveyed to students with illustrations through close-up images

match the reality of an object or situation.

Poster have been widely used as learning media. Poster with all its

advantages, able to attract attention and even arouse people who see it.

Selection of good posters for character education will be very helpful once in

minimizing the dryness of character among the youth. Poster has such a high

8
 9

dramatic power to captivate and attract attention. Thing this is because the

poster has an adequate description due to psychological factors and stimulate

to live.

b. Advantages and disadvantages of poster

As with print media in general, the advantages of poster media are that

they can simplify and speed up the understanding of the message conveyed,

can be equipped with colours so that it is more attractive to students, has a

simple shape without the need for special equipment and is easy to place and

requires little additional information and is easy to manufacture and the price

is cheap. According to Sukimah (2012) states that poster have advantages

including is:

1. Can assist teachers in conveying lessons and helping students to be more

active in learning.

2. Poster media is easy to stick on the wall.

3. Can affect students' ability and quality.

There are also disadvantages of the media poster is as follow:

1. Requires special expertise in the making.

2. Ability is required read to understand the contents of the poster.

3. The presentation of the message is just a visual element.

 10

c. Function of poster

According to Daryanto (2010) Poster media has several functions

including:

1. Obtain a real picture of objects or historical events. Witnessing existing

objects or events that occurred at the time past.

2. Observing objects or events that are difficult to visit either because they

are far away, dangerous or forbidden.

3. Obtaining a clear picture of difficult objects or things observed directly

because of its size which is not possible. For example, by means of a

package, students can get an overview what is clear about dams which are

power plant complexes.

4. Comparing something with the help of posters, students can compare two

objects that differ in size, colour, and properties.

Based on the explanation above, the use of poster media in the learning

process for teachers is very useful in increasing student motivation and interest

in learning English, especially in writing descriptive text material. Besides that,

in making learning poster media, it must be in accordance with curriculum

material, syllabus, core competencies, and basic competencies, therefore

teachers must be more creative in making media posters.

 11

d. Criteria of poster

According to Wulandari (2017), there are criteria for making good

posters as follows:

1. Posters must be simple and not much text is displayed, and only the

important things are briefly limited. However, pictures and writing must

have a different meaning continuously. Because the purpose of making the

poster itself is for people who see it to know the meaning of the message

conveyed by the poster and the message with the intention to attract the

attention of passers-by but long enough to instil meaningful thoughts in

their memory.

2. Presenting an idea and to achieve a major goal. The purpose of conveying

the message in the poster must be clear and focus according to the ideas

that have been made. So, the messages are conveyed in the poster should

not deviate from its original purpose.

3. The colours used should attract attention see it and designed according to

the harmony between the picture and the writing in the posters. Because

the accuracy determines the colour very much influential in the beauty of

the poster that is displayed.

4. The choice of words used must be short, concise, clear and straightforward

so that poster users quickly understand easily.

5. Conformity of content with core and basic competencies, teachers need to

make poster media must be in accordance with the contents of the core

competencies and competencies base.

 12

2. Canva

Canva is an online application or website design, there are many

features in Canva that can be utilized for making learning media. In line with

Demarest cited in Rahmasari (2021) Canva is free design platform that can be

with easy to assist users to create designs with results professional to design.

With many features, making Canva an application or website that is suitable

for collaboration with the products that researchers arrange, meanwhile

according to Faiza and Tanjung (2019) Canva has the following advantages:

1. Has a variety of attractive designs.

2. Being able to increase the creativity of teachers and students in designing

media learning because of the many features that have been provided.

3. Save time in practical learning media.

4. Designing a product that can use with laptops and mobile phones. Aside

from that, Canva has some drawbacks, such as requiring users to be

constantly connected to the internet and having several interesting paid

templates, though there are still free templates.

Based on the expert's explanation above, Canva is an application or

website that is able to help design a learning media, one of which is a product

that researchers compile, therefore Canva is expected to be a suitable and

innovative application or website.

 13

3. Writing

a. Definition of writing

Writing is one of the important skills that must be mastered by students

in the learning process including English, writing is also another means of

providing information, ideas, and messages. in line with Abbas (2006), skills

Writing is the ability to express ideas, opinions and feelings to other parties

through written language. Accurate expression of ideas must be supported by

the accuracy of the language used, vocabulary and grammar and use of spelling

According to Tarigan (2008), writing skill is one productive and

expressive language skills used for communicate indirectly and not face-to-

face with the parties other. Meanwhile, Suparno (2009) understanding of

writing skills is an activity of conveying messages or communicating with

using written language as a tool or medium. Based on concept It can be said

that writing is an indirect communication in the form of transferring thoughts

or feelings by utilizing graphology, structure of language and vocabulary by

using symbols so that they can be read what the symbols represent.

Based on some of the opinions above, it can be argued that writing skill

is the skill of expressing ideas, ideas, feelings in the form of written language

so that other people who read it can understand the content the writing well.

b. Purpose of writing

Every writer must have a clear purpose of the writing to be written.

According to Suparno and Mohamad Yunus (2008:37), the desired goals

achieved by a writer of various kinds as follows:

 14

1. Make the reader think and reason.

2. Let the reader know what is being reported.

3. Making readers opinionated.

4. Make the reader understand.

5. Make the reader persuaded by the content of the essay.

6. Make the reader happy by living the values put forward such as truth

values, religious values, educational values, social values, moral values,

human values and aesthetic values.

Meanwhile Semi (2007), revealed that in general purpose of writing,

namely:

1. To tell something, telling here has the intention that people other or the

reader knows about what is experienced, dreamed, imagined, nor what the

writer thought.

2. To give instructions or directions, meaning when someone teaching others

how to do things, giving directions, as well as provide direction with the

correct, meaningful stages the person is giving directions or directions.

3. To explain something, that the author is trying to convey his ideas in

explaining something through writing that aims explain something to the

reader, so that the knowledge of the reader increases the readers’

understanding of your topic say it gets better.

4. To be sure, that is there are certain times that the person who wrote it need

to write to convince others of opinions, fruit thoughts or views about

something.
 15

5. To summarize, meaning by writing a summary, the reader will very helpful

and very easy in learning the contents of a long book and thick.

Based on some of these opinions above, it can be concluded that the

purpose of writing is for the reader to know, understand and understand the

values in a piece of writing so that the reader thinks, or thinks to do something

related to the content of the writing.

c. Teaching writing

In English the process of learning to write is a very important basic to

be mastered by students therefore the teacher must teach writing skills from an

early age therefore in learning writing skills the teacher must create conducive

learning conditions. In addition, the teacher also has to do process assessment

that aims to determine student learning development, difficulties experienced

and patterns of appropriate learning strategies. According to Abbas (2006),

efforts that teachers can make to students happy writing is to give freedom to

students to write what they want he likes in accordance with the theme of

learning to be carried out. Write stories in the form of narrative essays, for

example, can be carried out with using media in the form of images.

4. Descriptive text

a. Definition of descriptive text

Descriptive text is teaching material in English which is taught in

accordance with the curriculum, syllabus, core competencies and basic

competencies. Descriptive text is teaching material that discusses a writing that

describes an object that is described based on experience in written form, this

 16

statement is also supported by Kosasih (2006) Descriptive text is an essay that

describes an object with the aim that the reader feels as if seeing the object

itself described it, whereas according to Mahsun (2014), descriptive text is text

that have a social purpose to describe an object or individual objects based on

physical characteristics.

Based on the understanding of the descriptive text above, it can be

concluded that descriptive text is a type of text that describes an object, be it a

person, thing, or place.

b. Purpose of descriptive text

The purpose of this descriptive text is to be able to describe, explain or

illustrate everything that has been described, which is useful for being able to

provide information to the descriptor and the reader. In line with Dirgayesa

(2017) the purpose or social function of descriptive text is to describe a person,

place or thing in such a way that a picture is formed in the reader's mind.

c. Types of descriptive text

There are several types of descriptive text which are usually taught to

students according to their level, the following are types of descriptive text:

1. Subjective description text

The definition of subjective description text is a descriptive text in which the

description of the object is based on the impression that the writer of the

paragraph has.
 17

2. Spatial description text

The definition of spatial description text is a descriptive text in which the

object described is only in the form of objects, places, spaces, things, animal

etc.

3. Objective description text

The definition of objective description text is a type of descriptive text in

which an explanation of the object is described as it is based on the actual

state of the object, without any additional opinion from the writer.

d. Generic structure of descriptive text

According to Mahsun (2014) In general, there are three structures of

descriptive text which include identification, classification and description or

core parts. Here are three descriptive text structures and their meanings.

1. Identification

The definition of identification in a descriptive text is the part that contains

the determination of the identity of a person, thing or other object.

2. Classification

The definition of classification in a descriptive text is a systemic constituent

element in a group according to predetermined rules or standards.

3. Part of description

The definition of the description section or the core part of the description

paragraph is the part that contains an overview or explanation of an object or

topic being discussed.

 18

B. Previous Research

This section presents previous studies that have some similarities and

used as a reference by researcher. Those are some related previous studies

developing poster as learning media in writing descriptive text for seventh

graders through Canva. They are:

The first research conducted by Hilmiati (2022) entitled is Developing

Learning Materials of Descriptive Text Contained Lombok Local Culture for

High School Students. Which discussed the development of a descriptive text

teaching material for Indonesian language subjects where the Lombok region

and its culture are the main content. This study uses the development research

method with the ADDIE model as a framework, namely analysis of

development design implementation and evaluation. The research instruments

used were interviews and questionnaires which aimed to determine the

feasibility of the products being prepared. The results of this study are that the

products developed are suitable for use as subjects and really help teachers in

increasing teacher knowledge which is specifically related to descriptive texts

containing Lombok's local culture.

The second research conducted by Nuran (2020) entitled is

Descriptive Text: Developing Media by Using Pop up Poster. Which discussed

development of descriptive material in teaching writing using pop up poster

media for tenth grade. The method used in this study is research and

development and Borg & Gall as the framework used, the instruments of this

research are questionnaires and interviews. The results of this study state that
 19

developing writing media categorized as relevant for tenth grade students. with

an expert's assessment of 92.8.

The third research conducted by Aryuntini (2018) entitled is

Development of Learning Media Based on VideoScribe to Improve Writing

Skill for Descriptive Text of English Language Study. Which discus

development of teaching media based on video graph to improve children’s

writing skills on English descriptive text material, this research uses

developmental and 4-D research types as a framework where there are four

stages, namely define, design, development, and deployment. Interviews and

questionnaires are used as research instruments that aim to obtained data. The

results obtained from the researcher are that there is an increase in students'

ability to write descriptive text after using learning media based on

VidieoScribe.

The fourth research conducted by Munir (2020) entitled is Developing

Learning Material of Writing Skill Based on Multimedia for the Junior High

School Students in Makassar. Which discuss developing writing teaching

materials using multimedia to increase students' English knowledge, this

research uses development research and Borg & Gall as framework,

questionnaires and interviews are used as data collection instruments. The

results of this research can be concluded that writing learning tools are good

and can help students increase their knowledge and ability to write English for

students
 20

The fifth research conducted by Widyaningrum (2019) entitled is

Developing Students’ Writing Skill by Using Picture Media. Which discuss

develop students' writing skills with media images. This research is classroom

action research. As for the design of classroom action research used in this

study is to use the model from Kemmis and McTaggart. Modelling four steps:

planning, action, observation, and reflection. Theoretically action research

must be done in the classroom, simultaneously with the teaching and learning

process. This the research was conducted in three cycles by applying the

proposed model by applying the act of using media images in the teaching and

learning process. the results of the research can improve students' writing skills

and with media images can understand the process of teaching writing well.