University of Luzon

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Dagupan City

Effects of Tik Tok in Academic Performances

GROUP ACTIVITY

Abracia, Allain E.

Coroῆa, Kayce M.

De Vera, Kimberlyn N.

Ferrer, Jerome C.

Gutierrez, Kirk Daniel T.

Nevado, Charelle P.

Sison, Mary Joy N.

December 2020
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1. Differentiate Research Literature and Conceptual Literature

- Define Research Literature and Conceptual Literature

What Is the Research Literature?

The RESEARCH LITERATURE in any field is all the published research in that field.

The research literature in psychology is enormous—including millions of scholarly

articles and books dating to the beginning of the field—and it continues to grow.

Although its boundaries are somewhat fuzzy, the research literature definitely

does not include self-help and other pop psychology books, dictionary and

encyclopedia entries, websites, and similar sources that are intended mainly for the

general public. These are considered unreliable because they are not reviewed by other

researchers and are often based on little more than common sense or personal

experience. Wikipedia contains much valuable information, but the fact that its

authors are anonymous and may not have any formal training or expertise in that

subject area, and its content continually changes makes it unsuitable as a basis of

sound scientific research. For our purposes, it helps to define the research literature

as consisting almost entirely of two types of sources: articles in professional journals,

and scholarly books in psychology and related fields.

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Conceptual Literature

Conceptual research framework constitutes of a researcher’s combination of

previous researches and associated work and explains the occurring

phenomenon. It systematically explains the actions needed in the course of the

research study based on the knowledge obtained from other ongoing

researches and other researchers’ point of view on the subject matter.

Differences of Research Literature and Conceptual Literature

These are empirically based like scientific paper, thesis, and dissertations, both

published and unpublished, coming from local and foreign sources.

It contains literature coming from books. Journalism, and other forms of

material concerning or relevant to the study , but data-free or non-empirical material,

coming from both local and foreign sources.

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1 Example of Research Literature and Conceptual Literature

This chapter presents related theories, related documents and previous

research, conceptual model, research questions, and hypothesis. 2.1 Related Theories

Review 2.1.1 Marketing Mix Concept (4P’s) McCarthy (1960) proposed the famous 4P’s

combination in 1960 namely product, price, place, and promotion. He thought

companies that are engaged in marketing should consider thinking of many factors:

on the one hand, paying attention to various external environments of the enterprise;

on the other hand, developing marketing mix strategy. Marketing mix refers to the

optimal combination and application of factors that can be controlled by the enterprise

in the selected target market. Through the implementation of strategies, it can adapt

to the environment, meet the needs of the target market and achieve the goal of the

enterprise (Baruch,1971). With the development of production technology, the time

gradually entering the Internet era, the marketing mix is no longer the traditional 4P’s

model with various 11 internal combinations being more flexible so it is reflecting the

coordination of principles. The products in the mobile app market are all types of app

software. The optimized combination is based on product positioning and product

uniqueness, hence attracting more users to use and achieve the effect of constantly

expanding market share (Jia, 2000). Tik Tok is the combination of advantages of

product positioning and product uniqueness (Chen, 2017). Firstly, from the

perspective of product positioning, the app market is becoming younger. Therefore, the

target users in the early stage of Tik Tok are young users between 18 and 38 years

old. In terms of product features, the interface design is divided into recommendation

and attention which is simple and easy to operate thus attracting more target users
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(Hui, 2017). In summary, Tik Tok achieves an advantageous combination through the

optimization of product positioning’s internal factors. It embodies the complexity of the

4P’s principle that there are some secondary factors in product positioning and the

optimization of sub-elements can promote the realization of marketing strategies (Zhi,

2018). Secondly, the product uniqueness is also the key point of the combination of

internal factors (Li, 2017). The main characteristic of Tik Tok is music which is

different from other short video apps. The analysis of big data can recommend the

content that users are interested in according to their preferences, and the video time

is mostly 15 seconds which increases users’ stickiness through the use of user

fragmented time (Jia, 2017). 12 In conclusion, the internal market positioning and

product uniqueness can be better optimized through the marketing mix strategy, thus

achieving the effect of powerful combination.

2.1.2 SMCR Communication Theory David K. Berlo proposed a communication model

which integrates philosophy, psychology, linguistics, anthropology, mass

communication, behavioral science and other new theories to explain different

elements in the communication process (Hui, 2013). This model decomposes the

communication process into four basic elements: source, message, channel and

receiver. According to SMCR model, any communication process is determined by the

four elements of Source, Message, Channel, Receiver and the relationship between

them. The source is the initiator of the whole communication process, message is the

content to be disseminated, the channel is a variety of tools for disseminating

information, and the receiver is not only the person who receives the information and

decodes it, but also the person who sends the feedback (Gao, 1992, p. 63). Message is
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regarded as the most important part in the process of communication; it connects the

source and the receiver and serves as a link between the preceding and the following.

The effect of comprehensive and systematic content on the smooth and optimization

communication is obvious (Wen, 1992, p. 133). With the gradually development of

science and technology, China has entered the 13 age of smart phones that improve

the speed and enrich the content. Specifically speaking, all kinds of smart phone

applications appeared with better service for content transmission so as to achieve

complete and efficient communication (Jiang, 2016). Tik Tok is a better practice of this

feature, making great efforts in terms of content, and emphasizing the originality of

content and the participation of content (Yi, 2017). The contents of Tik Tok come from

every aspect of life and different contents bring different experiences to users. For

example, funny content can bring about users’ entertainment, and users also want to

shoot the same content to deliver happy emotion to others. Otherwise, the content of

teaching also can bring about the users’ life skill; for example, some cooking short

video can teach users to cook and then apply these cooking skills to their daily life

(Jia, 2017). There are also other types of short video, with different content delivering

different message to users. In order to satisfy users’ need, more and more original

content appeared. To sum up, the Tik Tok’s content fully starts from the needs of

users, increases the diversity of video and the high quality of video, meets the usage

characteristics of different users and thus increases users’ stickiness. It ensures the

diversity and originality in the communication process, so that video content can be

better delivered to users and achieve complete and efficient content outputs. 2.2

Related Literature and Previous Research 14 2.2.1 Product Positioning Product

positioning is establishing the position of the product in the market. It is achieved by

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creating distinct personality characteristics for the product of the enterprise so as to

create a unique market image. Moreover, the product personality characteristics

should be demonstrated by the target audiences, product features and market

strategies of the product (Ye, 2001, p. 293). That means target audiences, product

features, and marketing strategies are key factors in product positioning (Xin, 2007).

From the angle of target audiences, the enterprises should follow and consider target

audiences’ needs and preferences. Target audiences are the front end of marketing

work, meanwhile the demand of target audiences is the core of enterprise marketing

work. Therefore, analyzing the real demands of target audiences is the most important

task of enterprise (Ye, 2001, p. 283). For example, Japan's Nikon has a long history of

the company that makes cameras. With the advent of digital photography, users are

more in pursuit of the convenience and lightness of the camera. Nikon has quickly

adopted a response strategy according to the changes of target audiences’ demands to

produce a micro-single-camera. It is a good example that following the target

audiences is the need to change product (Ye, 2001, p. 298). Product features is the

important factor of whether the product receives customer favor or not, and also the

power of product sustainable development. When determining product positioning,

enterprises design product features according to the requirements of target users to

ensure products are in a competitive position (Yu, 1999). For example, 15 recently a

kind of chat and friend application namely Soulmate has become popular in China; it

is following big data to analyze the users’ characteristics to match them with similar

personalities. Therefore, the product features make Soulmate attract more young

people and get popular in a short time. With the development of the technology, people

get into the era of Internet. With the appearance of more and more internet products,
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there are several marketing strategies for promotion those products. Wu (2018) stated

marketing strategy is a strategic product promotion strategy based on product

features. With the arrival of the Internet era, more and more Internet products tend to

be online and offline cooperative marketing strategies. Generally speaking, online

promotion refers to all kinds of Internet ways such as webpage to promote the

product, while offline refers to cooperation with other company to hold activities to

increase product exposure. Furthermore, with the development of the internet society,

marketing strategies are gradually diversified. All in all, target audiences, product

features, and marketing strategies are key factors in product positioning (Xin, 2007).

Regarding short video apps, identify target audiences can help the apps know their

real needs on the perspective of short video. Product feature is thus the essential

factor to make the short video app maintain the development (Yu, 1999). As for the

marketing strategies, Baron (1995) stated that they are the power to expand marketing

and also important for the product positioning.

2. How to cite a book in APA Format?

APA format structure:

Author, A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Publisher City, State: Publisher.

APA format example:

Finney, J. (1970). Time and again. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

Notes: When citing a book in APA, keep in mind:

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 Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title and any subtitles,

as well as the first letter of any proper nouns.

 The full title of the book, including any subtitles, should be stated

and italicized.

Citing an e-book from an e-reader

E-book is short for “electronic book.” It is a digital version of a book that can be

read on a computer, e-reader (Kindle, Nook, etc.), or other electronic device.

APA format structure:

Author, A. (Year of Publication). Title of work [E-Reader Version]. Retrieved

from http://xxxx or DOI:xxxx

APA format example:

Eggers, D. (2008). The circle [Kindle Version]. Retrieved from

http://www.amazon.com/

Citing a book found in a database

APA format structure:

Author, A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Retrieved from http://xxxx or

DOI:xxxx

APA format example:

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Sayre, Rebecca K., Devercelli, A.E., Neuman, M.J., & Wodon, Q.

(2015). Investment in early childhood development: Review of the world bank’s

recent experience. DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0403-8

Notes: When citing an online book or e-book in APA, keep in mind:

 A DOI (digital object identifier) is an assigned number that helps link

content to its location on the Internet. It is therefore important, if one

is provided, to use it when creating a citation. All DOI numbers begin

with a 10 and are separated by a slash.

For more information on how to cite in APA, check out Cornell.

←Back to APA Citation Guide

“The art of writing is the art of discovering what you believe.”

— Gustave Flaubert

3. How to cite an E-book in APA Format?

What You Need

To create an e-book citation, you will need the following information on your

source: 

1. First Name Initial and Last Name of the author(s)

2. Year Published

3. Title of the e-book

4. Translator name (if applicable)

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5. Publisher name

6. DOI or URL (if applicable)

7. For republished books ONLY: Year the original work was published

E-Book Reference Structure:

Author Last Name, First Initial, Middle Initial. (Year Published). Title of e-book

in sentence case. Publisher Name. DOI or URL

The example above is not only appropriate for e-books, but is the basic

structure used for any authored print book that has a DOI.

In-text citation structure:

 Parenthetical citation: (Author Last Name, Year Published)

 Narrative citation: Author Last Name (Year Published)

E-Book Citation Examples

Citing an Authored E-book With a DOI or URL

Structure:

Author Last Name, First Initial, Middle Initial. (Year Published). Title of e-book in

sentence case. Publisher Name. DOI or URL

Example:
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Clark, M. & Phelan, J. (2020). Debating rhetorical narratology: On the synthetic,

mimetic, and thematic aspects of narrative. The Ohio University Press.

https://doi.org/10.26818/9780814214282

In-text citation examples:

 Parenthetical citation: (Clark & Phelan, 2020)

 Narrative citation: Clark & Phelan (2020)

Citing an E-book Without a DOI or URL

If you are trying to reference an electronic book that does not have a known

DOI or URL, then you may end the reference after the publisher name. This is

also the case for e-books that are sourced from academic research databases.

Structure:

Author Last Name, First Initial, Middle Initial. (Year Published). Title of e-book in

sentence case. Publisher Name.

Example:

Cialdini, R. B. (2009). Influence: The psychology of persuasion. Harper Collins E-

books.

In-text citation examples:

 Parenthetical citation: (Cialdini, 2009)

 Narrative citation: Cialdini (2009)

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Citing a Republished E-book

Structure:

Author Last Name, First Initial, Middle Initial. (Year Published). Title of e-book in

sentence case. Publisher Name. DOI or URL (Original work Published Year)

Example:

Wells, H.G. (1992). The war of the worlds. Project Gutenberg.

https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36/36-h/36-h.htm (Original work published

1898)

In-text citation examples:

Notice how the in-text citations include both the original publication date and

the e-book publication date, separated by a slash with no spaces.

 Parenthetical citation: (Wells, 1898/1992)

 Narrative citation: Wells (1898/1992)

Citing a Translated E-book

If the e-book has been translated from its original version, provide the name of

the translator(s) in parenthesis after the work’s title.

Structure:
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Author Last Name, First Initial, Middle Initial. (Year Published). Title of e-book in

sentence case (First Initial Last Name of Translator, Trans.). Publisher Name.

DOI or URL 

Example:

Yoshimoto, B. (2015). Kitchen (M. Backus, Trans.). Grove Atlantic.

https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/kitchen-15

In-text citation examples:

 Parenthetical citation: (Yoshimoto, 2015)

 Narrative citation: Yoshimoto (2015)

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References:

https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/reviewing-the-research-literature/?

fbclid=IwAR2_vEnrA-DrFtKTpYcudg6aw67d12ki7DCsBQlkoFHGS6W8AAv737vDolM

https://www.slideshare.net/anasomoray/review-of-related-literature-15620112?

fbclid=IwAR1Ojq2dAzoodLadaXDEpPNGMYF1y454fKD--upgryg88SKS0_sNdDq-boU

https://press.rebus.community/literaturereviewsedunursing/chapter/chapter-2-

what-is-a-literature-review/?

fbclid=IwAR2NMV9xDVKbOnk_7J_BzRhsheb69Z2SpHqk0BCwMYT0I0Bvm5a1BzPdrd

Q#:~:text=When%20we%20talk%20about%20information,dissertations%20and

%20theses%2C%20and%20grey

https://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/apa-format/e-book/?

fbclid=IwAR2c03wc3chXpnbKQXyuLtgBKAokK4QSSgN6fC-ntULe7qBInnfaTpcvLVA

https://www.bibme.org/citation-guide/apa/book/?

fbclid=IwAR2pyB0l1zaV0cCBkX2L1da2_b9t8TE8FFcax4NONnpcLtXQpgFB2sFMDNQ

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/conceptual-research/