Course  Mathematics  Math Lecture 2  Math Lecture sheet 2

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Math Lecture sheet 2

✓ In this lecture sheet, the topics covered are:
‣ Decimals
‣ Place Value of Digits
‣ Proportionality
‣ Reciprocals
‣ Absolute Value
‣ Fraction: Word Problems
‣ Missing value in Series
‣ Rules of Exponents
‣ Square Roots
Class Practice
‣ Type-1: Fractions
‣ Type-2: Decimals
‣ Type-3: Place Value Math
‣ Type-4: Exponents

Decimals
A decimal number can be defined as a number whose whole number part and the fractional part is separated by a decimal
point. The dot in a decimal number is called a decimal point. The digits following the decimal point show a value smaller than
one.
Decimals are based on the preceding powers of 10. Thus, as we move from left to right, the place value of digits gets divided
by 10, meaning the decimal place value determines the tenths, hundredths and thousandths. A tenth means one tenth or 1/10.
In decimal form, it is 0.1. Hundredth means 1/100. In decimal form, it is 0.01.

Place Value of Digits

Every digit in a number has a place value. Place value can be defined as the value represented by a digit in a number on the
basis of its position in the number. Each place has a value of 10 times the place to its right.

In 13548,
‣ 1 is in ten thousands place and its place value is 10,000,
‣ 3 is in thousands place and its place value is 3,000,
‣ 5 is in hundreds place and its place value is 500,
‣ 4 is in tens place and its place value is 40,
‣ 8 is in ones place and its place value is 8.
Understanding the place value of digits in numbers helps in writing numbers in their expanded form. For instance, the
expanded form of the number above, 13548 is 10,000 + 3,000 + 500 + 40 + 8.
Decimal Place Values
Decimal numbers are mixed numbers with denominators of powers of ten. In a decimal number, the digits to the left of the
decimal point represent a whole number. The digits to the right of the decimal represent the decimal parts. The place value of
the digits become 10 times smaller.
In 27.356,
27 is the whole number part,
‣ 2 is in tens place and its place value is 20,
‣ 7 is in ones place, and its place value is 7.
✓ There are three digits to the right of the decimal point,
‣ 3 is in the tenths place, and its place value is 0.3 or 3/10,
‣ 5 is in the hundredths place, and its place value is 0.05 or 5/100,
‣ 6 is in the thousandths place, and its place value is 0.006 or 6/1000.
Difference between Place Value and Face Value
The face value of a digit is the digit itself, at whatever place it may be. It is unchangeable and definite. But place value
changes according to the digitʼs place.

For example; to find face value and place value of 3572:

‣ Face value of 2 is 2, place value of 2 is 2
‣ Face value of 7 is 7, place value of 7 is 70
‣ Face value of 5 is 5, place value of 5 is 500
‣ Face value of 3 is 3, place value of 3 is 3000
‣ The face value as well as place value of zero (0) is always (0).

Proportionality
When a number is proportional to another number, it does not mean their values are equal, just that they change with respect
to each other. The constant of proportionality serves as a multiplier. If two amounts are proportional, they change at the same
rate so that the relationship between them does not change.
Proportionality is generally considered to be of two types –
. Direct Proportionality: If all other variables are held constant, the value of one directly proportional variable increases if the
other variable increases, and vice versa. For example, if an object travels at a constant speed, then the distance traveled is
directly proportional to the time spent traveling, with the speed being the constant of proportionality.
If a and b are directly proportional it is represented as “a α b”
 If a and b are directly proportional, it is represented as a α b .
. Inverse Proportionality: The concept of inverse proportionality can be contrasted with direct proportionality. Two variables
are said to be "inversely proportional" to each other, if all other variables are held constant, the value of one inversely
proportional variable decreases if the other variable increases, and the value of one inversely proportional
variable increases if the other variable decreases. As for example, the time taken for a journey is inversely proportional to
the speed of travel.
If a and b are inversely proportional, it is represented as a α b1 .

Reciprocals
The reciprocal of a number is 1 divided by the number. It is also known as “Multiplicative Inverse”. For
example:
‣ the reciprocal of 2 is 1/2 (half)
‣ the reciprocal of 10 is 1/10 (=0.1)
✓ When we multiply a number by its reciprocal we get 1.
Example: 2 × (1/2) = 1
‣ Every number has a reciprocal except 0 (1/0 is undefined). The reciprocal of a fraction is the fraction turned upside down.
For example, the reciprocal of 2/3 is 3/2.

Absolute Value
Absolute value is a term used in mathematics to indicate the distance of a point or number from the origin (zero point) of a
number line. The symbol for absolute value is a pair of vertical lines, one on either side of the quantity whose absolute value is
to be determined. The absolute value or modulus |x| of a real number x is the non-negative value of x without regard to its
sign. Namely, |x| = x for a positive x, |-x| = x for a negative x (in which case −x is positive), and |0| = 0. For example, the
absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3.

Mixed Fraction Property

When we divide 5 by 2, the answer is. The 1 in the numerator is the remainder and the 2 in the denominator is the divisor as
shown in the diagram below. We can also write as 2.5. The value after the decimal point (which in this case is 0.5) is equal to
the proper fraction part (In this case which is). Or we can say 0.5 is equal to the (remainder/divisor)
This information is useful in the following type of math:
‣ When Adree divided X Taka among Y people, he found each person should get 25.375 Taka. But he could only pay an
integer amount of money per person. So he found he had 3 Taka left after division. What is the value of X and Y?
Solution:
‣ Here, after dividing X by Y, Adree found 3 as remainder.
Again, X/Y = 25.375
We know, 0.375 is equal to the (remainder/divisor)
In this case, we can write 0.375 = 3/Y
So, Y = (3 ÷ 0.375) = 8
And, the value of X = (8 x 25.375) = 203

Fraction Word Problems

Fraction is an important topic in aptitude tests and can be integrated with multiple types of math. In this section we discuss
about shortcuts while doing math involving fractions.
Example 1:
‣ Pantasia Bakery sells 1/3 of their cakes in the morning. They sell 1/5 of the remaining cakes in the afternoon. In the evening,
they sell 1/2 of whatʼs left and throw away the rest. What fraction of their total cakes does Pantasia throw away?
Conventional Approach:
‣ Let, total number of cake be 1.
In the morning, they sell 1/3 cake
So, after morning they have (1 - 1/3) = 2/3 cake left
In the afternoon, they sell (1/5 of 2/3) = 2/15 cake
So, after the sale in the afternoon, they have (2/3 - 2/15) = (10 - 2)/15 = 8/15 cake left
In the evening, they sell (1/2 of 8/15) = 8/30 = 4/15 cake
So, they throw away (8/15 - 4/15) = 4/15 cake
Answer: 4/15
Shortcut:
‣ In math like these, we can assume a value of the total quantity/number. The total value needs to be a common multiple of all
the denominators of the fractions mentioned in the question. For ease of calculation, we can use the LCM of the
denominators of the fractions mentioned in the question. This will help avoid simplification using fractions.
‣ In the math above, the fractions mentioned are 1/3, 1/5 and 1/2.
Here, the LCM of the denominators (3, 5 and 2) is 30. We assume, total number of cakes in Pantasia = 30
So, in the morning, Pantasia sells (30 ÷ 3) = 10 and now has 20 left
In the afternoon they sell (20 ÷ 5) = 4 and now has 16 left
Finally, in the evening they sell (16 ÷ 2) = 8 and thus throws away 8 cakes
S th i d f ti i 8/30 4/15
 So, the required fraction is 8/30 = 4/15
Example 2:
‣ A, B and C dine in a restaurant and split their bill. A pays 3/4 as much as B and C pays 1/3 as much as A. What fraction of
the total bill does C pay?
Shortcut Solution:
‣ Let, B pays 4.
Then, A pays (3/4 of 4) = 3
So, C pays (1/3 of 3) = 1
So, the total bill is (4 + 3 + 1) = 8
So, C pays 1/8 of the total bill
Example 3:
‣ Pantasia Bakery sells 1/3 of their cakes in the morning. They sell 1/5 of the remaining cakes in the afternoon. In the evening,
they sell 1/2 of whatʼs left and throw away 32 cakes. What is the total number of cakes Pantasia bakes?
Solution:
‣ If we refer to the shortcut solution of example 1, we will notice a key difference. Here, a distinct number is stated in the
question. As a result, we can no longer just assume a total value and carry on. However, the shortcut can still be applied. An
extra layer of calculation is to be added.
Following the shortcut solution to example 1, we found Pantasia throws away 8 cakes. However, in Example 3 it is said 32
cakes are thrown away.
Through simple unitary method, we can thus find out,
8 cakes are thrown away when total number of cakes is 30
So, 32 cakes are thrown away when total number of cakes is (30 x 32) ÷ 8 = 120
Answer:
‣ The total number of cakes Pantasia bakes is 120.

✓ The easiest way of tackling fractions is to try and avoid fractions during calculation. Through practice
it gets easy to identify which values to assume and how to approach fractions.
Missing value in Series
Finding out a missing value in a series of numbers requires identifying the pattern that the series follows. In most cases, the
series in question does not follow a simple arithmetic progression. There may be specific patterns relating numbers in
alternate position, each number being a function of the number next to it or even geometric progressions. There are no
generalized formulas to approach all kinds of series.
Example:
‣ What is the next number in the series 3, 6, 7, 4, 11, 2, ……. ?
Solution: Here, we can see each odd placed number keeps increasing by 4 and each even placed number keeps decreasing
by 2. Since the next number in the series is an odd placed number, the next number in the series in (11 + 4) = 15
Exponents
The exponent of a number says how many times to use that number in a multiplication. It is written as a small number to the
right and above the base number. Another name for exponent is index or power.
‣ For example: 82 = 8 × 8 = 64
(The exponent "2" says to use the 8 two times in a multiplication.)
‣ Another example: 53 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125
(The exponent "3" says to use the 5 three times in a multiplication.)

Rules of Exponents
Rules of 1
There are two simple "rules of 1" to remember. First, any number raised to the power of "one" equals itself. This makes sense,
because the power shows how many times the base is multiplied by itself. If it's only multiplied one time, then it's logical that
it equals itself
it equals itself.
Secondly, one raised to any power is one. This, too, is logical, because one times one times one, as
many times as you multiply it, is always equal to one.

x1 = x
✓ 31 = 3
1m = 1
14 = 1 * 1 * 1 * 1 = 1
Product Rule
The exponent "product rule" tells us that, when multiplying two powers that have the same base, you can add the exponents.
In this example, you can see how it works. Adding the exponents is just a short cut!

xm * xn = xm+n
✓ 42 * 43 = 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4
42+3 = 45
Power Rule
The "power rule" tells us that to raise a power to a power, just multiply the exponents. Here you see that 52 raised to the 3rd
power is equal to 56.

✓ xmn = xnm
(52 )3 = 52x3 = 56
Quotient Rule
The quotient rule tells us that we can divide two powers with the same base by subtracting the exponents. You can see why
this works if you study the example shown.

xm ÷ xn = xm-n
✓ x≠0
45 ÷ 42 = (4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4)/(4 * 4)
45-2 = 43
Zero Rule
According to the "zero rule," any nonzero number raised to the power of zero equals 1.

✓ x0 = 1
x≠0
Negative Exponents
✓ 4-2 = 1/42 = 1/16
The last rule in this lesson tells us that any nonzero number raised to a negative power equals its reciprocal raised to the
opposite positive power.
Exponent simplification
Here we basically take an exponential function, bring out its factors and get and exponential term for each of those factors.
For example:
 ✓ 208 = (4 x 5)8 = 48 x 58 = (22 )8 x 58 = 216 x 58
Square Roots

A square root of a number is a value that can be multiplied by itself to give the original number. A square root of 9 is 3,
because when 3 is multiplied by itself we get 9.
Every non-negative real number has a unique non-negative square root. Every positive number ‘aʼ has two square roots: √a,
which is positive, and −√a, which is negative.
For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16 because 42 = (−4)2 = 16.
Class Practice
Type-1: Fractions
. If 1/y = 3 21 , then 1/(y+2)?
a. 7/16
b. 2/7
c. 7/9
d. 7/8
e. 16/7
. Two containers, x and y of the same capacity, are each 8/19 full of water. If 4 litres of water from container x is added to
container y, the quantity of water in the first container becomes 6/7 of the second container. What is the capacity of
container x?
a. 9.5
b. 20
c. 7.5
d. 12
e. none of these
. If the value of X and Y in the fraction XZ/Y are both doubled, how does the value of the fraction change?
a. Increases by half
b. Decreases by half
c. triples
d. Doubles
e. Remains the same
. Which of the fractions is the largest?
a. 14/15
b. 9/17
c. 5/6
d. 17/23
e. 19/27
. A club has equal number of male and female members. On a certain day, two thirds of the members were absent. Of the
members present, one third was male. What is the ratio of male and female who were not present on that day?
a. 1/3
b. 2/3
c. 3/5
d. 7/5
e. none of these
. What must be added to x/y to make 3y/x?
a. 3x2 /y
b. (xy–y2 ) /x
c. (3y2 – x2 )/xy
d. x/y
e. none of these
. Of the animals in Dhaka Zoo, 1/7 are Zebras, 1/4 are Giraffes, 1/3 are Tigers, and the rest is comprised of 46 Deer. How
many animals are there in the Zoo?
a. 140
b. 180
c. 168
d. 140
e. 125

Type-2: Decimals
. Which is the least among the following?
a. 1 ÷ 0.3
b.0.3
c. 0.03
d. 0.32
e. None of these
. Which of the following is true?
a. 0 <1/10 <0.01
b. 0.12 <1/7 <0.15
c. 0.3 <1/4 <0.5
d. 0.3 <1/3 <0.33
e. None of these
. Which of the following is greater than 1?
a. 0.0004/0.005
b. 0.0006/0.01
c. 0.1/0.03
d. 0.0003/0.006
e. 0.001/0.01
. 2.205 divided by 0.3 gives
a. 7.35
b. 6.25
c. 8.15
d. 6.95
e. None of these

Type-3: Place Value Math

. A two-digit number has 5 in its unit digit. The sum of its digits is one fifth of the number itself. What is the number?
a. 35
b. 45
c. 55
d. 65
e. none of these
. A cashier reversed the digits of one customerʼs correct amount of change and thus gave the customer an incorrect amount
of change. If the cash register contained Taka 27 more than it should have as a result of this error, which of the following
could have been the correct amount of change in Taka?
a. 36
b. 45
c. 65
d. 96
e. none of these
. The difference between the place value and the face value of 6 in the numeral 856973 is
a. 973
b. 6973
c. 5994
d. 994
e none of these
 e. none of these
Type-4: Exponents
. What is the greatest positive integer n such that 3n is a factor of 1814 ?
a. 10
b. 12
c. 16
d. 28
e. 60
. If both 72 and 32 are factors of x where x = n × 25 × 62 × 113 , what is the smallest possible positive value of n?
a. 25
b. 16
c. 49
d. 75
e. none of these
. What is the last digit of 6218 ?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
e. none of these
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