Course  Mathematics  Math Lecture 6  Math Lecture Sheet 6

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Math Lecture Sheet 6

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AVERAGE
‣ Calculating Average using General Formula
‣ Calculating Average of Consecutive Numbers
‣ Calculating Average Using Deviation from Assumed Mean
‣ Change in average due to inclusion or exclusion of a term
‣ Change in Average due to Replacement of a Term
Age
Inequality
‣ Addition of Inequalities
‣ Subtraction of Inequalities
‣ Multiplication of Inequalities
‣ Division of Inequalities
Class Practice
AVERAGE
In mathematics and statistics, average refers to the sum of a group of values divided by n, where n is the number of values in
the group. An average is also known as a mean.
Like the median and the mode, the average is a measure of central tendency, meaning it reflects a typical value in a given set.
Averages are used quite regularly to determine final grades over a term or semester. Averages are also used as measures of
performance. For example, batting averages express how many runs a cricket player is likely to score when they are up to bat.
Gas mileage expresses how far a vehicle will typically travel on a gallon of fuel.

Calculating Average using General Formula

A mathematical average is calculated by taking the sum of a group of values and dividing it by the number of values in the
group. It is also known as an arithmetic mean.
With a small set of values, calculating the average takes only a few simple steps.
For example
let us imagine we want to find the average age among a group of five people. Their respective ages are 12, 22, 24, 27, and 35.
First, we add up these values to find their sum:

✓ 12 + 22 + 24 + 27 + 35 = 120
Then we take this sum and divide it by the number of values (5):

✓ 120 ÷ 5 = 24
The result 24 is the average age of the five individuals.
Calculating Average of Consecutive Numbers
A sequence of consecutive numbers is called a series. Because a series consists of evenly-spaced numbers, the median and
mean (average) of the series will be the same. For a short series of consecutive numbers, it is easy to find the average by
finding the middle number in the sequence, or the median.
There are three ways to calculate the average of consecutive numbers.
Method 1: Averaging Any Short Series of Consecutive Numbers
‣ Step 1: Count the number of terms in the series
This is the number of numbers in the sequence/series. Determine whether the series has an odd or even number of terms.
For example, the sequence 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 has seven terms, an odd amount.
The sequence 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 has six terms, an even amount.
‣ Step 2: Identify the middle number of a series with an odd number of terms
This is the number that has the same amount of terms on either side of it. This middle number will be the average of the
series.
For example, in the sequence 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, the middle number is 6. It has three numbers to the left of it, and three
numbers to the right of it. So, in this series of numbers, 6 is the average.
‣ Step 3: Average the middle numbers of a series with an even number of terms
To do this, find the pair of numbers that are in the middle. To find the average, add these two numbers together and divide
them by two. Their average will be the average of the series.
For example, in the sequence 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, the middle pair is 5 and 6. It has two numbers to the left of it, and two numbers
to the right of it. So, to calculate the average of the series, calculate the average of these two numbers:
(5+6)/2 = 11/2 = 5.5
So, in this series of numbers, 5.5 is the average.
Method 2: Averaging Any Long Series of Consecutive Numbers
For calculating the average of any long series of consecutive numbers, the formula is
Average = (x1 + x2 )/2

where x1 is the first number in the series and x2 is the last number in the series.
For example, if we were finding the average of sequential numbers beginning with 15 and ending with 45, the average will be
Average = (15+45)/2 = 30
Method 3: Averaging Any Consecutive Series Beginning with 1 and with common difference 1
‣ Step 1: Set up the formula for calculating the sum of a series of consecutive numbers
 The formula is
S = n (n + 1)/2

where s equals to the sum of all the numbers in the series, and n equals the number of terms (numbers) in the series.
‣ Step 2: Count the number of terms in the series and calculate the value of S
Since the series begins with 1, the number of terms is equal to the last term in the series. So, this will be the value of n.
For example, if you are finding the sum of consecutive numbers 1 through 25, you have 25 numbers in your sequence, so n
= 25 and your formula will look like this:
S = 25 (25 + 1)/2 = 650/2 = 325
‣ Step 3: Divide the sum by the number of terms in the series
This will give you the average of the series. So,
Average = 325/25 = 13

Calculating Average Using Deviation from Assumed Mean

In this method, we first assume any number in the middle to be the mean or average. Then, we calculate the deviation of each
number in the series from this assumed mean.
For example, let us consider that we want to calculate the average of the numbers 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 13.
Let the assumed mean be 7. Therefore, the deviation from each number is
4 – 7 = -3
6 – 7 = -1
7–7=0
8–7=1
10 – 7 = 3
13 – 7 = 6
Next, we take the sum of all the deviations.
(-3) + (-1) + 0 + 1 + 3 + 6 = 6

After that we divide the sum by the number of terms and add that value to that of the assumed mean. So, we divide 6 by 6.
The result is 1. Then we add 1 to the assumed mean 7 and we will get the average. So, the average is (7 + 1) = 8.

Change in average due to inclusion or exclusion of a term

Inclusion of an element:
This kind of problems poses a scenario where the inclusion of a new element in the set affects the whole setʼs average
(Age/Weight). Suppose, the average (Age/Weight) of N persons is A. If a new person having Page/weight is included in this
group, then its new average is M.
The Age or Weight of included person= No. of persons in group × (Increase in average) + New Average

✓ i.e. P = N × (M – A) + M
Exclusion of an element:
This kind of problems poses a scenario where the exclusion of a new element in the set affects the whole setʼs average (Age
/Weight). Suppose, the average (Age/Weight) of N persons is A. If an existing person having Page/weight is excluded from
this group, then its new average is M.
The Age or Weight of excluded person = No. of persons in group × (Decrease in average) + New Average

✓ I.e. P = N × (A – M) + M
Example:
‣ The average weight of 29 students is 28 kg. By the admission of a new student, the average weight is reduced to 27.8 kg.
The weight of the new student is
a. 22 kg
b. 21.6 kg
c. 22.4 kg
d. 21 kg
e. None of these
Answer: Option (A)
Explanation:
‣ The total weight of 29 students = 29 × 28
The total weight of 30 students = 30 × 27.8
Weight of the new student = (30 × 27.8 – 29 × 28)
= 834 – 812
= 22

Change in Average due to Replacement of a Term

Inclusion of an element:
This kind of problems poses a scenario where the inclusion of a new element in the set affects the whole setʼs average
(Age/Weight). Suppose, the average (Age/Weight) of N persons is A. If a new person having Page/weight is included in this
group, then its new average is M.
The Age or Weight of included person= No. of persons in group × (Increase in average) + New Average

✓ i.e. P = N × (M – A) + M
Exclusion of an element:
This kind of problems poses a scenario where the exclusion of a new element in the set affects the whole setʼs average (Age
/Weight). Suppose, the average (Age/Weight) of N persons is A. If an existing person having Page/weight is excluded from
this group, then its new average is M.
The Age or Weight of excluded person = No. of persons in group × (Decrease in average) + New Average

✓ I.e. P = N × (A – M) + M
Example:
‣ The average weight of 29 students is 28 kg. By the admission of a new student, the average weight is reduced to 27.8 kg.
The weight of the new student is
a. 22 kg
b. 21.6 kg
c. 22.4 kg
d. 21 kg
e. None of these
Answer: Option (A)
‣ Explanation:
The total weight of 29 students = 29 × 28
The total weight of 30 students = 30 × 27.8
Weight of the new student = (30 × 27.8 – 29 × 28)
= 834 – 812
= 22
AGE
If the ages of one or more persons are given, an equation is to be formed with the given information. For example, let a
problem be “A man is 24 years older than his son. In two years, his age will be twice that of the age of his son. What is
the present age of the son? ”

Now all the information is relative to the age of the son. So, we are required to consider the sonʼs age as the variable. So, let
the age of the son be x years. The man is 24 years older than the son. So, the age of the father is (x + 24) years.

In two years, the age of the son and the father becomes (x + 2) years and (x + 26) years respectively. According to the
questions, age of the father is twice the age of the son. We can form an equation with this information.
2(x + 2) = x + 26

By solving this equation, we can find the desired value of x which is the present age of the son.
Here, 2x + 4 = x + 26
Or, x = 28
Therefore, the age of the son at present is 28 years.
In this way, we can solve problem related to ages by forming equations.

If the ratio of ages is given, the ages can be considered as variables related to each other and equations can be formed with
the given information. Let a problem be “A is younger than B by 8 years. If their ages are in the respective ratio of 9 11,
how old is A?"
Now, the ratio of the ages of A and B is given. Let, the ages of A and B are 9x and 11x respectively. It is given that A is younger
than B by 8 years. So, an equation can be formed.
11x – 9x = 8

By solving this equation, we can find the values of x.

Here, 2x = 8
Or, x =4
So, the required value of x is 4. Now the age of A is equal to 9x. So, the required age of A is 9 × 4 = 36 years.
In this way, problems related to ages can be solved if an equation is given.
Example
‣ A is two years older than B who is twice as old as C. If the total of the ages of A, B and C is 27, the how old is B?
a.7
b.8
c.9
d.10
e.11
Solution
‣ Let, the age of C be x. The age of B is 2x and the age of A is 2x+2
Now, x + 2x + 2x + 2 = 27
Or, 5x + 2 = 27
Or, 5x = 25
Or, x = 5
Therefore, the age of B = 2 x 5 = 10 years
INEQUALITY
Addition of Inequalities
 ✓ If(atwo inequalities are a <x <b and p <y <q, then x + y can be represented as
+ p) <(x + y) <(b + q)
Example
‣ If 4 <a <14 and –2 <b <3, what are the possible values of a + b?
a. a + b must be between –28 and 42
b. a + b must be between 1 and 16
c. a + b must be between –3 and 18
d. a + b must be between 2 and 17
e. a + b must be between –5 and 11
Solution
‣ Here,
the inequality for (a + b) can be expressed as
{4 + (- 2)} <(a + b) <(14 + 3)
Or, 2 <(a + b) <17
So, the correct answer is option (d) a + b must be between 2 and 17.

Subtraction of Inequalities
✓ If(atwo inequalities are a <x <b and p <y <q, then x – y can be represented as
– q) <(x – y) <(b – p)
Example
‣ If 4 <a <14 and –2 <b <3, what are the possible values of a – b?
a. a – b must be between –28 and 42
b. a – b must be between 1 and 16
c. a – b must be between –3 and 18
d. a – b must be between 2 and 17
e. a – b must be between –5 and 11
Solution
‣ Here, the inequality for (a – b) can be expressed as(4 – 3) <(a – b) <{14 – (–2)}
Or, 1 <(a – b) <16
So, the correct answer is option (b) a – b must be between 1 and 16.

Multiplication of Inequalities
If two inequalities are a <x <b and p <y <q, then in order to determine xy, we determine the values of all the possible cases of
xy that is, we determine the values of ap, aq, bp and bq. Then the smallest value amongst these 4 values is to be put on the
left side of the inequality for xy and the largest value is to be put on the right side.
Example
‣ If 4 <a <14 and –2 <b <3, what are the possible values of ab?
a. ab must be between –28 and 42
b. ab must be between 1 and 16
c. ab must be between –3 and 18
d. ab must be between 2 and 17
e. ab must be between –5 and 11
Solution
‣ Here,
the possible values of ab are
4 X (-2) = -8
4 X 3 = 12
14 X (-2) = -28
14 X 3 = 42
So, the smallest value is -28 and the largest value is 42. Therefore, the required inequality is -28 <ab <42
Therefore, the correct answer is (a) ab must be between –28 and 42.

Division of Inequalities
If two inequalities are a <x <b and p <y <q, then in order to determine x/y, we determine the values of all the possible cases of
x/y that is, we determine the values of a/p, a/q, b/p and b/q. Then the smallest value amongst these 4 values is to be put on
the left side of the inequality for x/y and the largest value is to be put on the right side.
Example
‣ If 4 <a <15 and –2 <b <3, what are the possible values of a/b?
a. a/b must be between –28 and 42
b. a/b must be between 1 and 16
c. a/b must be between –3 and 18
d. a/b must be between 2 and 17
e. a/b must be between –7.5 and 5
Solution
‣ Here, the possible values of a/b are4 /(-2) = -2
4/3 = 1.3315/ (-2) = -7.5
15/ 3 = 5
So, the smallest value is -7.5 and the largest value is 5. Therefore, the required inequality is -7.5 <a/b <5
Therefore, the correct answer is (c) a/b must be between –7.5 and 5.

CLASS PRACTICE
. The sum of ages of 5 children born at the intervals of 3 years each is 50 years. What is the age of the youngest child?
a. 4 years
b. 8 years
c. 10 years
d. 12 years
e. None of these
. A father said to his son, "I was as old as you are at the present at the time of your birth". If the father's age is 38 years now,
the son's age five years back was:
a. 14 years
b. 19 years
c. 33 years
d. 38 years
e. 15 years
. A is two years older than B, who is twice as old as C. If the total of the ages of A, B and C be 27, the how old is B?
a. 7
b. 8
c. 9
d. 10
e. 11
. Six years ago, the ratio of the ages of Kunal and Sagar was 6: 5. Four years hence, the ratio of their ages will be 11: 10.
What is Sagar's age at present?
a. 20 years
b. 18 years
c. 16 years
d. 14 years
e. None of these
. Present ages of Sameer and Anand are in the ratio of 5: 4 respectively. Three years hence, the ratio of their ages will
become 11: 9 respectively. What is Anand's present age in years?
a. 24
b. 27
c. 40
d. 36
e. 18
. At present, the ratio between the ages of Arun and Deepak is 4: 3. After 6 years, Arun's age will be 26 years. What is the
age of Deepak at present?
a. 12 years
b. 15 years
c. 19.5 years
d. 21 years
e. None of these
. The average age of 50 students and a teacher is 25 years. When the teacherʼs age is excluded, the average age decreases
by 1 year. What is the age of the teacher?
a. 65
b. 75
c. 74
d. 64
e. 56
. Average weight of 3 men A, B and C is 80 kg. Another man D joins the group and the average now becomes 75 kg. If
another man E, whose weight is 2 kg more than that of D, replaces A then the average weight of B, C, D and E becomes 77
kg. The weight of A is:
a. 58 kg
b. 60 kg
c. 52 kg
d. 64 kg
e. 54 kg
. In a school with 600 students, the average age of the boys is 12 years and that of the girls is 11 years. If the average age of
the school is 11 years and 9 months, then the number of girls in the school is
a. 450
b. 150
c. 250
d. 350
e. 300
. Average rainfall on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday is 420.5 cm and average on Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday and Friday is 440.5 cm. If the ratio of rainfall for Monday and Friday is 20 21, find the rainfall in cm for Monday
and Friday.
a. 1800, 1890
b. 1682, 1762
c. 1700, 1400
d. 1600, 1680
e. None of these
. A batsman makes a score of 58 runs in the 15th innings and thus increases his average by 3 runs. What is the average after
15th innings?
a. 12
b. 14
c. 16
d. 18
e. 20
. The average of 7 numbers is 8. If one number is added, their average is 9. Then the added number is
a. 12
b. 11
c. 16
d. 14
17
 e. 17
. In a club, the average age of the members is 30 years, the average age of the male members is 34 years and that of the
female members is 26 years. The percentage of male members is:
a. 50%
b. 60%
c. 30%
d. 40%
e. None of these
. If a >1 which of the following increases as ‘aʼ increases?
a. 1 - a2
b. 1/a2
c. a2 - a
d. 1/(a - 1)
e. None of these
. If 2 <a <6 and –3 <b <5, what are the possible values of a + b?
a. a + b must be between –3 and 6
b. a + b must be between 2 and 5
c. a + b must be between –3 and 11 d. a + b must be between 2 and 11
e. a + b must be between –1 and 11
. If –5 <a <2, and –7 <b <1, then what are the possible values for their product ab?
a. between –14 and 2
b. between –35 and 2
c. between 2 and 35
d. between –12 and 3
e. between –14 and 35
. If –8 <a <20, and –4 <b <–2, what are the possible values of a / b?
a. a / b must be between 2 and –10
b. a / b must be between –2 and 20
c. a / b must be between –5 and 4
d. a / b must be between –80 and 32
e. a / b must be between –10 and 4
. If 2p + 7 is greater than 3p – 5, which of the following best describes the possible values of p?
a. p must be greater than 2
b. p must be greater than 12
c. p must be less than 2
d. p must be less than 12
e. p must be greater than 2 but less than 12
. If x <1/x, then which of the following must be true?
I. x3 >x2
II. x2 >x3
II. x >x2
a. only I
b. only II
c. only III
d. both II and III
e. None of these
. If (2 + √x) >2√x, which of the following must be true?
a. x <1
b. x <2
c. x <3
d. x <4
e. None of these
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