Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Journal of ermodynamics
Volume 2014, Article ID 231296, 5 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/231296

Research Article
Thermodynamic Properties of Vapors from Speed of Sound

Muhamed BijediT and Sabina BegiT

Faculty of Technology, University of Tuzla, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Correspondence should be addressed to Muhamed Bijedić; muhamed.bijedic@untz.ba

Received 5 May 2014; Accepted 9 July 2014; Published 21 July 2014

Academic Editor: Angelo Lucia

Copyright © 2014 M. Bijedić and S. Begić. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

A numerical procedure for deriving the thermodynamic properties (𝑍, 𝑐V , and 𝑐𝑝 ) of the vapor phase in the subcritical temperature
range from the speed of sound is presented. The set of differential equations connecting these properties with the speed of sound is
solved as the initial-value problem in 𝑇-𝜙 domain (𝜙 = 𝜌/𝜌sat ). The initial values of 𝑍 and (𝜕𝑍/𝜕𝑇)𝜌 are specified along the isotherm
𝑇0 with the highest temperature, at a several values of 𝜙 [0.1, 1.0]. The values of 𝑍 are generated by the reference equation of state,
while the values of (𝜕𝑍/𝜕𝑇)𝜌 are derived from the speed of sound, by solving another set of differential equations in 𝑇-𝜌 domain
in the transcritical temperature range. This set of equations is solved as the initial-boundary-value problem. The initial values of
𝑍 and 𝑐V are specified along the isochore in the limit of the ideal gas, at several isotherms distributed according to the Chebyshev
points of the second kind. The boundary values of 𝑍 are specified along the same isotherm 𝑇0 and along another isotherm with a
higher temperature, at several values of 𝜌. The procedure is tested on Ar, N2 , CH4 , and CO2 , with the mean AADs for 𝑍, 𝑐V , and 𝑐𝑝
at 0.0003%, 0.0046%, and 0.0061%, respectively (0.0007%, 0.0130%, and 0.0189% along the saturation line).

1. Introduction Dirichlet conditions) and their derivatives with respect to an

The speed of sound is the property of a fluid which is
measured with an exceptional accuracy (Ewing and Goodwin
[1], Estrada-Alexanders and Trusler [2], Costa Gomes and
Trusler [3], Trusler and Zarari [4], and Estrada-Alexanders
and Trusler [5]). While the speed of sound itself is a piece
of useful information about a fluid, other thermodynamic
properties like the density and the heat capacity, which may
be derived from it, make the speed of sound even more useful.
However, the speed of sound in a fluid is connected to these
properties through the set of nonlinear partial differential
equations of the second order. The general solution to this set
of equations has not been found yet, except for the gaseous
phase under low pressures (Trusler et al. [6] and Estela-
Uribe and Trusler [7]). At moderate and higher pressures a
procedure based on the numerical integration may be used
for obtaining the particular solution (Estrada-Alexanders
et al. [8] and Bijedić and Neimarlija [9–11]). The main
disadvantage of this approach is the need for the initial and/or
the boundary values of the quantities being calculated (the
independent variable (the Neumann conditions).
In the previous paper (Bijedić and Neimarlija [11]) it was
shown that the compressibility factor and the heat capacity of
a gas may be derived from the speed of sound in the super-
critical temperature range only with the initial/boundary
conditions of the Dirichlet type. In this paper, that procedure
is applied to the transcritical temperature range in order to
generate the initial conditions of the Neumann type, which
are then used for deriving the compressibility factor and
the heat capacity of a vapor in the subcritical temperature
range. In this way, the main disadvantage of the approach
based on the numerical integration is minimized, because
only a few data points of the compressibility factor from other
sources are needed to cover the whole gaseous phase except
the region around the critical point. The boundary values of
the compressibility factor are specified along two isotherms,
several degrees below the critical point. The maximum
density is chosen so as to correspond to that of the saturated
vapor at the initial temperature. In this way, the saturation
line becomes a boundary of the domain of integration, and
2 Journal of Thermodynamics

the thermodynamic properties of the saturated vapor are Introducing the right hand side of (8) into (3), one finally
derived as well. While the derived properties of a gas in the obtains
transcritical temperature range have a very good agreement
𝜕𝑝 𝑇 𝜕𝑝 2
with the corresponding reference data they are not discussed 𝑢2 = ( ) + 2 ( ) . (9)
in this paper (see Table 7). 𝜕𝜌 𝑇 𝜌 𝑐V 𝜕𝑇 𝜌

In (9), not only the density but also the isochoric heat capacity
2. Theory is unknown. Therefore, another equation, which connects
The thermodynamic speed of sound (the mechanical distur- the heat capacity with the thermal properties, is necessary.
bance of small amplitude and low frequency) is connected For this purpose, the following thermodynamic relation is
to other macroscopic thermodynamic properties through the suitable:
following fundamental relation (Trusler [12]): 𝜕𝑐V 𝑇 𝜕2 𝑝
( ) = − 2( 2) . (10)
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜌 𝑇 𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝜌
𝑢2 = ( ), (1)
𝜕𝜌 𝑠
If the density is replaced with a less varying compressibility
where 𝑢 is the speed of sound, 𝑝 is the pressure, 𝜌 is the factor
density, and 𝑠 is the specific entropy. However, since 𝑠 is not a 𝑀𝑝
measurable property it is convenient to avoid it. This can be 𝑍= , (11)
accomplished with the help of the following thermodynamic 𝜌𝑅𝑇
relation (Moran and Shapiro [13]): where 𝑍 is the compressibility factor, 𝑀 is the molar mass,
𝜕𝑝 𝑐𝑝 𝜕𝑝 and 𝑅 is the universal gas constant, (9) and (10), after
( ) = ( ) , (2) rearrangement, take the following forms, respectively,
𝜕𝜌 𝑠 𝑐V 𝜕𝜌 𝑇
2
where 𝑇 is the thermodynamic temperature, 𝑐𝑝 is the specific 𝜕𝑍 1 𝑀𝑢2 𝑅 𝜕𝑍
( ) = { −𝑍− [𝑍 + 𝑇( ) ] } (12)
heat capacity at constant pressure, and 𝑐V is the specific heat 𝜕𝜌 𝑇 𝜌 𝑅𝑇 𝑀𝑐V 𝜕𝑇 𝜌
capacity at constant volume. Now, (1) takes the following
form: 𝜕𝑐V 𝑅 𝜕𝑍 𝜕2 𝑍
( ) =− [2𝑇( ) + 𝑇2 ( 2 ) ] . (13)
𝑐𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜌 𝑇 𝑀𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝜌
2
𝑢 = ( ) . (3)
𝑐V 𝜕𝜌 𝑇 Equations (12) and (13) may be solved simultaneously for 𝑍
The isobaric heat capacity may be eliminated from (3) on and 𝑐V in the range of 𝑝 and 𝑇 in which accurate values of
account of the following thermodynamic relation (Moran the speed of sound are available (Bijedić and Neimarlija [11]).
and Shapiro [13]): This set of equations is designed to be solved in rectangular
𝑇-𝜌 domain.
𝜕V 2 𝜕𝑝 If the subcritical vapor phase is considered, it is con-
𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐V = −𝑇( ) ( ) , (4) venient to introduce new independent variable instead of
𝜕𝑇 𝑝 𝜕V 𝑇
the density. For this purpose, the ratio of the density and
where V is the specific volume. If the specific volume is its maximum value at the observed temperature (at the
replaced with the density, (4) becomes saturation) is suitable, that is,
𝜌
𝑇 𝜕𝜌 2 𝜕𝑝 𝜙= , (14)
𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐V = 2 ( ) ( ) . (5) 𝜌𝑠
𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝑝 𝜕𝜌 𝑇
where 𝜙 is the new independent variable and 𝜌𝑠 is the density
According to the chain rule from the calculus, one may write of the saturated vapor at the observed temperature. In such a
way new rectangular 𝑇-𝜙 domain is obtained, which allows
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑇 one to cover the temperature range from the critical point
( ) ( ) ( ) = −1. (6)
𝜕𝜌 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜌 down to the triple point and the density range from the ideal
gas limit up to the saturation line.
From (6) it follows that According to the calculus, one may write
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝜌
( ) = −( ) ( ) . (7) ( ) =( ) +( ) ( ) .
𝜕𝑇 𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝜙 𝜕𝑇 𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜙
(15)

If the right hand side of (7) is introduced into (5) one obtains If new variable 𝑎 is defined as
2
𝑇 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑍
𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐V + 2
( ) ( ) . (8) 𝑎=( ) , (16)
𝜌 𝜕𝑝 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝜌
Journal of Thermodynamics 3

Table 1: 𝜌-𝑇-𝑝 ranges covered for the subcritical domain. Table 2: 𝜌-𝑇-𝑝 ranges covered for the transcritical domain.
−3
𝜌 [kg × m ] 𝑇 [K] 𝑝 [MPa] 𝜌 [kg × m−3 ] 𝑇 [K] 𝑝 [MPa]
Substance Substance
min max min max min max min max min max min max
Ar 0 178.85835 90 140 0 3.16822 Ar 0 178.85835 140 280 0 9.75263
N2 0 87.29420 70 115 0 1.93704 N2 0 87.29420 115 255 0 6.39904
CH4 0 61.37508 100 180 0 3.28518 CH4 0 61.37508 180 320 0 9.14395
CO2 0 171.96269 220 290 0 5.31772 CO2 0 171.96269 290 430 0 11.84715

Table 3: The calculated and the reference (𝜕𝑍/𝜕𝑇)𝜌 at 𝑇0 .

(13) now looks like
(𝜕𝑍/𝜕𝑇)𝜌 × 103 [K−1 ]
𝜕𝑐 𝑅 𝜕𝑎 Substance 𝑝 [MPa]
( V) = − [2𝑇𝑎 + 𝑇2 ( ) ] . (17) Calculated Reference
𝜕𝜌 𝑇 𝑀𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝜌
0.8107563 0.9873 0.9873
According to the calculus, one may also write 1.4993690 1.9681 1.9681
Ar 2.0729260 2.9453 2.9455
𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝜌 𝑇0 = 140 K 2.5387200 3.9234 3.9240
( ) =( ) +( ) ( ) . (18) 2.9042320 4.9117 4.9134
𝜕𝑇 𝜙 𝜕𝑇 𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜙 3.1682270 5.8890 5.8933
If (17) and (18) are combined one obtains 0.4788111 1.1037 1.1037
0.8932118 2.2079 2.2081
𝜕𝑎 1 𝑀𝜌 𝜕𝑐V 𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝜌 N2 1.2462020 3.3152 3.3158
( ) =− [ ( ) + 2𝑎] + ( ) ( ) . (19) 𝑇0 = 115 K 1.5408300 4.4349 4.4364
𝜕𝑇 𝜙 𝑇 𝑅𝑇 𝜕𝜌 𝑇 𝜕𝜌 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜙 1.7801230 5.5829 5.5865
1.9370410 6.5622 6.5692
Now, (12), (15), and (19) may be solved simultaneously for 𝑍
0.8598106 0.8467 0.8467
and 𝑐V in the range of 𝑝 and 𝑇 in which accurate values of the
1.5796330 1.6841 1.6841
speed of sound are available. CH4 2.1691930 2.5078 2.5079
When the integration is complete, 𝑐𝑝 is calculated from 𝑇0 = 180 K 2.6385480 3.3268 3.3273
the following relation: 2.9977680 4.1575 4.1589
3.2851810 5.1380 5.1412
𝑀𝑢2 𝑝 𝜕𝑍
𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐V [1 − ( ) ] (20) 1.5005140 0.6973 0.6973
𝑍𝑅𝑇 𝑍 𝜕𝑝 𝑇 2.7299300 1.3783 1.3783
CO2 3.7114140 2.0445 2.0445
which is obtained from (3) when the density is replaced with 𝑇0 = 290 K 4.4685400 2.7004 2.7005
the compressibility factor. 5.0247630 3.3553 3.3555
5.3177280 3.8461 3.8472
3. Results and Discussion
Table 4: The maximum RD in the subcritical domain.
The speed of sound is usually available in the form 𝑢 =
𝑢(𝑇, 𝑝) and not in the form 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑇, 𝜌). However, the RD [%]
Substance
numerical integration is performed with 𝑇 and 𝜌/𝜌𝑠 as the 𝑍 𝑐V 𝑐𝑝
independent variables, rather than 𝑇 and 𝑝/𝑝𝑠 , because +0.0014 +0.0012 +0.0016
Ar
more accurate results are obtained (Bijedić and Neimarlija −0.0001 −0.0532 −0.0801
[10]). For that reason, the lines of constant 𝜙 are generated +0.0025 +0.0135 +0.0142
N2
in advance by the Peng-Robinson equation of state (Peng −0.0000 −0.0875 −0.1085
and Robinson [14]), except the line 𝜙 = 1.0 which is +0.0021 +0.0352 +0.0361
CH4
generated by the corresponding reference equation of state. −0.0004 −0.0482 −0.0787
Since the compressibility factor is calculated before the speed +0.0018 +0.0073 +0.0074
CO2
of sound is required, in each integration step, the latter is −0.0003 −0.0211 −0.0562
interpolated along the isotherms with respect to the pressure
(𝑝 = 𝑍𝜌𝑅𝑇/𝑀). Then, 𝑀×𝑁 partial derivatives (𝜕𝜌/𝜕𝑇)𝜙 are
estimated from the interpolating polynomial in the Lagrange temperature (see Table 1), at 10 equidistant values of 𝜙 [0.1,
form. The total number of the isotherms, 𝑀, is 7 to 10, and the 1.0]. The values of 𝑍 are generated by the corresponding
total number of the lines with constant 𝜙, 𝑁, is 10. The values reference equation of state, while values of 𝑎 are derived from
of (𝜕𝜌/𝜕𝑇)𝜙 off the isotherms are interpolated along the lines the speed of sound, by solving the set of (12) and (13) in 𝑇-𝜌
of constant 𝜙 with respect to the temperature. domain in the transcritical temperature range (see Tables 2
The calculation procedure is initialized by specifying and 3). Then, the partial derivatives (𝜕𝑍/𝜕𝜌)𝑇 and (𝜕𝑎/𝜕𝜌)𝑇
values of 𝑍 and 𝑎 along the isotherm 𝑇0 with the highest are estimated along 𝑇0 from the interpolating polynomial in
4 Journal of Thermodynamics

Table 5: AAD in the subcritical domain. Table 6: AAD along the saturation line.
AAD [%] AAD [%]
Substance Substance
𝑍 𝑐V 𝑐𝑝 𝑍 𝑐V 𝑐𝑝
Ar 0.0001 0.0025 0.0037 Ar 0.0004 0.0093 0.0142
N2 0.0003 0.0048 0.0061 N2 0.0009 0.0180 0.0235
CH4 0.0003 0.0062 0.0078 CH4 0.0009 0.0155 0.0220
CO2 0.0005 0.0048 0.0069 CO2 0.0004 0.0093 0.0160
Mean 0.0003 0.0046 0.0061 Mean 0.0007 0.0130 0.0189

Table 7: AAD in the transcritical domain.

the Lagrange form. Next, 𝑐V is calculated from (12) and the
partial derivatives (𝜕𝑐V /𝜕𝜌)𝑇 are estimated along 𝑇0 also from Substance
AAD [%]
the interpolating polynomial in the Lagrange form. Now, 𝑍 𝑐V 𝑐𝑝
values of 𝑍 and 𝑎 are calculated from (15) and (19), along the Ar 0.0031 0.0573 0.0680
isotherm 𝑇1 = 𝑇0 −Δ𝑇, by the Runge-Kutta-Verner fifth-order
N2 0.0039 0.0671 0.0672
and six-order method with the adaptive step-size Δ𝑇 (Hull
et al. [15]). The whole procedure is repeated until the lowest CH4 0.0016 0.0435 0.0957
temperature of the range is reached (see Table 1). CO2 0.0009 0.0222 0.0943
The results are assessed by means of the relative deviation Mean 0.0024 0.0475 0.0813
(RD) and the absolute average deviation (AAD), which are
computed from the following relations: Table 8: The uncertainty of the reference data.

𝑋cal − 𝑋ref Uncertainty [%]

RD = × 100, [%] Substance
𝑋ref 𝑍 𝑐V 𝑐𝑝
𝑀 𝑁 󵄨󵄨 󵄨 (21) Ar ±0.02 ±0.30 ±0.30
100 󵄨󵄨𝑋cal − 𝑋ref 󵄨󵄨󵄨
AAD = ∑∑ , [%] , N2 ±0.02 ±0.30 ±0.30
(𝑀 − 1) 𝑁 𝑖=2 𝑗=1 𝑋ref
CH4 ±0.03 ±1.00 ±1.00
CO2 ±0.03 ±1.00 ±1.00
where 𝑋cal is the calculated value and 𝑋ref is the reference
value of 𝑍, 𝑐V , and 𝑐𝑝 (Tegeler et al. [16], Span et al. [17],
Setzmann and Wagner [18], and Span and Wagner [19]). derived from the speed of sound. Practically, the whole
As one could anticipate, the worst results are obtained gaseous phase from the triple point to far above the critical
along the saturation line (𝜙 = 1.0), because it exhibits the point and from the ideal gas limit to the saturation line may be
highest nonlinearity of 𝑍 with respect to 𝑇, and because all covered with just a few thermal data points from other source.
the partial derivatives with respect to the density are the worst
exactly along this boundary line (Runge’s phenomenon).
For that reason, the maximum relative deviations given in Appendix
Table 4 actually refer to the saturation line. While these
See Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
results are worse than the rest, they are still in the limits of
the experimental uncertainties of the direct measurements
(see Table 8). However, the mean AADs of the results are 2 Conflict of Interests
orders of magnitude (1-2 along the saturation line) better than
the experimental uncertainties of the corresponding direct The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
measurements (see Tables 5 and 6). regarding the publication of this paper.

4. Conclusions
The compressibility factor and the heat capacity (the isochoric
and the isobaric) of a vapor in the subcritical temperature
range (including the saturation line) may be derived from the
speed of sound with the AADs two orders of magnitude better
than the experimental uncertainties of the corresponding
direct measurements. This can be accomplished on account
of just a few data points of the compressibility factor obtained
from the direct measurement of the density. Moreover, the
temperature derivatives of the compressibility factor, needed
for initialization of the numerical integration, may also be
References
[1] M. B. Ewing and A. R. H. Goodwin, “An apparatus based on a
spherical resonator for measuring the speed of sound in gases at
high pressures. Results for argon at temperatures between 255 K
and 300 K and at pressures up to 7 MPa,” The Journal of Chemical
Thermodynamics, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 531–547, 1992.
[2] A. F. Estrada-Alexanders and J. P. M. Trusler, “The speed of
sound in gaseous argon at temperatures between 110 K and
450 K and at pressures up to 19 MPa,” The Journal of Chemical
Thermodynamics, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1075–1089, 1995.
[3] M. F. Costa Gomes and J. P. M. Trusler, “The speed of sound
in nitrogen at temperatures between 𝑇 = 250 K and 𝑇 =
Journal of Thermodynamics 5

350 K and at pressures up to 30 MPa,” Journal of Chemical

Thermodynamics, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 527–534, 1998.
[4] J. P. M. Trusler and M. Zarari, “The speed of sound and
derived thermodynamic properties of methane at temperatures
between 275 K and 375 K and pressures up to 10 MPa,” The
Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 973–991,
1992.
[5] A. F. Estrada-Alexanders and J. P. M. Trusler, “Speed of sound
in carbon dioxide at temperatures between (220 and 450) K and
pressures up to 14 MPa,” Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics,
vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1589–1601, 1998.
[6] J. P. M. Trusler, W. A. Wakeham, and M. P. Zarari, “Model
intermolecular potentials and virial coefficients determined
from the speed of sound,” Molecular Physics, vol. 90, no. 5, pp.
695–703, 1997.
[7] J. F. Estela-Uribe and J. P. M. Trusler, “Acoustic and volumetric
virial coefficients of nitrogen,” International Journal of Thermo-
physics, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1033–1044, 2000.
[8] A. F. Estrada-Alexanders, J. P. M. Trusler, and M. P. Zarari,
“Determination of thermodynamic properties from the speed
of sound,” International Journal of Thermophysics, vol. 16, no. 3,
pp. 663–673, 1995.
[9] M. Bijedić and N. Neimarlija, “Thermodynamic properties
of gases from speed-of-sound measurements,” International
Journal of Thermophysics, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 268–278, 2007.
[10] M. Bijedić and N. Neimarlija, “Thermodynamic properties of
carbon dioxide derived from the speed of sound,” Journal of the
Iranian Chemical Society, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 286–295, 2008.
[11] M. Bijedić and N. Neimarlija, “Speed of sound as a source of
accurate thermodynamic properties of gases,” Latin American
Applied Research, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 393–398, 2013.
[12] J. P. M. Trusler, Physical Acoustics and Metrology of Fluids, Adam
Hilger, Bristol, UK, 1991.
[13] M. J. Moran and H. N. Shapiro, Fundamentals of Engineering
Thermodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 5th
edition, 2006.
[14] D. Y. Peng and D. B. Robinson, “A new two-constant equation of
state,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, vol.
15, no. 1, pp. 59–64, 1976.
[15] T. E. Hull, W. H. Enright, and K. R. Jackson, “User's guide for
DVERK—a subroutine for solving non-stiff ODEs,” Tech. Rep.,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 1976.
[16] C. Tegeler, R. Span, and W. Wagner, “A new equation of state
for argon covering the fluid region for temperatures from the
melting line to 700 K at pressures up to 1000 MPa,” Journal of
Physical and Chemical Reference Data, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 779–
850, 1999.
[17] R. Span, E. W. Lemmon, R. T. Jacobsen, W. Wagner, and A.
Yokozeki, “A reference equation of state for the thermodynamic
properties of nitrogen for temperatures from 63.151 to 1000 K
and pressures to 2200 MPa,” Journal of Physical and Chemical
Reference Data, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1361–1433, 2000.
[18] U. Setzmann and W. Wagner, “A new equation of state and tables
of thermodynamic properties for methane covering the range
from the melting line to 625 K at pressures up to 1000 MPa,”
Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, vol. 20, no. 6,
pp. 1061–1155, 1991.
[19] R. Span and W. Wagner, “A new equation of state for carbon
dioxide covering the fluid region from the triple-point temper-
ature to 1100 K at pressures up to 800 MPa,” Journal of Physical
and Chemical Reference Data, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1509–1596, 1996.
Journal of Journal of The Scientific Journal of
Advances in
Gravity
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Photonics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
World Journal
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Soft Matter
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Condensed Matter Physics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Journal of
Aerodynamics

Journal of
Fluids
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Submit your manuscripts at

http://www.hindawi.com

International Journal of International Journal of

Statistical Mechanics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Optics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Journal of

Journal of
 Computational  Advances in
 Methods in Physics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com
Thermodynamics
Physics Advances in
High Energy Physics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Astronomy
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Journal of
Journal of Journal of International Journal of Journal of Atomic and
Solid State Physics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Astrophysics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Superconductivity
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Biophysics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Molecular Physics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014