Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide has a non-planar structure.

dihedral angle ● Almost colourless (very pale blue) liquid.

● Miscible with water in all proportions and forms a
hydrate H2O2.H2O (M.P. = 221 K).

Melting point/K 272.4

Gas phase Boiling point(extrapolated)/K 423

Vapour pressure(298 K)/mm Hg 1.9

dihedral angle
Density (solid, 268.5 K)/ g cm–3 1.64

Density (liquid, 298 K)/ g cm–3 1.44

Viscosity (290 K)/centipoise 1.25

Dielectric constant (298K)/C2 /N m2 70.7

Solid phase (110 K)
 Hydrogen Peroxide

(i) Oxidising action in acidic medium

2Fe2+ + H2O2 + 2H+ → 2Fe3+ + 2H2O
PbS + 4H2O2 → PbSO4(s) + 4H2O

(ii) Reducing action in acidic medium

It acts as an oxidising as well as
2MnO 2MnO4-+ 5H2O2 + 6H+ → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2
reducing agent in both acidic
HOCl + H2O2 → H3O+ + Cl– + O2
and alkaline media.

(iii) Oxidising action in basic medium

2Fe2+ + H2O2 → 2Fe3+ + 2OH–
Mn2+ + H2O2 → Mn4+ + 2OH–

(iv) Reducing action in basic medium

I2 + H2O2 + 2OH– → 2I– + 2H2O + O2
2MnO4– + 3H2O2 → 2MnO2 + 2H2O + 3O2 + 2OH–
 Magnetic Moment

No. of unpaired Magnetic Moment

electrons(n)

1 1.73 BM

2 2.84 BM

3 3.87 BM

4 4.90 BM

5 5.92 BM
 VSEPR Theory

❏ Shape of molecule define on the basis of electron

pairs orientation present on central atom.
❏ Electron pairs present on central atom repel each
other therefore these electron pair occupy such
position on central atom; where they experience
minimum repulsion at maximum possible distance
three dimensionally.
❏ Order of repulsion :

lp-lp >lp-bp > bp-bp

Geometry in which the central atom has no lp of e-
Geometry in which the central atom has no lp of e-
Geometry in which the central atom has no lp of e-
Geometry in which the central atom has lp of e-
Geometry in which the central atom has lp of e-
Geometry in which the central atom has lp of e-
 Molecular Orbital theory (MOT)

❏ The increasing order of energies of various molecular orbitals for

O2,Ne2 and F2 is :

σ1s < σ* 1s < σ2s< σ* 2s< σ2pz < (π2px= π2py ) < (π*2px=π* 2py ) < σ* 2pz

❏ For Li2, Be2,B2, C2, N2 the increasing order of energies of various

Molecular orbital is:

σ1s < σ* 1s < σ2s< σ* 2s < (π2px= π2py ) < σ2pz < (π*2px=π* 2py ) < σ* 2pz

❏ If all the e- in a molecule are paired than substance is diamagnetic.

❏ If there are unpaired e- in the molecule the substance is paramagnetic.
D and f block

Highest Melting
Point

Reason
● More unpaired electrons
(d5 configuration)
● Stronger metallic bonding
● High Melting point
Cr
D and f block
D and f block
D and f block
D and f block
 Chemical Kinetics

❏ Arrhenius equation
 Solutions

❏ Elevation in Boiling Point ❏ Osmotic Pressure

❏ Depression in Freezing Point ❏ Van’t Hoff factor

● In case of dissociation: i = 1 + (n-1)𝛂

● In case of association: i = 1 + (1/n-1)𝛂
Electrochemistry
 Bohr’s Models

Energy Radius Velocity

 Solid State

Property SC BCC FCC

Atomic radius (r) a/2 √3a/4 a/2√2

No. of atoms per 1 2 4

unit cell (Z)

C.N. 6 8 12

Packing efficiency 52% 68% 74%

Polymers
 Polymers

Addition polymers Condensation polymers

● Formed by the repeated addition of monomer ● Formed by repeated condensation reaction between two
molecules possessing double or triple bond. different bi-functional or tri-functional monomeric units.

Examples : Examples :
● Polyethylene ● Nylon-6, 6
● PVC ● Dacron
● Polystyrene ● Glyptal
● Polyacrylonitrile ● Nylon 6
● Teflon ● Novalac
● Natural rubber ● Bakelite
● BUNA-S ● Urea Formaldehyde Resin
● NUNA-N ● Melamine
 Environmental Chemistry
Classical Smog
It is also known as sulphurous smog or London smog
(at first occurred in London). It occurs in cool and
humid climate. It is a mixture of smoke, fog and
sulphur dioxide. Because of the presence of SO2 and
carbon particles (soot), it is a reducing mixture and
therefore it is also called as reducing smog.
Photochemical Smog
It occurs in warm, dry and sunny climate. The main
components of this smog result from the action of
sunlight on unsaturated hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides produced by automobiles and factories.
Photochemical smog has high concentration of oxidising
agents like NO2 therefore called oxidising smog.
 Environmental Chemistry

❏ Reaction involving in formation of Photochemical smog

Oxoacids of Phosphorus
Oxoacids of Sulphur
 Oxoacids of Halogens

Hypohalous Acid Halous Acid Halic Acid Perhalic Acid

O.S. of X = +1 O.S. of X = +3 0.S. of X = +5 0.S. of X = +7
HOF - - -
(Hypofluorous acid)

HOCl HOClO HOClO2 HOClO3

(Hypochlorous acid) (Chlorous acid) (Chloric acid) (Perchloric acid)

HOBr - HOBrO2 HOBrO3

(Hypobromous acid) (Bromic acid) (Perbromic acid)

HOI - HOIO2 HOIO3

(Hypoiodous acid) (Iodic acid) (Periodic acid)
Oxoacids of Chlorine
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