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The Rock Physics of AVO
The Rock Physics of AVO
AVO
302
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
Water-saturated
40 MPa
Water-saturated
10-40 MPa
Gas and
Water-saturated
10-40 MPa
L8
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
N.1
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
N.2
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
N.2
Different shear-related attributes.
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
V P1, VS1, ρ1 φ1
Reflected
θ1 S-wave
Incident Reflected
P-wave P-wave
Transmitted
P-wave
φ2 θ2
Transmitted
VP2, V S2, ρ2 S-wave N.4
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
308
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
1 ∆VP ∆ ρ
R0 ≈ +
2 VP ρ
1− 2ν
E = F − 2(1 + F )
1− ν
∆VP / VP
F=
∆VP / VP + ∆ρ / ρ
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
Intercept Gradient
1 ∆VP ∆ ρ
R0 ≈ +
2 VP ρ
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
AVO Response
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
Vp-Vs Relations
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
7
Sandstones
6 Water Saturated
5 Mudrock
mudrock
Vp (km/s)
VVs = .86
s = Vpp --11.17
.8621V .1724
4
3
Han(1986)
Han (1986)
2 s == .7936V
VVs p - .-70.79
.79 Vp 868
1 Castagnaetetal.al.(1993)
Castagna (1993)
V s = .8042Vp - . 8 5 5 9
Vs = .80 Vp - 0.86 (after Castagna et al., 1993)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Vs (km/s)
7
Shales
6 Water Saturated
5 Mudrock
mudrock
Vp (km/s)
VVs
s == .8621
.86 Vp
Vp -- 1.17
1.1724
4
3
Han
Han (1986)
(1986)
2 V = .7936V
Vss = .79 Vpp-- .0.79
7868
Castagna etetal.
Castagna al.(1993)
(1993)
1 V s = .8042Vp - . 8 5 5 9
Vs = .80 Vp - 0.86 (after Castagna et al., 1993)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
N.5
Vs (km/s) N.5
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
8
Limestones
7 Water Saturated
6
Castagna et al. (1993)
Castagna et al. (1993)
5
Vp (km/s)
Vs = -.055 Vp2
V s = -.05508 VP 2
4 + 1.02 Vp
+ 1.0168 Vp
- 1.03
- 1.0305
3
2
VPickett(1963)
s = Vp / 1 . 9
1 Pickett
water Vs = Vp(1963)/ 1.9 (after Castagna et al.,1993)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Vs (km/s)
8
Dolomite Pickett(1963)
Pickett (1963)
7 Water Saturated = V/p /1.8
Vs V=s Vp 1.8
6
Vp (km/s)
5
4 Castagna et al. (1993)
Castagna et al. (1993)
V s = .5832Vp - . 0 7 7 7 6
3 Vs = .58 Vp - 0.078
2
1
(after Castagna et al., 1993)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
N.6
Vs (km/s)
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
6
Shaly Sandstones
5 Water Saturated
Mudrock
mudrock
4 Vs =V s.86
= . 8Vp
6 2 1-V1.17
p-1.1724
Vp (km/s)
clay >
Clay > 25%
25 %
Vs=.8423Vp-1.099
3 Vs = .84Vp-1.10
clay < 25 %
Clay < 25%
2 Vs=.7535Vp-.6566
Vs = .75 Vp - 0.66
Vp-sat c>.25
1
Vp-sat c<.25
(Data from Han, 1986)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Vs (km/s)
6
Shaly Sandstones
5 Water Saturated (hf)
mudrock
Mudrock
Vs ==.86
Vs .8621Vp-1.1724
Vp - 1.17
4
porosity<<15
15%
Vp (km/s)
porosity %
Vs = .8533Vp-1.1374
Vs = .85 Vp - 1.14
3
porosity
porosity>>15 %
15%
Vs = .7563Vp-.6620
2 Vs = .76Vp - 0.66
1 Vp-sat Phi>.15
Vp-sat Phi<.15 (Data from Han, 1986)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
N.7
4
Vs (km/s)
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
16
Shaly Sandstones - Dry ν = 0.01
14 ν = 0.1
clay < 10%
12 clay > 10% ν = 0.2
Vs2 dry
10
8 ν = 0.3
6
ν = 0.4
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
2
Vp dry N.8
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
317
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
N.9
318
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
319
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
35 Sandstones mineral
point
30
25
saturated
20
Vp2 (km/s)2
15
dry
10
5
fluid point
0
0 5 10 15 20
N.10
2 2
Vs (km/s)
320
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
50
mineral
points
40
Dolomite
30
Vp2 (km/s)2
20
Sandstone
10
fluid points
0
0 4 8 12 16
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
Greenberg and Castagna (1992) have given empirical
relations for estimating Vs from Vp in multimineralic, brine-
saturated rocks based on empirical, polynomial Vp-Vs
relations in pure monomineralic lithologies (Castagna et
al., 1992). The shear wave velocity in brine-saturated
composite lithologies is approximated by a simple average
of the arithmetic and harmonic means of the constituent
pure lithology shear velocities:
L Ni L Ni –1 –1
VS = 1 Σ Xi Σ a ijVP Σ X i Σ a ijVP
j j
+
2 i=1 j=0 i= 1 j= 0
L
i=1
Σ Xi = 1
where
L number of monomineralic lithologic constituent
Xi volume fractions of lithological constituents
aij empirical regression coefficients
Ni order of polynomial for constituent i
Vp, Vs P and S wave velocities (km/s) in composite brine-
saturated, multimineralic rock
Castagna et al. (1992) gave representative polynomial
regression coefficients for pure monomineralic lithologies:
Lithology a i2 a i1 a i0
S a ndstone 0 0 .8 0 4 1 6 -0 .8 5 5 8 8
Lime stone -0 .0 5 5 0 8 1 .0 1 6 7 7 -1 .0 3 0 4 9
D olomite 0 0 .5 8 3 2 1 -0 .0 7 7 7 5
S ha le 0 0 .7 6 9 6 9 -0 .8 6 7 3 5
AVO
5
Vp (km/s)
3
Sandstone
Limestone
2 Dolomite
Shale
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
N.12
Vs (km/s)
323
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
Polynomial and powerlaw forms of the Gardner et al. (1974) velocity-density
relationships presented by Castagna et al. (1993). Units are km/s and
g/cm3.
Coefficients for the equation ρ b = aVp2 + bVp + c
L ithology a b c V p Range
(Km/s)
L ithology d f V p Range
(Km/s)
N.15
Both forms of Gardner’s relations applied to log and lab shale data, as
presented by Castagna et al. (1993)
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
N.16
325
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
AVO
Both forms of Gardner’s relations applied to log and lab sandstone data, as
presented by Castagna et al. (1993).
326