KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO:1

A.F.S TAMBARAM

BLOOD DISEASES
2021-2022

NAME : K.CHINMAYA THEJA CLASS : 11 C

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY ROLL. NO: 33

 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO:1
A.F.S TAMBARAM
XI BIOLOGY

BLOOD DISEASES
2021-2022
DONE BY: K.CHINMAYA THEJA

PROJECT MENTOR: Ms. ANJALI CHAUHAN

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled
…………………...…………………………………… is a bonafide record
of the project work done by
…………………...……………………………………

of class…..….…… Reg.No …..….…… in the academic year 2021 – 2022.

The project has been submitted in partial fulfillment of AISSCE for
practical held at KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA No:1 A.F.S Tambaram

Date:……… Teacher in Charge:

Ms. Anjali Chauhan

(PGT Biology)

Internal Examiner External Examiner

PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to place record on my profound respect to our principal Ms. Syriac Mary for
guiding light to my success.

I would like to thank my subject teacher Ms. Anjali Chauhan (P.G.T Biology) who had guided,
encouraged and supported me to do this project work successfully.

I am really fortunate to receive the blessings from my parents whose profound love was the source of
inspiration for my endeavors.

I thank my friends and classmates who helped me throughout the project work
What Is Leukemia?
leukemia is a blood cancer caused by a rise in the

number of white blood cells in your body.

Those white blood cells crowd out the red blood cells

and platelets that your body needs to be healthy. The

extra white blood cells don’t work right.

Leukemia Symptoms
Different types of leukemia can cause different

problems. You might not notice any signs in the early

stages of some forms. When you do have symptoms, they

may include:

• Weakness or fatigue

• Bruising or bleeding easily

• fever or chills

• Infections that are severe or keep coming back

• pain in your bones or joints

• headaches

• Vomiting

• Seizures
 • Weight loss

• Night sweats

• Shortness of breath

• Swollen lymph nodes or organs like your spleen

Leukemia Causes and Risk Factors

No one knows exactly what causes leukemia. People who

have it have certain unusual chromosomes, but the

chromosomes don’t cause leukemia.

You can’t prevent leukemia, but certain things may

trigger it. You might have a higher risk if you:

• Smoke

• Are exposed to a lot of radiation or certain

chemicals

• Had radiation therapy or chemotherapy to

treat cancer

• Have a family history of leukemia

• Have a genetic disorder like Down syndrome

How does leukemia happen?

Blood has three types of cells: white blood cells that

fight infection, red blood cells that carry oxygen, and

platelets that help blood clot.

Every day, your bone marrow makes billions of new blood

cells, and most of them are red cells. When you have
leukemia, your body makes more white cells than it

needs.These leukemia cells can’t fight infection the way

normal white blood cells do. And because there are so

many of them, they start to affect the way your organs

work. Over time, you may not have enough red blood cells

to supply oxygen, enough platelets to clot your blood,

or enough normal white blood cells to fight infection.

Leukemia classifications

Leukemia is grouped by how fast it develops and gets

worse, and by which type of blood cell is involved.

The first group, how fast it develops, is divided

into acute and chronic leukemia.

• Acute leukemia happens when most of the abnormal

blood cells don’t mature and can’t carry out normal

functions. It can get bad very fast.

• Chronic leukemia happens when there are some

immature cells, but others are normal and can work

the way they should. It gets bad more slowly than

acute forms do.

The second group, what type of cell is involved, is

divided into lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia.
 • Lymphocytic (or lymphoblastic) leukemia involves

bone marrow cells that become lymphocytes, a kind of

white blood cell.

• Myelogenous (or myeloid) leukemia involves the

marrow cells that create red blood cells, platelets,

and other kinds of white blood cells.

Types of leukemia

The four main types of leukemia are:

• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). This is the most

common form of childhood leukemia. It can spread to

your lymph nodes and central nervous system.

• Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). This is the second

most common form of childhood leukemia and one of

the most common forms for adults.

• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This is the

other most common form of adult leukemia. Some kinds

of CLL will be stable for years and won’t need

treatment. But with others, your body isn’t able to

create normal blood cells, and you’ll need

treatment.

• Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). With this form,

you might not have noticeable symptoms. You might

not be diagnosed with it until you have a routine

 blood test. People 65 and older have a higher risk

of this type.

Leukemia Diagnosis
Your doctor will need to check for signs of leukemia in

your blood or bone marrow. They might do tests

including:

• Blood tests. A complete blood count (CBC) looks at

the number and maturity of different types of blood

cells. A blood smear looks for unusual or immature

cells.

• Bone marrow biopsy. This test involves marrow taken

from your pelvic bone with a long needle. It can

tell your doctor what kind of leukemia you have and

how severe it is.

• Spinal tap. This involves fluid from your spinal

cord. It can tell your doctor whether the leukemia

has spread.

• Imaging tests. Things like CT, MRI, and PET scans

can spot signs of leukemia.

Leukemia Treatments
The treatment you get depends on the type of leukemia

you have, how far it’s spread, and how healthy you are.

The main options are:

 • Chemotherapy

• Radiation

• Biologic therapy

• Targeted therapy

• Stem cell transplant

• Surgery

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells in your

blood and bone marrow. You can get the medicine:

• Through a shot into a vein or muscle

• As a pill

• Into the fluid around your spinal cord

Radiation uses high-energy X-rays to kill leukemia cells

or keep them from growing. You can get it all over or in

only one part of your body where there are a lot of

cancer cells.

Biologic therapy, also called immunotherapy, helps

your immune system find and attack cancer cells. Drugs

like interleukins and interferon can help boost your

body's natural defenses against leukemia.

Targeted therapy uses drugs to block specific genes or

proteins that cancer cells need to grow. This treatment

can stop the signals that leukemia cells use to grow and
divide, cut off their blood supply, or kill them

directly.

A stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in

your bone marrow with new ones that make blood. Your

doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or

from a donor. First, you'll have high doses of

chemotherapy to destroy the cancer cells in your bone

marrow. Then, you'll get the new stem cells through an

infusion into one of your veins. They will grow into

new, healthy blood cells.

Surgery. Your doctor can remove your spleen if it’s

filled with cancer cells and is pressing on nearby

organs. This procedure is called a splenectomy.

What Is Anemia?
Anemia is defined as a low number of red blood cells. In
a routine blood test, anemia is reported as a low
hemoglobin or hematocrit. Hemoglobin is the main protein
in your red blood cells. It carries oxygen, and delivers
it throughout your body. If you have anemia, your
hemoglobin level will be low too. If it is low enough,
your tissues or organs may not get enough oxygen.
 Symptoms of anemia -- like fatigue or shortness of
breath -- happen because your organs aren't getting what
they need to work the way they should.
Important things to remember are:
• Certain forms of anemia are passed down through your
genes, and infants may have it from birth.
• Women are at risk of iron-deficiency anemia because
of blood loss from their periods and higher blood
supply demands during pregnancy.
• Older adults have a greater risk of anemia
because they are more likely to have kidney disease
or other chronic medical conditions.

There are many types of anemia. All have different

causes and treatments. Some forms -- like the mild
anemia that happens during pregnancy -- aren’t a major
concern. But some types of anemia maymay reflect a
serious underlying medical condition
Anemia Symptoms
The signs of anemia can be so mild that you might not
even notice them. At a certain point, as your blood
cells decrease, symptoms often develop. Depending on the
cause of the anemia, symptoms may include:
• Dizziness, lightheadness, or feeling like you are
about to pass out
• Fast or unusual heartbeat
• Headache
• Pain, including in your bones, chest, belly, and
joints
• Problems with growth, for children and teens
• Shortness of breath
• Skin that’s pale or yellow
• Cold hands and feet
• Tiredness or weakness

Anemia Types and Causes

There are more than 400 types of anemia, and they’re
divided into three groups:
• Anemia caused by blood loss
• Anemia caused by decreased or faulty red blood cell
production
• Anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells

Anemia Caused by Blood Loss

You can lose red blood cells through bleeding. This can
happen slowly over a long period of time, and you might
not notice. Causes can include:
• Gastrointestinal conditions such
as ulcers, hemorrhoids, gastritis (inflammation of
your stomach), and cancer
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such
as aspirin or ibuprofen, which can cause ulcers and
gastritis
• A woman’s period, especially if you have a heavy
menstruation (or heavy period). This can be
associated with fibroids.
• Post-trauma or post-surgery as well.

Anemia Caused by Decreased or Faulty Red Blood Cell

Production
With this type of anemia, your body may not create
enough blood cells, or they may not work the way they
should. This can happen because there’s something wrong
with your red blood cells or because you don’t have
enough minerals and vitamins for your red blood cells to
form normally. Conditions associated with these causes
of anemia include:
• Bone marrow and stem cell problems
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Sickle cell anemia
 • Vitamin-deficiency anemia, specifically b12 or
folate

Bone marrow and stem cell problems may keep your body

from producing enough red blood cells. Some of the stem
cells in the marrow that’s in the center of your bones
will develop into red blood cells. If there aren’t
enough stem cells, if they don’t work right, or if
they’re replaced by other cells such as cancer cells,
you might get anemia. Anemia caused by bone marrow or
stem cell problems includes:
• Aplastic anemia happens when you don’t have enough
stem cells or have none at all. You might get
aplastic anemia because of your genes or because
your bone marrow was injured by medications,
radiation, chemotherapy, or infection. Other
malignancies that commonly effect the bone marrow
include multiple myeloma or leukemia. Sometimes,
there’s no clear cause of aplastic anemia.
• Lead poisoning. Lead is toxic to your bone marrow,
causing you to have fewer red blood cells. Lead
poisoning can happen when adults come into contact
with lead at work, for example, or if children eat
chips of lead paint. You can also get it if your
food comes into contact with some types of pottery
that aren’t glazed right.
• Thalassemia happens with a problem with hemoglobin
formation (4 chains aren't correctly formed). You
 make really small red blood cells-though you can
make enough of them to be asymptomatic, or it can be
severe.It’s passed down in your genes and usually
affects people of Mediterranean, African, Middle
Eastern, and Southeast Asian descent. This condition
can range from mild to life-threatening; the most
severe form is called Cooley's anemia.

Iron-deficiency anemia happens because you don’t have

enough of the mineral iron in your body. Your bone
marrow needs iron to make hemoglobin, the part of the
red blood cell that takes oxygen to your organs. Iron-
deficiency anemia can be caused by:
• A diet without enough iron, especially in infants,
children, teens, vegans, and vegetarians
• Certain drugs, foods, and caffeinated drinks
• Digestive conditions such as Crohn's disease, or if
you’ve had part of your stomach or small intestine
removed
• Donating blood often
• Endurance training
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding using up iron in your
body
• Your period
• A common cause is chronic slow bleed, usually from a
Gastrointestinal source.
Sickle cell anemia Your red blood cells, which are
usually round, become crescent-shaped because of a
problem in your genes. Anemia results when the red blood
cells break down quickly, so oxygen doesn’t get to your
organs. The crescent-shaped red blood cells can also get
stuck in tiny blood vessels and cause pain.
Vitamin-deficiency anemia can happen when you aren’t
getting enough vitamin B12 and folate. You need these
two vitamins to make red blood cells. This kind of
anemia can be caused by:
• Dietary deficiency: If you eat little or no meat,
you might not get enough vitamin B12. If you
overcook vegetables or don’t eat enough of them, you
might not get enough folate.
• Megaloblastic anemia: When you don’t get enough
vitamin B12, folate, or both
• Pernicious anemia: When your body doesn’t absorb
enough vitamin B12

Other causes of vitamin deficiency include

medications, alcohol abuse, and intestinal diseases such
as tropical sprue.
Anemia associated with other chronic conditions usually
happens when your body doesn’t have enough hormones to
make red blood cells. Conditions that cause this type of
anemia include:
 • Advanced kidney disease
• Hypothyroidism
• Old age
• Long-term diseases, such as cancer,
infection, lupus, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis

Anemia Caused by Destruction of Red Blood Cells

When red blood cells are fragile and can’t handle
the stress of traveling through your body, they may
burst, causing what’s called hemolytic anemia. You might
have this condition at birth, or it could come later.
Sometimes, the causes of hemolytic anemia are unclear,
but they can include:
• An attack by your immune system, as with lupus. This
can happen to anyone, even a baby still in the womb
or a newborn. That’s called hemolytic disease of
the newborn.
• Conditions that can be passed down through your
genes, such as sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
• Enlarged spleen. This can, in rare cases, trap red
blood cells and destroy them too early.
• Something that puts strain on your body, such as
infections, drugs, snake or spider venom, or certain
foods
• Toxins from advanced liver or kidney disease
 • Vascular grafts, prosthetic heart valves, tumors,
severe burns, being around certain chemicals,
severe hypertension, and clotting disorders

Anemia Diagnosis
A complete blood count (CBC) test will measure your red
blood cells, hemoglobin, and other parts of your blood.
Your doctor will ask about your family history and your
medical history after the CBC. They’ll probably do some
tests, including:
• Blood smear or differential to count your white
blood cells, check the shape of your red blood
cells, and look for unusual cells
• Reticulocyte count to check for immature red blood
cells

Anemia Treatment
Your treatment will depend on your type of anemia. There
are lot of causes, so there are also many treatments
available.
• If you have aplastic anemia, you might need
medication, blood transfusions (in which you get
blood from another person), or a bone marrow
transplant (in which you get a donor’s stem cells).
• If you have hemolytic anemia, you might need
medication that will hold back your immune system.
Your primary care doctor may refer you to a doctor
who specializes in vascular problems.
 • If it’s caused by blood loss, you might have surgery
to find and fix the bleeding. If you have iron-
deficiency anemia, you’ll probably need to take iron
supplements and change your diet.
• Sickle cell anemia treatment includes
painkillers, folic acid supplements,
intermittent antibiotics or oxygen therapy. A drug.
called hydroxyurea (Droxia, Hydrea, Siklos) is often
prescribed to decrease sickle cell pain crises
(complicated mechanism). The medication
called voxelator (Oxbryta) whichcan help your red
blood cells keep their proper shape. Crizanlizumab-
tmca (Adakveo) can keep the blood cells from
sticking together and blocking vessels. L-glutamine
oral powder (Endari) can cut down on your trips to
the hospital for pain and also guard against a
condition called acute chest syndrome. 
• If you have a vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, you
will be prescribed supplements..
• Thalassemia doesn’t usually need treatment, but if
your case is severe, you might have blood
transfusions, a bone marrow transplant, or surgery.

Symptoms common to many types of anemia include the

following:
• Easy fatigue and loss of energy
• Unusually rapid heart beat, particularly with
exercise
 • Shortness of breath and headache, particularly
with exercise
• Difficulty concentrating
• Dizziness
• Pale skin
• Leg cramps
• Insomnia

Other symptoms are associated with specific forms of

anemia.

Anemia Caused by Iron Deficiency

People with an iron deficiency may experience these
symptoms:
• A hunger for strange substances such as paper, ice,
or dirt (a condition called pica)
• Upward curvature of the nails, referred to as
koilonychias
• Soreness of the mouth with cracks at the corners

Anemia Caused by Vitamin B12 Deficiency

People whose anemia is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin
B12 may have these symptoms:
• A tingling, "pins and needles" sensation in the
hands or feet
• Lost sense of touch
• A wobbly gait and difficulty walking
• Clumsiness and stiffness of the arms and legs
• Dementia
Anemia Caused by Chronic Lead Poisoning
Chronic lead poisoning may lead to these symptoms:
• A blue-black line on the gums referred to as a lead
line
• Abdominal pain
• Constipation
• Vomiting

Anemia Caused by Chronic Red Blood Cell Destruction

Anemia caused by chronic red blood cell destruction may
include these symptoms:
• Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
• Brown or red urine
• Leg ulcers
• Failure to thrive in infancy
• Symptoms of gallstones

Sickle Cell Anemia

Symptoms of sickle cell anemia may include:
• Fatigue
• Susceptibility to infection
• Delayed growth and development in children
• Episodes of severe pain, especially in the
joints, abdomen, and limbs

Anemia Caused by Sudden Red Blood Cell Destruction

Symptoms of anemia caused by sudden red blood cell
destruction may include:
• Abdominal pain
• Brown or red urine
• Jaundice (yellow skin)
• Small bruises under the skin
• Seizures
• Symptoms of kidney failure
What Is Hemophilia A?

Hemophilia A is a condition that keeps your blood from

clotting normally. That means your body has problems
stopping bleeding, both outside and inside your body.
Your condition can be treated, and in some cases you can
give yourself the treatment at home. You can lead a full
life when you have the right treatment plan in place.
There are different types of hemophilia. With hemophilia
A, your body doesn't have enough of a protein called
factor VIII, which it needs to make clots and stop
bleeding.
Hemophilia A can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending
on how little you have of factor VIII. More than half of
those with the condition have the severe form.
Hemophilia A usually runs in families, but about one-
third of people with the disease don't have a family
history of it.

Hemophilia A Causes
Hemophilia A comes from your genes. You can inherit it
from your parents. Or it can happen if a certain gene
changes before you're born. This change is called a
spontaneous mutation.
The hemophilia A gene mutation happens on the X
chromosome. Women get one X chromosome from their mother
and one from their father. Men get an X from their
mother and a Y from their father.
Most women with the problem gene are carriers and have
no symptoms, but they can pass it to their sons.
Therefore the disease nearly always shows up in boys,
not girls.
A rare type of hemophilia A is acquired hemophilia. It’s
most common in people 60-80 years of age. If you have
this kind, your immune system attacks healthy tissue
called clotting factors in your blood. Acquired
hemophilia tends to happen alongside these conditions:
• Pregnancy
• Autoimmune conditions
• Cancer
• Multiple sclerosis

Hemophilia A Symptoms
The symptoms of hemophilia A depend on whether you have
a mild, moderate, or severe case.
Mild hemophilia A. If you're in this group, you may have
an episode of heavy bleeding:
• After you have surgery or another procedure, like
having a tooth pulled.
• After childbirth
• After a serious injury
• During your period
Some people don't get a diagnosis until after one of
these things happens to them when they're adults.
Moderate hemophilia A. Moderate hemophilia usually means
you:
• Bleed a lot when injured.
• Bleed without an injury (spontaneous bleeding).
• Bruise easily.
• Bleed a lot after a vaccination.

Severe hemophilia A. In addition to bleeding after an

injury, you may also have frequent episodes of bleeding,
often into the joints and muscles, without being able to
figure out a specific cause.
When you have severe hemophilia A, bleeding can also
happen in your brain. It’s rare, but if you have a head
bump -- even if it's minor -- and you have any of these
symptoms, call your doctor:
• Prolonged headache
• Throwing up
• Sleepiness/tiredness
• Sudden weakness or problems walking
• Double vision
• Convulsions or seizures

Hemophilia A Diagnosis
If you have a family history of hemophilia and are
pregnant, tests can tell if your baby has the disease.
There are risks though, so you’ll want to talk to your
doctor about testing.
In children, doctors usually diagnose severe cases in
the first year of a baby’s life. Does your child bruise
easily or bleed for longer than normal from small
injuries? Make an appointment with your child's doctor.
They can tell if it's hemophilia.
It's unusual for a baby younger than 6 months old to be
diagnosed with hemophilia. That's because infants this
young usually don't do things that would make them
bleed.
Once a baby starts moving, crawling, and bumping into
things, you may notice raised bruises, especially on
places like the stomach, chest, back, and bottom.
LYMPHOMA
Lymphoma is cancer that begins in infection-fighting
cells of the immune system, called lymphocytes. These
cells are in the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone
marrow, and other parts of the body. When you have
lymphoma, lymphocytes change and grow out of control.

There are two main types of lymphoma:

• Non-Hodgkin: Most people with lymphoma have this
type.
• Hodgkin

Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma involve different types

of lymphocyte cells. Every type of lymphoma grows at a
different rate and responds differently to treatment.
Lymphoma is very treatable, and the outlook can vary
depending on the type of lymphoma and its stage. Your
doctor can help you find the right treatment for your
type and stage of the illness.
Lymphoma is different from leukemia. Each of these
cancers starts in a different type of cell.
 Lymphoma starts in infection-fighting lymphocytes.
 Leukemia starts in blood-forming cells inside bone
marrow.
Lymphoma is also not the same as lymphedema, which is a
collection of fluid that forms in body tissues when
there is damage or blockage to the lymph system.

Causes
Scientists don't know what causes lymphoma in most
cases.
You might be more at risk if you:
• Are in your 60s or older for non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• Are between 15 and 40 or older than 55 for Hodgkin
lymphoma
• Are male, although certain subtypes may be more
common in females
• Have a weak immune system from HIV/AIDS, an organ
transplant, or because you were born with an immune
disease
• Have an immune system disease such as rheumatoid
arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, lupus, or celiac
disease
• Have been infected with a virus such as Epstein-
Barr, hepatitis C, or human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
(HTLV-1)
• Have a close relative who had lymphoma
• Were exposed to benzene or chemicals that kill bugs
and weeds
 • Were treated for Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma in
the past
• Were treated for cancer with radiation

Symptoms
Warning signs of lymphoma include:
• Swollen glands (lymph nodes), often in the neck,
armpit, or groin that are painless
• Cough
• Shortness of breath
• Fever
• Night sweats
• Fatigue
• Weight loss
• Itching

Many of these symptoms can also be warning signs of

other illnesses. See your doctor to find out for sure if
you have lymphoma.

Treatment
The treatment you get depends on what type of lymphoma
you have and its stage.
The main treatments for non-Hodgkin lymphoma are:
• Chemotherapy, which uses drugs to kill cancer cells
 • Radiation therapy, which uses high-energy rays to
destroy cancer cells
• Immunotherapy, which uses your body's immune system
to attack cancer cells
• Targeted therapy that targets aspects of lymphoma
cells to curb their growth

The main treatments for Hodgkin lymphoma are:

• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Immunotherapy

If these treatments don't work, you might have a stem

cell transplant. First you'll get very high doses of
chemotherapy. This treatment kills cancer cells, but it
also destroys stem cells in your bone marrow that make
new blood cells. After chemotherapy, you will get a
transplant of stem cells to replace the ones that were
destroyed.
Two types of stem cell transplants can be done:
• An autologous transplant uses your own stem cells.
• An allogeneic transplant uses stem cells taken from
a donor.