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II. STANDARD
CONTENT STANDARD
The learners have an understanding of fiction as a genre and are able to analyse its elements and techniques.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
Determine various modes of fiction;
Write journal entries and other short exercises exploring key elements of fiction
III. TRANSFER
The learners will produce at least one striking scene for a short story.
Fictional Genres
There are general rules to follow, for example, manuscript length, character types, settings, themes, viewpoint
choices, and plots. Certain settings suit specific genres. These will vary in type, details, intensity, and length of
description. The tone employed by the author, and the mood created for the reader, must also suit the genre.
1. FANTASY
Stories that are imaginative but could never really happen. The setting may be of another world. Characters might
be magical like talking animals, sorceries, witches and wizardry. It is a genre of imaginative fiction involving magic and
adventure, especially in a setting other than the real world.
Many fantasy novels involve adventure as a key feature. Characters may discover portals to other worlds or
discover hidden magic, wonder and surprise in our own world. Novels from C.S. Lewis’s classic Chronicles of Narnia
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series to J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series populate imaginary worlds with mythical beasts, powerseeking tyrants and
more.
Characters adventure through worlds where the impossible is possible. Exploring the ‘impossible’ is another
common element in fantasy. Magical wands may weave spells that defy the laws of physics as we know them.
Other time magic is spoken, chanted, or ripples through land and landscape.
Element 1: Magic
The word magic comes from the Greek magikos, from magos. This means ‘one of the members of the learned and
priestly class’. This explains how magic, in fantasy, is often associated with learning, with complex books and rituals.
Magic in great books takes many forms. The apprentice wizards in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter duel with wands. In C.S.
Lewis’ Narnia series, a witch casts a spell over the Kingdom of Narnia, plunging it into eternal winter. She also destroys a
secondary world by speaking ‘the Deplorable Word’.
Element 2: Adventure
Adventure in fantasy is common, from bands of travelling, questing heroes (like Frodo and friends in Tolkien’s
The Lord of the Rings) to girls who fall down magical rabbit holes (Alice in Wonderland). Adventure in fantasy often
features another meaning of magic: ‘A quality of being beautiful and delightful in a way that seems remote from daily
life.’
Adventure does indeed take us to places that seem remote from daily life, full of new joys and discoveries (or
dangers). In Frodo’s adventures, he finds both the dazzling land of the elves, Lothlorien, and the foul, stinking lands of
Mordor where the story’s villain resides. Adventure means ‘an unusual and exciting or daring experience’, as well as
‘excitement associated with danger or the taking of risks.’
Element 4: Setting
Because of its exploration of the otherworldly and the supernatural, place is a key aspect of many fantasy novels.
Some places are created through magic. The lion Aslan sings the Kingdom of Narnia into being in C.S. Lewis’ lore. (A
Christian mythology parallel to the Creation in the Bible.) By contrast, Jadis, the White Witch, destroys a whole world by
speaking a powerful word. In fantasy, we often strongly experience both characters’ effects on their world, and their
world’s effects and influence on them. These are some of the literary pieces under fantasy genre:
The Tale of Peter Rabbit, by Beatrix Potter Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, by K. Rowling
The Adventures of Pinocchio, by Carlo Collodi Gulliver’s Travels, by Jonathan Swift
Charlie and Chocolate Factory, by Roald Dahl The Lord of the Rings trilogy / Hobbit, by J.R.R. Tolkien
Alice Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll
2. HISTORICAL FICTION
A story that takes place in a historically accurate time and setting. The characters and some events are fictional.
Element 1: Character – whether real or imagined, characters behave in keeping with the era they inhabit, even if they
push the boundaries. And that means discovering the norms, attitudes, beliefs and expectations of their time and station in
life.
Element 2: Dialogue - is cumbersome and difficult to understand detracts from readers’ enjoyment of historical fiction.
Dip occasionally into the vocabulary and grammatical structures of the past by inserting select words and phrases so that a
reader knows s/he is in another time period.
Element 3: Setting – setting is time and place. More than 75% of participants in a 2013 reader survey selected ‘to bring
the past to life’ as the primary reason for reading historical fiction. Your job as a writer is to do just that. Even more
critically, you need to transport your readers into the past in the first few paragraphs. Consider these opening sentences.
Element 4: Plot – the plot has to make sense for the time period. And plot will often be shaped around or by the historical
events taking place at that time. This is particularly true when writing about famous historical figures. When considering
those historical events, remember that you are telling a story not writing history.
Element 5: Conflict – the problems faced by the characters in your story. As with theme and plot, conflict must be
realistic for the chosen time and place. Readers will want to understand the reasons for the conflicts you present. An
unmarried woman in the 15th century might be forced into marriage with a difficult man or the taking of religious vows.
Both choices lead to conflict. These are some of the literary pieces under historical fiction genre:
War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy
Tolstoy's epic masterpiece depicting the French invasion of Russia during the
Napoleonic era
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Memoirs of a Geisha by Arthur Golden
The fictional memoir of a geisha, from age nine to adulthood, in pre- and post WWII Japan.
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo The friar's daughter : a story of the American occupation of the
Philippines
A gothic novel that inspired a flood of tourists to Paris' most famous cathedral.
(Girard, Kansas : the author, 1909), by Charles Lincoln Phifer (page images at HathiTrust)
Luha at dugo : (hayag na pangyayari, buhat ng 1895 hanggang 1913) by M. B. Sevilla.
3. SCIENCE FICTION
A story that is typically set in the future or on other planets. It is based on the impact of actual, imagined, or
potential science. It is a type of imaginative literature. It provides a mental picture of something that may happen on
realistic scientific principles and facts. This fiction might portray, for instance, a world where young people are living on
Mars. Hence, it is known as “futuristic fiction.” It dramatizes the wonders of technology, and resembles heroic fantasy
where magic is substituted with technology. Often called “sci-fi,” is a genre of fiction literature whose content is
imaginative, but based in science. It relies heavily on scientific facts, theories, and principles as support for its settings,
characters, themes, and plot-lines, which is what makes it different from fantasy.
4. MYSTERY FICTION
Mystery (pronounced mis-tuh-ree, ) is a genre of literature whose stories focus on a puzzling crime, situation, or
circumstance that needs to be solved. The term comes from the Latin mysterium, meaning “a secret thing.” stories can be
either fictional or nonfictional, and can focus on both supernatural and non-supernatural topics. Many mystery stories
involve what is called a “whodunit” scenario, meaning the mystery revolves around the uncovering a culprit or criminal.
Importance of Mystery
Mysteries began to gain popularity in the Victorian era, mostly in the form of gothic literature, which was
primarily for women. Since then it has developed in both form and reach, and has become a widely read genre among
male and female readers of all ages. Mysteries are important because they feature topics that are usually both fascinating
and troubling to the human mind—unsolved crimes, unexplained questions and events in natural and human history,
supernatural curiosities, and so on.
The late 1800’s gave rise to the iconic fictional character Sherlock Holmes, a detective who is featured in a series
of mystery novels and short stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Most of the stories are told from the perspective of
Dr. Watson, Holmes’s assistant and companion. Holmes is an independent detective based in London with eccentric
personality and highly logical reasoning skills. Below is a short selection from the novel The Hound of Baskerville:
Another item had been added to that constant and apparently purposeless series of small mysteries which had
succeeded each other so rapidly. Setting aside the whole grim story of Sir Charles’s death, we had a line of inexplicable
incidents all within the limits of two days, which included the receipt of the printed letter, the black-bearded spy in the
hansom, the loss of the new brown boot, the loss of the old black boot, and now the return of the new brown boot.
Holmes sat in silence in the cab as we drove back to Baker Street, and I knew from his drawn brows and keen face that
his mind, like my own, was busy in endeavouring to frame some scheme into which all these strange and apparently
disconnected episodes could be fitted.
Here, Watson is running through some of the clues to the victim’s death in his head. He also expresses his
familiarity with Holmes’ character and skills by telling the audience that he knows the detective is finding the connections
between all of these clues in his mind; which will inevitably lead to the solving of the mysterious murder.
These are some of the literary pieces under Mystery Fiction genre:
1. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, Stieg Larsson
A run-away bestseller, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo has everything a mystery requires. Murder, family ties,
love in the air, and financial shenanigans. What happened to Harriet Vanger who disappeared forty years ago? Mikael
Blomkvist, a disgraced journalist, and Lisbeth Salander, a tattooed and pierced hacker genius, are on the case. They
uncover family iniquity and corruption at the top of Sweden’s industrial ladder.
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2. And Then There Were None, Agatha Christie
Ten people, strangers, gather on a private island as weekend guests of an unseen eccentric millionaire. These
strangers have secrets to keep, but one by one they are murdered. They all have something in common, though—they each
have a wicked past they’re hiding, a secret that seals their fate. Only the dead are above suspicion.
3. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, Mark Haddon
Christopher John Francis Boone’s logical mind can find patterns and rules for everything but has little time or
inclination for understanding human emotions. When his neighbour’s dog, Wellington, is killed, he starts a quest to find
the killer using Sherlock Holmes as his model.
5. REALISTIC FICTION
A story that seems real or could happen in real life. It is set in present day and includes modern day problems and events.
6. HORROR
The horror genre in literature dates back to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, where horror stories explored
themes related to death, demons, evil spirits, and the afterlife. Examples include the ancient Greek tragedy Hippolytus by
Euripides, a gruesome story about how jealousy and a lack of empathy can lead to tragedy; and Parallel Lives by Plutarch,
a series of biographies highlighting the many moral failures of man.
The gothic novel, a genre of horror that focuses specifically on death, originated in the eighteenth century and is
exemplified by the author Edgar Allan Poe. Horror literature in the nineteenth century and twentieth centuries often
focused on tales involving occult ideas, like Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein (1818) or Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897).
Modern horror novels have expanded the genre to include new elements and contemporary themes, like serial killers and
slasher stories—Stephen King’s The Shining (1977) is a perfect example—as well as genre mashups that combine horror
with historical fantasy, and modern interpretations of fantastical creatures, like ghosts, vampires, werewolves, and
witches.
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Other Fictional Genres:
7. Adventure - A story where a protagonist and other major characters and are placed in dangerous situations. The
characters must use their wit and skills to defeat the antagonist.
8. Folktales
a. Fable - A brief story that is meant to tell a lesson or a moral. The characters are usually animals with human
characteristics.
b. Fairy Tale - A story that has magical elements. The characters are usually fairies, giants, elves, and other
magical creatures.
c. Legend - A story usually about a national or folk hero. This story takes place in a particular time and place and
is partly true and partly fiction. The character traits of the hero are typically exaggerated.
d. Tall Tale - A humorous story with extreme exaggerations. The main character, or hero, usually does
impossible things with ease.
e. Myth - A story that is often based on a historical event that is meant to serve as an explanation for some
phenomenon of nature or human behavior. Characters are usually gods.
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6. Choose a point of view.
Decide which point of view makes most sense for your story: first person; second person; third person, either
limited or the omniscient. You have known the different types of Point of View. Consiodering the applicability of the
point of view and the effectiveness of it in telling a story.
8. Give your characters motivations. If you’re having trouble fleshing out your characters, continually ask yourself in
each scene, “What does this character want?” Say this out loud enough, and soon someone nearby will ask why you keep
repeating that. Do not reply, but simply keep questioning aloud, “What does this character want?” Eventually you’ll be
committed to an asylum. Asylums are great places to think without the distractions of the modern world. I’m sure you’ll
figure out that pesky protagonist in no time.
Activity 2: I-“GENRE”-FICATION
Directions: Read the synopsis of the literary pieces. Identify their fictional genre. Note that some of the literary pieces
might have more than one genre. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
1. Travis Shaw is a ladies' man who thinks a serious relationship would cramp his easygoing lifestyle. Gabby Holland is a
feisty medical student who's preparing to settle down with her long-term boyfriend. Fate brings the two together as Gabby
moves next door to Travis, sparking an irresistible attraction that upends both of their lives. As their bond grows, the
unlikely couple must decide how far they're willing to go to keep the hope of love alive.
2. 84 years later, a 100 year-old woman named Rose DeWitt Bukater tells the story to her granddaughter Lizzy Calvert,
Brock Lovett, Lewis Bodine, Bobby Buell and Anatoly Mikailavich on the Keldysh about her life set in April 10th 1912,
on a ship called Titanic when young Rose boards the departing ship with the upper-class passengers and her mother, Ruth
DeWitt Bukater, and her fiancé, Caledon Hockley. Meanwhile, a drifter and artist named Jack Dawson and his best friend
Fabrizio De Rossi win third-class tickets to the ship in a game. And she explains the whole story from departure until the
death of Titanic on its first and last voyage April 15th, 1912 at 2:20 in the morning.
3. A student named Tine wants to get rid of a gay admirer. His friends recommend getting a pretend boyfriend, Sarawat,
who plays hard to get, until he finally agrees. The two become close and intense emotions soon erupted.
4. Bella Swan has always been a little bit different. Never one to run with the crowd, Bella never cared about fitting in
with the trendy girls at her Phoenix, Arizona high school. When her mother remarries and Bella chooses to live with her
father in the rainy little town of Forks, Washington, she doesn't expect much of anything to change. But things do change
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when she meets the mysterious and dazzlingly beautiful Edward Cullen. For Edward is nothing like any boy she's ever
met. He's nothing like anyone she's ever met, period. He's intelligent and witty, and he seems to see straight into her soul.
In no time at all, they are swept up in a passionate and decidedly unorthodox romance - unorthodox because Edward
really isn't like the other boys. He can run faster than a mountain lion. He can stop a moving car with his bare hands. Oh,
and he hasn't aged since 1918. Like all vampires, he's immortal. That's right - vampire. But he doesn't have fangs - that's
just in the movies.
5. Our friendly neighborhood Super Hero decides to join his best friends Ned, MJ, and the rest of the gang on a European
vacation. However, Peter's plan to leave super heroics behind for a few weeks are quickly scrapped when he begrudgingly
agrees to help Nick Fury uncover the mystery of several elemental creature attacks, creating havoc across the continent.
6. As the film begins, we see Owen and Mariella are fighting in a car by a lake. It appears that Owen has left his wife to
be with Mariella, and is angry that Mariella is not willing to make the same sacrifice. The fight turns violent, and Owen
has hit Mariella through the car window. Mariella tries to escape from the car, and the scene cuts to flashback. We see
Mariella telling her husband, Ivan, that her best friend, Samantha needs company and she drives off into the night. Later
that evening, their daughter Angel comes to Ivan looking for her mother, and Ivan tells Angel that her mother has gone
away. There is a car that passes by in the area where a bloody Mariella is looking for help, in the middle of a rainstorm.
The driver and his passenger are singing Christmas carols in the car, Mariella knows she is dead.
7. Oscar Diggs (James Franco), a small-time circus magician with dubious ethics, is hurled away from dusty Kansas to the
vibrant Land of Oz. At first he thinks he's hit the jackpot-fame and fortune are his for the taking. That all changes,
however, when he meets three witches, Theodora (Mila Kunis), Evanora (Rachel Weisz), and Glinda (Michelle Williams),
who are not convinced he is the great wizard everyone's been expecting. Reluctantly drawn into the epic problems facing
the Land of Oz and its inhabitants, Oscar must find out who is good and who is evil before it is too late. Putting his
magical arts to use through illusion, ingenuity-and even a bit of wizardry-Oscar transforms himself not only into the great
and powerful Wizard of Oz but into a better man as well.
8. Miser Ebenezer Scrooge is awakened on Christmas Eve by spirits who reveal to him his own miserable existence, what
opportunities he wasted in his youth, his current cruelties, and the dire fate that awaits him if he does not change his ways.
Scrooge is faced with his own story of growing bitterness and meanness, and must decide what his own future will hold:
death or redemption.
V. NEW IDEAS
After going through this module, what Anthonian attitude did you develop? As an Anthonian, I develop
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Change your life today; don’t gamble on your future. Act now without delay. Praying for your success.
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