CHE 2203W G4 March 6, 2021

Group No. 1 Friday, 4:30-7:30 pm

BELOCURA, Krista Leigh
LOTA, Claire Jane
TAMANG, James Carlo

1. GIVEN: ASSUMPTION:

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 * fluid is isothermal

𝑇 = 15°𝐶 = 288.15 𝐾

REQUIRED:

a. Pressure at 1 000 ft, 10 000 ft, and 100 000 ft (considering that fluid is compressible and
isothermal)
b. Pressure at 1 000 ft, 10 000 ft, and 100 000 ft (considering that fluid is incompressible
and isothermal)

SOLUTION:
𝑔𝑧
−
a. 𝑃𝑧 = 𝑃0 𝑒 𝑅𝑇0

𝑚 1𝑚
(9.82 ) (1 000 𝑓𝑡 ∙ )
𝑠 3.28084 𝑓𝑡
𝑃1 000 𝑓𝑡 = (14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎) exp [− ] = 14.18 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝐽 1 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚2 ∙ 𝑠 −2
287 ∙ 288.15 𝐾 ∙
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 1𝐽
𝑚 1𝑚
(9.8 2 ) (10 000 𝑓𝑡 ∙ )
𝑠 3.28084 𝑓𝑡
𝑃10 000 𝑓𝑡 = (14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎) exp [− ] = 10.24 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝐽 1 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚2 ∙ 𝑠 −2
287 ∙ 288.15 𝐾 ∙
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 1𝐽
𝑚 1𝑚
(9.8 2 ) (100 000 𝑓𝑡 ∙ )
𝑠 3.28084 𝑓𝑡
𝑃100 000 𝑓𝑡 = (14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎) exp [− ] = 0.3961 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝐽 1 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚2 ∙ 𝑠 −2
287 ∙ 288.15 𝐾 ∙
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 1𝐽

b. When a fluid is incompressible, its density is constant. Hence, 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ.

𝑘𝑔
Note: 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 at standard condition is 1.225 𝑚3

2
𝑘𝑔 𝑓𝑡 1𝑚
𝑃1 000 𝑓𝑡 = (1.225 ) (32.17 ) (1 000 𝑓𝑡) ( ) = 3661.14599 𝑃𝑎 = 0.531 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑚3 𝑠2 3.28084 𝑓𝑡
 2
𝑘𝑔 𝑓𝑡 1𝑚
𝑃10 000 𝑓𝑡 = (1.225 3 ) (32.17 2 ) (10 000 𝑓𝑡) ( )
𝑚 𝑠 3.28084 𝑓𝑡

𝑃10 000 𝑓𝑡 = 36611.4599 𝑃𝑎 = 5.31 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

2
𝑘𝑔 𝑓𝑡 1𝑚
𝑃100 000 𝑓𝑡 = (1.225 3 ) (32.17 2 ) (100 000 𝑓𝑡) ( )
𝑚 𝑠 3.28084 𝑓𝑡

𝑃100 000 𝑓𝑡 = 366 114.599 𝑃𝑎 = 53.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

ANSWER: Air pressure decreases as altitude increases as shown in solution A. At 1000 ft, the
pressure is 14.18 psia, then 10.24 psia at 10 000 ft, and 0.3961 psia at 100 000 ft. When we
assume that air is a constant-density fluid (as shown in solution B), the relationship between
altitude and pressure becomes directly proportional. At 1000 ft, the pressure is 0.531 psia, at 10
000 ft, the pressure is 5.31 psia, and at 100 000 ft, the pressure is 53.1 psia.

2. GIVEN: an oil-storage tank ASSUMPTION(S):

𝑑 = 120 𝑓𝑡 * incompressible fluid (constant 𝜌)

𝑧𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 8 𝑖𝑛 * fluid is at rest (at standard condition)

REQUIRED:

a. Force exerted on the roof by the atmosphere

b. Net pressure force that the 8-inch layer of water exerts on the roof of the tank

SOLUTION:
𝐹
a. 𝑃 = 𝐴 → 𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴
𝑙𝑏
At standard condition, the atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia or 14.7 𝑖𝑛𝑓2 .
𝑙𝑏𝑓 120 𝑓𝑡 2 (12 𝑖𝑛)2
𝐹 = 14.7 2 [𝜋 ∙ ( ) ∙ ] = 23.94 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑖𝑛 2 (1 𝑓𝑡)2

b. For fluids at rest, 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) where 𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 is the specific weight of a fluid.
𝑘𝑁
At standard condition, the specific weight 𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 of water is 9.807 𝑚3 . Thus,
 𝑘𝑁 1𝑚 𝑘𝑁
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 9.807 3
[(8 𝑖𝑛 − 0 𝑖𝑛) ( )] = 1.9928 3 = 1.9928 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚 39.3701 𝑖𝑛 𝑚

𝑙𝑏𝑓
20.8854
𝑓𝑡 2
𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴 = (1.9928 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ∙ ) [𝜋 ∙ (60 𝑓𝑡)2 ] = 4.70 × 105 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑘𝑃𝑎

ANSWER: The force that the atmosphere exerted on the circular roof of the oil −
storage tank is 𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒍𝒃𝒇 . Also, the net pressure force that the 8-inch layer of
water exerted on the roof of the tank is 𝟒. 𝟕𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒍𝒃𝒇 .

3. GIVEN: a cylindrical oil-storage tank

𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 60 𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 55 3
𝑓𝑡
𝜎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 20 000 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑑𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 120 𝑓𝑡

REQUIRED:
a. Gauge-pressure-depth relation in this tank
b. Thickness t of the shell of the bottom of the tank
c. t if the tank was spherical

SOLUTION:
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏
a. 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 55 𝑓𝑡𝑚3 ∙ 32.17 𝑠2 ∙ 60 𝑓𝑡 = 101 161 𝑓𝑡∙𝑠𝑚2
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 158 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Hence, pressure is directly proportional to depth. The deeper in the tank, the greater
the pressure.

𝑙𝑏
𝑃𝐷 (106 161 𝑚2 )(120 𝑓𝑡)
𝑓𝑡∙𝑠
b. 𝑡𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2𝜎 = 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙𝑓𝑡 = 0.824897 𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑏𝑓 32.174
2(20 000 2 )( 𝑠2 )(12 𝑖𝑛)
𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑏𝑓 1 𝑓𝑡

𝑙𝑏
𝑃𝐷 (106 161 𝑚2 )(120 𝑓𝑡)
𝑓𝑡∙𝑠
c. 𝑡𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4𝜎 = 𝑙𝑏 ∙𝑓𝑡 = 0.412449 𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑏𝑓 32.174 𝑚2 12 𝑖𝑛
4(20 000 2 )( 𝑠 )( )
𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑏𝑓 1 𝑓𝑡
 ANSWER: Depth is directly proportional to pressure. The shell of the bottom of the
cylindrical tank is 0.825 in thick. Alternately, the thickness of the tank if it was
spherical would be 0.412 in.

4. GIVEN: chimney
𝑁
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑠,𝑖𝑛 = 250 𝑚2 below atmospheric pressure = 101 325 𝑃𝑎 − 250 𝑃𝑎 = 101 075 𝑃𝑎
𝑟𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 1.68 𝑚
𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 260°𝐶
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 21°𝐶
𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 1.27 3
𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝜇𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 15.6 × 10−6
𝑚∙𝑠

REQUIRED: height of the chimney

SOLUTION:
Let z be the height of the chimney

ASSUMPTION: both air and gas are ideal gases; hence the ideal gas law equation will be
used
𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑔𝑧𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑠 (1 − 𝑇 )
𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠

𝑃𝐴 −𝑃𝐵 101 075 𝑃𝑎−100 000 𝑃𝑎

𝑧= 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟
= 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 294.15 𝐾 = 193 𝑚
𝑔𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 (1− ) (9.8 2 )(1.27 3 )(1− )
𝑇𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑠 𝑚 533.15 𝐾

ANSWER: The chimney is 193 m tall.

5. GIVEN: U-tube manometer

REQUIRED: expression for the pressure of the system based on the specific type of
manometer illustrated in the figure above

SOLUTION:

At the reference point: 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐷 .

𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐴𝐶

𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑎

𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝐵𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸𝐷

𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝜌𝑔(ℎ𝑏 − ℎ) + 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑔ℎ

Hence,

𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑎 = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝜌𝑔(ℎ𝑏 − ℎ) + 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑔ℎ

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔(ℎ𝑏 − ℎ) + 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑔ℎ − 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑎

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔(ℎ𝑏 − ℎ𝑎 ) + (𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑛 − 𝜌)𝑔ℎ

If 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑛 ≫ 𝜌, then

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑔ℎ

ANSWER: The expression for the pressure of the U-Tube manometer illustrated in the figure is
𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑩 = 𝝆𝒈(𝒉𝒃 − 𝒉) + (𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒏 − 𝝆)𝒈𝒉 or 𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑩 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒈𝒉 when 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑛 ≫ 𝜌.