REVIEWER: MIDTERM
society in case of social and
LESON 1: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT
OF RESEARCH AND IMPORTANCE
What is Research?
Research is defined as careful
consideration of study regarding a
particular concern or problem using
scientific methods.
According to the American Sociologist
Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a
systematic inquiry to describe, explain,
predict, and control the observed
phenomenon.
Research is the creation of new
knowledge and/or the use of existing
knowledge in a new and creative way to
generate new concepts, methodologies,
and understanding. “Western Sydney
University”
What is the purpose of Research?
To satisfy man ‘s craving for more
understanding, to improve his
judgement, to add to his power, to reduce
the burden of work, to relieve suffering,
and to increase satisfaction in
multitudinous ways these are the large
and fundamental goals of research.
Basically Purpose
• To discover answers to the
questions through the application
of scientific procedures.
• To face a challenge.
• To solve a problem.
• To get intellectual joy.
• To serve society
- By increasing standard of
living
- By showing right path to
behavioral sciences.
General Purpose
1. Exploration – try to
conduct/investigate on subject or
concept.
2. Explanation – we explain
because it has a reason behind it
and there is scientific explanation.
3. Description – we give full
description to give insights
regarding a particular problem, by
providing data and analyzing them
according to specific needs.
Importance of Research
i. It is used to provide an accurate
solution to social problems.
ii. It shows the scientific approach to
geographical problems.
iii. It provides practical knowledge to
the students through selecting
geographical data from the field.
iv. It identifies relationship between
geographical phenomena i.e..;
relationship between man and his
environment.
v. It provides the policy maker with
accurate information about the
subject matter they are going to
discuss and therefore enable to
make informed judgement on the
subject.
Importance of Research to a Man
1. Improves the quality of life.
(Gadgets, Shopping, Appliances,
Education, Preparation of food)
2. Improves instruction. (From using
manila paper, green board to
interactive boards, using
 applications such as Kahoot,
Quizziz, Padlet etc.)
3. Improves students’ achievements.
4. Improve teachers’ competence.
5. Satisfies man’s needs. (Online
shopping, online learning, cash
wallet)
6. Reduce the burdens of works.
7. Research has deep seated
psychological aspect.
- It challenges man to get rid of
stagnation (We become more
innovative, creative, and
resourceful)
- Opens door for better
tomorrow
8. Improves exportation of products.
(Shelf life of product, exporting of
products)
9. Research responds to economic
recovery and austerity measures.
10. Trains graduates to be globally
competitive.
“Research is to see what everybody
else has seen, and to think what
nobody else has thought”.
-Albert Szent- Gyorgyi
Lesson 2: CHARACTERISTIC OF
GOOD RESEARCH
Characteristic of Research
1. Empirical – research is based on
direct experience or observation
by the researcher. (The data he or
she’s going to share will be very
reliable because the person has a
firsthand information.)
2. Logical- research is based on
valid procedures and principles.
- Scientific study is done in an
orderly manner
- Systematic examination of
procedures to draw valid
conclusion
3. Cyclical – research starts with a
problem and ends with a problem.
- A researcher completes his
study, states his findings,
draws conclusion and
recommendation. In his
recommendations, several
studies may be conducted
hence, research is cyclical.
4. Analytical – research utilizes
proven analytical procedures in
gathering data, whether historical,
descriptive, experimental, and
case study.
- Involve in-depth study and
evaluation of available
information to explain complex
phenomenon.
- The researcher must use facts
or information already
available and analyze these to
make a critical evaluation of
the material.
5. Critical – research exhibits
careful and precise judgement.
- Don’t say a word or judgement
without a basis and guidelines.
6. Methodical – research is
conducted in a methodical manner
without bias using systematic
method and procedures.
- Appropriate test should be use
7. Replicability – research designs
and procedures are repeated to
enable the researcher to arrive at
valid and conclusive result.
 - A replication study involves expertise, consultation, scope,
repeating a study using the pilot study.
same methods but with 10. Relevant – there is a need and
different subjects and timeless of the research.
experimenters. - Can be applied to a real-life
- Apply the previous results to situation
new situations - Interrelationship of one topic
- Inspire new research that with another
builds upon previous findings
Qualities of a Good Researcher are:
from related studies.
8. Ethical – research should be R – research oriented
done ethically, considering the
E – efficient
needed consent and permissions
of authorities and S – scientific
respondents/participants.
- Morality – make sure that is E – effective
morally good for the people A – active
who are involved to the
research. R – resourceful
- Validity – can that research H - honest
really be used, if that research
can be done in this situation or E – economical
group of people. R – religious
- Good practice – when we
conduct research sometimes, Characteristic of the Researcher
we use data or information in 1. Intellectual Curiosity –
an office, institution, agencies
researcher undertakes deep
so we need to look for permits
thinking and inquiry of the things,
and go signals. problems, and situations around
- Integrity – we must not him.
damage the institution, the 2. Prudence – researcher is careful
person, the situation. to conduct his study at the right
- Law – we need to make sure time and at the right place wisely,
that we do not break the law efficiently, and economically.
when we do research, private 3. Healthy Criticism – the
information should not be researcher is always doubtful as
released. to the truthfulness of the results.
- Safety 4. Intellectual Honesty –
9. Feasible – research may be researcher is honest to collect or
conducted. gather the data or facts to arrive at
- Possible to do honest results.
- Conducive environment, effect 5. Intellectual Creativity – a
size, resources, time frame, resourceful investigator always
 creates new researchers.
(Creative researcher is innovative)
Research is what I’m doing when I
don’t know what I’m doing. – Wernher
von Braun
Lesson 3: ELEMENTS OF A GOOD
RESEARCH
1) Background of the Study – the
main idea of the background of the
study is to establish the area of
research in which your work
belongs, and to provide a context
for the research problem. It also
provides information to the
research topic.
Note: In an introduction the writer
should create readers interest in
the topic lay the broad foundation
for the problem that leads to the
study.
• It’s a way to establishing
interest.
2) Statement of the Problem –
when you start research, you have
a problem that you wish to seek
answer for. The question leads to
a problem that needs to be solved
by the research. Begin the
research with a description of the
problem or thesis statement.
• Basically, expect contents
discussing the why of the
problem, reasons, or the
issues behind the study.
3) Objectives of the Study – states
the objectives of the study.
• It tells the purpose of the
research.
• Why do you have to
conduct such that research
study?
4) Significance of the Study – why
your research is important and
what contributions will it give to the
field.
• Make sure the research
you’re going to conduct will
be somehow beneficial or
crucial to some
stakeholders.
5) Limitation of the Study – refers
to the boundaries of your study.
States what is and what is not
included in the study. (Scope and
delimitation).
• You can set parameter or
boundaries so your readers
will know.
6) Definition of Terms – terms and
concept that you use should be
defined and explained unless they
are familiar or obvious.
• In the definition of terms of
research, do not define it
the way you see words in
the dictionary, but rather
you define it in a way how
the words use
operationally.
• Operational definition of
terms – the way the term
was use in the part of
research.
7) Literature Review – reflect your
understanding of relevant bodies
of literature.
 • It tells everything about
your understanding of the
research, particularly the
focus of your paper.
• It is basically containing
information about the
research you’re trying to
conduct.
• Get from printed materials,
books, e-books.
• Everything that concerns
the topic being discussed in
the study.
8) Methodology – provides insights
into your perspective as well as
details on how you plan to carry
out the project.
• Very crucial in the research
process because it tell us
how the research is
conducted or what will be
the course of action for the
research to finish.
9) Variable – simply, something that
varies. Specifically, variables
represent persons or objects that
can be manipulated, controlled, or
merely measured for the sake of
research.
• Variation: how much a
variable varies. Those with
little variation are called
constants.
• They typically change.
• The purpose of all
research is to describe and
explain variance in the
world. Variance is simply
the difference that is
variation that occurs
naturally in the world or
change that we create as a
result of a manipulation.
• Variables are names that
are given to the variance
we wish to explain.
• A variable is either a result
of some force or is itself the
force that causes a change
in another variable. In
experiments, these are
called dependent and
independent variables
respectively.
2 types of Variables
1. Dependent Variables – this
variable depends on whatever
changes takes place with the
independent variable.
• Dependent variable are
not controlled or
manipulated in any way,
but instead are simply
measured or registered.
• These vary in relation to
the independent
variables, and while
results can be
predicted, the data is
always measured.
• There can be any
number of dependent
variables, but usually
there is one to isolate
reason for variation.
Examples of Variables: in the
recent GOP, sweep of the
house and senate, variables
(or factors) that may have
played a part would include;
Voter turnout
Party message
 # of open Academic
Independent Dependent
seats background
• Intentionall • Intentionall
y y left alone Because even if you
manipulate are not going to
d conduct research, this
• Controlled • Measured data or this
• Vary at • Vary at information already
known rate unknown exists. They can
rate stand on its own.
• Cause • Effect
Independent Variable (IV) Dependent Variable (DV)
• Predictor • Criterion
• Presumed cause • Presumed effect
• Stimulus • Response
• Predicted from • Predicted to
• Antecedent • Consequence
• Manipulated • Measured outcome
Redistricting
# of incumbents
Wellstone funeral
2. Independent Variables –
These variables are ones that
are more or less controlled.
• Scientists manipulate
Everything is theoretically impossible,
these variables as they
until it is done. – Robert A. Heinlein
see fit.
• They still vary, but the
variation is relatively
Lesson 4: Types of Research
known or taken into
account. Research Classification
• Often there are many in
Classification of research based on
a given study.
where it was conducted.
Example of Variables;
1. Library Research – this is done
Age in the library where answers to
specific questions or problems of
Gender
the study are available.
Civil Status • We do research using
Income online resources to answer
 different questions in our
research.
• Library research is an
integral component of
research projects in
most academic settings.
• Researchers are charge
with the responsibility to
carefully examine relevant
information in order to
determine usefulness,
reliability, and authority in
regard to the research
projects in which they are
involved.
• Basically you have the
opportunity verifying the
information from itself.
2. Field Research – research is
conducted in a natural setting.
• To see the real scenario.
3. Laboratory research – this is
conducted in artificial or
controlled conditions by isolating
the study in a thoroughly specified
and equipped area.
Types of Research
There are many kinds of classification of
research which are classified according
to their distinctive features. Some of the
classifications are as follows.
1. According to Purpose
A. Predictive or Prognostic – it
has the purpose to determine
the future operation of the
variables under investigation
with the aim of controlling or
redirecting such for the better.
B. Directive or Diagnostic – it
determines what should be
done based on the findings.
(Sa predictive iniiwasan
magkaroon ng problema sa
directive nagcoconduct ng
research para magkaroon ng
solution sa problema)
C. Illuminative – it is concerned
with the interaction of the
components of the variable
being investigated.
• To give light to the
different components,
aspect, angles of the
research.
• To show connection,
relationship,
information or clarify
gray areas.
• Connection of one
variable to another
variable.
2. According to Goal
A. Basic or Pure (Theoretical) –
it is done for the development
of theories and principles. It is
conducted for intellectual
pleasure of learning.
B. Applied (Practical) – the
application of pure research.
This is testing the efficiency of
theories and principles.
3. According to Levels of
Investigation
A. Exploratory – the researcher
studies the variables pertinent
to a specific situation.
 • Many ideas but you just
explore in just certain
variables.
B. Descriptive – the researcher
studies the relationships of the
variables.
• How they are connected or
interrelated to one another.
C. Experimental – the researcher
studies the effects of the
variables on each other.
4. According to the Type of
Analysis
A. Analytic Approach – the
researcher attempts to identify
and isolate the components of
the research situation.
• Use of an appropriate
process to break a problem
down into elements
necessary to solve it.
B. Holistic Approach – this
begins with the total situation,
focusing attention on the
system first and on its internal
relationships.
• Directly grasp the whole
without consideration of the
parts.
5. According to Scope
Action Research – this involves
the application of the steps of the
scientific method in the classroom
problems.
• This type of research is
done on very limited scope
Types of Descriptive Research
to solve a particular
problem which is not so big.
• Specific Problem for a
specific period only.
6. According to the Choice of
Answers to Problems
A. Evaluation research – All
possible courses of action are
specified and identified and the
researcher.
B. Developmental research –
the focus is on finding or
developing a more suitable
instrument or process than has
been available.
• Kailangan ng
output/product.
7. According to Statistical Content
A. Quantitative or Statistical
Research – is one in which
inferential statistics are utilized
to determine the results of the
study.
B. Non quantitative Research
(Qualitative) – this is research
in which the use of the quantity
or statistic is practically not
utilize.
8. According to Time Element
3 Major Research Methods
A. Historical research –
describe what was. (It tells the
past)
B. Descriptive research –
describes what is. (It tells the
situation)
C. Experimental research –
describes what will be. (It tells
what will happen)
1) Descriptive Survey Method –
Survey comes from latin sur or
super which means “above” or
 “view” and vey which means to
“look” or to “see”, thus the word
survey means “to look over or
beyond”.
• We give them
something to answer.
2) Descriptive Normative Method –
this type of classification of
descriptive research describes the
status of events and people or
subjects as they exist.
• You conduct research
to find out if a certain
phenomenal or a
certain thing/element is
within the norm that is
excepted.
3) Descriptive Correlational
Method – is used to determine
whether or not there is a
relationship that exist between two
or more quantifiable variables,
and if there is, to what extent or
degree the relationship is positive
or negative and the degree or
extent of relationship.
4) Descriptive Evaluative Method
– this study judges the goodness
of an existing program. It is
directed to whether or not
particular program achieved its
goal or not.
5) Descriptive Assessment
Method
6) Descriptive Comparative
Method
7) Descriptive Continuity Method
8) Descriptive Trend and
Perspective Method
9) Descriptive Narrative Method
10) Descriptive Case Study Method
Lesson 5: Identifying Research
Problem
Research Field
A research field is broader than that of an
area of interest. This refers to the whole
areas of research undertaken in a
specific scientific discipline. For example,
the research field in Technical and
Vocational Teaching scopes the whole
studies carried out in Bachelor of
Technical and Vocational Teacher
Education.
Area of Interest
An area of interest is a specific part of or
section of a research field. It may cover
many topics that researcher can study in
the context of a scientific discipline. For
example, if your research field is
education, your area of interest can be in
special education, facilitating learning,
principles of teaching, or theories and
practice in Education.
• The area of interest is more
specific than research field.
• For example, the research field is
BTVTED and the area of interest
Garments, Drafting etc.
Strands Under the Tech-Voc-
Livelihood Track (Mini Course)
a. Home Economics
• Household Services
• Commercial Cooking
• Bread and Pastry Production
 • Dress Making
• Handcraft
• Beauty Care
• Care giving
• Food Processing
Research Topic
A research topic is the subject or issue
that the researcher is interested to study
in research. The chosen research area of
interest encompasses the many research
topics. For example, the researcher area
of interest you choose is in facilitating
learning, your topic of study may be in
behaviorist theory of learning.
For example
• Food and Beverages
• Food Preservation
• Product Development
• Consumerism
• Commercial Cooking
• Baking
According to Pardede (2018), that there
are 3 steps for you to easily choose your
topic.
• First, is that you need to broaden
your understanding about the
research area in your research
field. This can be done through
reading literature review, research
articles, handbooks and
encyclopedias related to the
research area.
• Second, make a list of possible
topics to study based on the
research area.
• Third, choose the best topic by
putting the eleven points below
into consideration.
1) Can it be enthusiastically
pursued?
- Maganda bang pagaralan?
2) Can interest be sustained by
it?
- Baka sa una lang
interesting
3) Is the problem solvable?
- Matutugunan niya ba yung
problemang na notice ko.
4) Is it manageable in size?
- Kailangan manageable
ang respondents
5) Will it lead to other research
problem?
- Dapat yung research na
gagawin ay magkaroon pa
ng panibagong research.
6) Is it worth doing?
- Sulit bang gawin.
7) What is the potential for
making an original contribution
to the literature in the field?
- May maicocontribute ba
yung study na ginagawa
mo.
8) If the problem is solved, will the
result be reviewed well by
scholars in your field?
- Tatanggapin ba sa
research conferences or
publications.
9) Are you, or you will become,
competent to solve it?
- Di pwedeng gumawa ng
research pag di mo linya.
10) By solving it, will you have
demonstrated independent
skills in your discipline?
- Nakatulong ba yung
research mo.
11) Will the necessary research
prepare you in an area of
 demand or promise for the
future?
- Meron bang pakinabang
yung research na ginawa
mo.
Research Problem
A research problem is a statement about
an area of concern, a condition to be
improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or
a troubling question that exists in
scholarly literature, in theory, or in
practice that points to the need for
meaningful understanding and deliberate
investigation. In some social science
disciplines, the research problem is
typically posed in the form of a question.
A research problem does not state how
to do something, offer a vague or broad
proposition, or present a value question.
• Isang problem na dapat bigyan ng
pansin at ng solusyon. Eto din
yung mga tanong na hinahanapan
natin ng sagot.
• The research problem that’s does
not state how to do something but
rather the research problem tells
particularly problem, observation
and gap.
The purpose of a problem statement
to:
1. Introduce the reader to the
importance of the topic being
studied. The reader is oriented to
the significance of the study and
the research questions or
hypotheses to follow.
2. Places the problem into a
particular context that defines the
parameters of what is to be
investigated.
3. Provides the frameworks for
reporting the results and indicates
what is probably necessary to
conduct the study.
How to identify research problem?
According to Dra. Patidar maraming
paraan para maidentify ang mga sources
of research problem.
a) Brainstorming – Magusap usap
ng grupo, mag eliminate ng mga
topics na nailista.
b) Intuition – Paano natin
naiintindihan ang isang bagay.
Ability to understand something
immediately without reasoning.
c) Folklores – mga traditional
beliefs,customs, and story’s in
places.
d) Exposure to field situations –
Magdevelop ng isang bagay or
product na nandoon na lahat.
e) Consultation with experts – Mga
teachers. We can get ideas from
them.
f) Personal Experience
g) Practical Experience –
h) Critical Appraisal Literature –
i) Previous Research –
makakakuha ng research ideas sa
mga past research.
j) Existing Theories –
k) Social Issues –
A researcher may use these as bases for
identifying research problem. These
include brainstorming, intuition, folklores,
exposure to field situations, consultation
to experts, personal experience, practical
experience, critical appraisal literature,
previous research, existing theories, and
social issues.
Once a research problem has been
identified the next thing that a researcher
should do is to identify the research
method to use.
CHAPTER 1: PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND
Background of the Study
This is the description that leads the
reader to understanding the research
questions and appreciate why they are
asked.
In writing this section;
• Introduce and briefly define the
variables under study.
• Cite the most important study or
related literature.
• Be consistent with term used
• Ensure that paragraphs
summarize unresolved issues,
conflicting findings, social
concerns or educational, national,
or international issues.
• Write the last paragraph to
highlight the research gap.
Combination of what has been observed,
what has been seen, experience, and
what is the situation from what is existing
to what is of to be. So, there should be
able to explain the research gap or the
reason why you need to conduct
research.
To give the reader an idea what is your
research to conduct or pursue.
Statement of the Problem
This section contains the purpose
statements and the research questions.
• Aims to make congruent with title.
• Seeks to answer the following
questions.
It contains general problem which is the
big problem and the specific problem or
small problem that you are going to
address.
Basically, the one that guides researcher
in conducting the research.
Significance of the study
States the audience who will benefit from
a study of the problem and explains how
exactly the results will be significant to
them.
In writing this section;
• In paragraph form cite,
beneficiaries, (e.g students,
professors, teachers, university
administrators, parents) of results
of study.
• For each beneficiary group,
specifically describe how it will
benefit from the findings.
Scope and Delimitation
This presents the coverage of the
research in terms of location, time,
respondents, etc., and the potential
weaknesses or problems with the study
identified by the researcher.
In writing this section;
• Cite data collection
 • Identify school involved, number Notes: 2-3 Related Theories ang
of classes, their grade/year level, kailangan and dapat maexplain kung
number of participants (or paano siya nagging connected sa
respondents, subjects), and topics research na ginagawa.
of lessons covered (if applicable).
Kahit matagal na panahon pwedeng
• State inadequate measures of
gamitin dahil theory naman ito.
variables, loss or lack of
participants, small sample sizes,
errors in measurement, and other
Review of Related Literature
factors typically related to data
collection and analysis. Discussion from the different authors
regarding your study or focus of
It tells the concerns of the researchers.
research.
It tells the boundaries or the parameters
Notes: Definition, Types, Causes.
in conducting of research.
Minimum 5 Authors

Notes in Chapter 1
Review of Related Studies
Contains list of resources whether
A researcher should give a brief
printed or form the internet, such
summary of the related studies which
resources were used in developing the
have already been done, he/she should
research.
indicate the relationship of the research
whether positive or negative relationship.
CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL Notes: Similar Research or Opposite
FRAMEWORK Research. 5-7 Research and icoconnect
mo siya sa research study na ginagawa
Review of Relevant/ Related Theories
mo.
A theory that will support or justify your
study. Theories propounded by experts
or specialist in the field of study. These Hypothesis of the Study
theories will be the bases of the
It is known as an educated guess or
hypotheses.
inference that is formulated and
Classical Conditioning Theory – pag provisionally adopted to explain
paulit ulit mong ginagawa ang isang observed facts or conditions and to guide
bagay, you will condition it. the further investigation.
Competencies Theory – it is discussing Notes: Varies in the type of research.
the importance of theory and support the
concerns of excellence in competency.
Conceptual paradigm/framework
Makukuha sa mga libro, ebooks, and sa
ibang cited ng different research.
Cause and Effect

Independent Dependent
Variables Variables
Example of Cause and Effect
IV DV Definition of Terms
All the terms used in the research/ study
Taste should be defined for the benefit of the
Color readers of research.
Characteristic Basically, all the terms included in the
Appearance
of ideal
conceptual paradigm should be included
Affordability Burger
in the definition of terms.
Nutritional

Content
Notes in Chapter II
Contains listings of all materials like
Relationship books, journals, webpages that were
used as references in developing chapter
II.
Independent Dependent
Variables Variables

Example of Relationship

Taste

Color
Sales and
Appearance
Profitability of
Affordability Burger

Nutritional
Content

IPO

Input Process Output